Table Of ContentApplied Tribology
AppliedTribology:BearingDesignandLubrication, Second Edition. M.M.KhonsariandE. R.Booser
©2008JohnWiley&Sons,Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-05711-7
TribologySeries Editors:MJNeale,MPriestandGStachowiak
KhonsariandBooser AppliedTribology–Bearing April2008
DesignandLubrication,2nd
Edition
Stachowiak(ed) Wear – Materials, November2005
MechanismsandPractice
Lansdown LubricationandLubricant November2003
Selection,3rd Edition
Neale,PolakandPriest(eds) Handbook of Surface May2003
TreatmentandCoatings
Sherrington,RoweandWood TotalTribology–towardsan December2002
(eds) integratedapproach
Kragelsky,Alisin,Myshkin Tribology–Lubrication, April2001
andPetrokovets(eds) FrictionandWear
Stolarski&Tobe RollingContacts December2000
NealeandGee GuidetoWearProblemsand October2000
TestingforIndustry
Comingsoon
MartinandOhmae Nanolubricants April2008
Applied Tribology
Bearing Design and Lubrication
Second Edition
Michael M. Khonsari
Dow Chemical Endowed Chair in Rotating Machinery
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Louisiana State University, USA
E. Richard Booser
Engineering Consultant
Copyright©2008 JohnWiley&SonsLtd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,
WestSussexPO198SQ,England
Telephone (cid:2)+44(cid:3)1243779777
Email(forordersandcustomerserviceenquiries):[email protected]
VisitourHomePageonwww.wiley.com
AllRightsReserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedin
anyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording,scanningorotherwise,exceptunder
thetermsoftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988orunderthetermsofalicenceissuedbytheCopyright
LicensingAgencyLtd,90TottenhamCourtRoad,LondonW1T4LP,UK,withoutthepermissioninwritingof
thePublisher.RequeststothePublishershouldbeaddressedtothePermissionsDepartment,JohnWiley&Sons
Ltd,TheAtrium,SouthernGate,Chichester,WestSussexPO198SQ,England,oremailedto
[email protected],orfaxedto(+44)1243770620.
Designationsusedbycompaniestodistinguishtheirproductsareoftenclaimedastrademarks.Allbrandnames
andproductnamesusedinthisbookaretradenames,servicemarks,trademarksorregisteredtrademarksoftheir
respectiveowners.ThePublisherisnotassociatedwithanyproductorvendormentionedinthisbook.
Thispublicationisdesignedtoprovideaccurateandauthoritativeinformationinregardtothesubjectmatter
covered.ItissoldontheunderstandingthatthePublisherisnotengagedinrenderingprofessionalservices.If
professionaladviceorotherexpertassistanceisrequired,theservicesofacompetentprofessionalshouldbe
sought.
OtherWileyEditorialOffices
JohnWiley&SonsInc.,111RiverStreet,Hoboken,NJ07030,USA
Jossey-Bass,989MarketStreet,SanFrancisco,CA94103-1741,USA
Wiley-VCHVerlagGmbH,Boschstr.12,D-69469Weinheim,Germany
JohnWiley&SonsAustraliaLtd,42McDougallStreet,Milton,Queensland4064,Australia
JohnWiley&Sons(Asia)PteLtd,2ClementiLoop#02-01,JinXingDistripark,Singapore129809
JohnWily&SonsCanadaLtd,6045FreemontBlvd,Mississauga,ONT,L5R4J3
Wileyalsopublishesitsbooksinavarietyofelectronicformats.Somecontentthatappearsinprintmaynotbe
availableinelectronicbooks.
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData
Khonsari,MichaelM.
Appliedtribology:bearingdesignandlubrication/MichaelKhonsari,EarlRichardBooser.—2nded.
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-05711-7(cloth)
1. Tribology. 2. Bearings(Machinery)—Designandconstruction. I. Booser,E.Richard. II. Title.
TJ1075.K462008
621.8(cid:2)9—dc22
2008009590
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN978-0-470-05711-7
Typesetin10/12ptTimesbyIntegraSoftwareServicesPvt.Ltd,Pondicherry,India
PrintedandboundinGreatBritainbyAntonyRoweLtd,Chippenham,Wiltshire
Dedicated to:
Karen, Maxwell, Milton and Mason Khonsari and Katherine Booser
Contents
SeriesPreface ix
Preface xi
Part I General Considerations 1
1 Tribology–Friction,Wear,andLubrication 3
2 LubricantsandLubrication 23
3 SurfaceTextureandInteractions 63
4 BearingMaterials 89
Part II Fluid-Film Bearings 113
5 FundamentalsofViscousFlow 115
6 ReynoldsEquationandApplications 143
7 ThrustBearings 173
8 JournalBearings 201
9 Squeeze-FilmBearings 263
10 HydrostaticBearings 299
11 GasBearings 321
12 DryandStarvedBearings 361
viii Contents
Part III Rolling Element Bearings 389
13 SelectingBearingTypeandSize 391
14 PrinciplesandOperatingLimits 425
15 Friction,WearandLubrication 459
Part IV Seals and Monitoring
16 SealFundamentals 487
17 ConditionMonitoringandFailureAnalysis 531
AppendixA UnitConversionFactors 551
AppendixB ViscosityConversions 555
Index 557
Series Preface
Thefirsteditionofthisbookwaspublishedin2001.Thebookhasquicklybecomeahighly
successfulandpopulartextamongstthestudents,academicsaswellasamongstthepracticing
engineers.Thereadersvaluedthisbookasagoodteachingmaterialandausefulreference.It
isthusofnosurprisethatitenjoysafivestarrankingontheAmazonbooklist.Thesecond
editionisanextendedandupdatedversionoftheoriginal.Theneweditionfollowsthesame
format as the first edition and covers topics such as tribology in bearings followed by the
demonstrationsoftheapplicationsofthesamebasicprinciplestoothermachinecomponents
suchaspistonpins,pistonrings,seals,viscouspumps,viscousdampers,hydrauliclifts,wet
clutchesandbrakes.Newadditionsincludetwonewchaptersondynamicsealsandbearing
failure modes. The chapter on bearing failure modes is an especially welcomed addition as
it completes the bearing’s ‘life cycle’ from design to its failure. The practical aspects of
bearing’s failure are rather rarely discussed in the textbooks. Information provided in this
chapter would be equally valuable for practicing engineers, designers, academics and the
students.Thetextintheremainingchaptershasbeenupdatedandissupportedbynumerous
numerical examples. A manual with solutions adds to the attractiveness of this book as
a teaching material in the classroom. Therefore this book is highly recommended as both
the textbook to be used in teaching undergraduate and postgraduate courses in tribology
and machine design as well as the preferred reference book for practicing engineers and
designers.
Gwidon Stachowiak
University of Western Australia
Perth, Australia
Preface
Tribologyisadiversefieldofscienceinvolvinglubrication,friction,andwear.Inadditionto
covering tribology as involved in bearings, the same basic principles are also demonstrated
here for other machine elements such as piston rings, magnetic disk drives, viscous pumps,
seals, hydraulic lifts, and wet clutches.
InthissecondeditionofAppliedTribologyallthechapterswereupdatedtoreflectrecent
developments in the field. In addition, this edition contains two new chapters: one on the
fundamentals of seals and the other on monitoring machine behavior and lubricants, as
well as bearing failure analysis. These topics are of considerable interest to the industry
practitioners as well as students and should satisfy the needs of the tribology community at
large.
Computer solutions for basic fluid film and energy relations from the first edition have
been extended to seal performance. New developments in foil bearings are reviewed. For
ballandrollerbearings,conditionsenablinginfinitefatiguelifearecoveredalongwithnew
ASME and bearing company life and friction factors.
Properties of both mineral and synthetic oils and greases are supplemented by an update
onthegreatlyextendedservicelifewithnewGroupIIandGroupIIIseverelyhydrocracked
mineraloils.Similarpropertyandperformancefactorsaregivenforfull-filmbearingalloys,
fordryandpartiallylubricatedbearings,andforfatigue-resistantmaterialsforrollingelement
bearings. Gas properties and performance relations are also covered in a chapter on gas
bearing applications for high-speed machines and for flying heads in computer read–write
units operating in the nanotribology range.
Problemsatthecloseofeachchapteraidinadaptingthebookasatextforuniversityand
industrialcourses.Manyoftheseproblemsprovideguidelinesforsolutionofcurrentdesign
and application questions. Comprehensive lists of references have been brought up to date
with 145 new entries for use in pursuing subjects to greater depth.
Both SI and traditional British inch-pound-second units are employed. Units in most
common use are generally chosen for each section: international SI units for ball and roller
bearingdimensionsandforscientificandaerospaceillustrations,traditionalBritishunitsfor
oil-film bearings in industrial machinery. Many analyses are cast in dimensionless terms,
enabling use of either system of units. Conversion factors are tabulated in two appendices,
and guidelines for applying either system of units are given throughout the book.
xii Preface
Theauthorsareindebtedtopastcoworkersandstudentsfortheirparticipationindevelop-
ingtopicsandconceptspresentedinthisbook.Comprehensivebackgroundinformationhas
beenassembledbytheauthorsfromtheircombined80yearsoflaboratory,industrial,teach-
ing,andconsultingexperience.Muchofthisbackgroundhasbeendrawnfromwellover250
technicalpublications,mostoftheminarchivalliterature.Thesesanddissertationprojectsat
Ohio State University, the University of Pittsburgh, Southern Illinois University, Louisiana
State University; and the Pennsylvania State University; numerous industrial projects at
the Center for Rotating Machinery at Louisiana State University; four tribology handbooks
organized and edited for the Society of Tribologists and Lubrication Engineers; and a 1957
book Bearing Design and Application coauthored with D. F. Wilcock.
This book is intended (1) for academic use in a one-semester senior engineering elective
course, (2) for a graduate-level course in engineering tribology and (3) as a reference book
forpracticingengineersandmachinedesigners.Itishopedthattheseuseswillprovidepaths
for effectively designing, applying, and lubricating bearings and other machine elements
while taking advantage of concepts in tribology—the developing science of friction, wear,
and lubrication.
MMK
ERB
