Applied Superconductivity

237 Pages·1989·9.849 MB·English

by  Wolsky, A.M.

Applied Superconductivity
A.M. Wolsky, E.J. Daniels, R.F. Giese, J.B.L. Harkness,
L.R. Johnson, D.M. Rote, S.A. Zwick
Argonne National Laboratory
Argonne, Illinois
in collaboration with
R.A. Thomas, E.B. Forsyth
Brookhaven National Laboratory
Upton, New York
J.D. Rogers
Los Alamos National Laboratory
Los Alamos, New Mexico
J.B. Kirtley
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, Massachusetts
B.W. McConnell
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Oak Ridge, Tennessee
J.G. DeSteese, J.A. Dirks, M. K. Drost,
S.B. Merrick, R.M. Smith, T.A. Williams
Pacific Northwest Laboratory
Richland, Washington
T.A. Lipo
University of Wisconsin
Madison, Wisconsin
Z
Department of Defense
Washington, DC
NOYES DATA CORPORATION
Park Ridge, New Jersey, U.S.A.
Copyright 01989 by Noyes Data Corporation
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 88-38251
ISBN: O-8155-1 191-4
Printed in the United States
Published in the United States of America by
Noyes Data Corporation
Mill Road, Park Ridge, New Jersey 07656
10987654321
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
. . . te[
Applied superconductivity / by A.M. Wolsky al.1 in
. . te[ ;
collaboration with R.A. Thomas. al.1 Department of Defense.
P. cm.
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
:
ISBN 0-8155-l 191-4
1. Superconductors. 2. Superconductors--Industrial applications.
I. Wolsky, A.M. II. United States. Dept. of Defense.
TK7872.S8A67 1989
537.6’23--dcl9 88-38251
CIP
Contents and Subject Index
.1 INTRODUCTION. ..................................... I.
Purpose dna .epocS ................................. 2.
Organization fo This tropeR ........................... 2.
.2 3...........................................WEIVREVO
A.M. Wolsky, E. J. Daniels, and R. F. Giese
3. RENEWABLE SECRUOS FOR YTICIRTCELE GENERATION ...... 2I.
.M.A
Wolsk y, . G. DeSteese, . A. Dirks, M. K. Drost, S. B. Merrick,
R. M. Smith, and T.A. Williams
1........................................yrammuS 3
Potential Impacts fo HTSCs no elbaweneR ygrenE Technologies ... 41
dnuorgkcaB ................................... 4I.
.noitcudortnI ................................... 41
.hcaorppA .................................. 5I.
1......................................epocS 5
metsyS tcapmI Classification. ...................... 51
Neutral impact. ............................ 5I.
decnahnE ygrenE egarotS .ytilibapaC ............... 61
devorpmI metsyS .noitargetnI .................... 61
New ygrenE noisrevnoC Potential. ................. 61
Organization. ................................ 6I.
Superconductor Impacts no elbaweneR ygrenE Technologies. ... 71
Hydroelectric .ygrenE ........................... 71
Solar Salt Gradient .sdnoP ........................ 81
Solar Thermal Central revieceR Concepts. .............. 91
Solar Thermal Dish Concept ...................... 12.
Solar ciatlovotohP Cells ......................... 32.
Geothermal ygrenE noisrevnoC .................... 42.
xi
x stnetnoC dna Subject xedni
Wind ygrenE .noisrevnoC ............ . . . . 52
Ocean Thermal ygrenE noisrevnoC ...... . . 62
Biomass ygrenE .noisrevnoC .......... . . . . 82
cimanydordyhotengaM ygrenE .noisrevnoC . . . . 92
Fusion rewoP Generation ............ . 03
Conclusions ....................... . . . . 13
.4 GENERATORS ........................... . . . . . . 33.
dna .J
E .J. Daniels L. Kktley, Jr.
.yrammuS .......................... . . . . 43
tcapmI fo HTSCs no Generators. ........... . . . . 73
.noitcudortnI ...................... . . . . . 73
Superconductors Applied ot Generators. ..... . . . 83
Other Applications ................... . . . 93
Case :ydutS AVM-003 Turbogenerators ..... . . . 04
tnempoleveD dnastroffE Impediments ...... . . 14
Conclusions ....................... . . 84
Reference ........................ . . 84
.5 ..SREMROFSNART ................................. 94
R. F. Giese and B. W: McConnell
.yrammuS ..................................... 05
Potential Application fo HTSCs ot rewoP Transformers ....... 15
.noitcudortnI ................................. 15
Application fo Superconductors ot rewoP Transformers ..... 25
dohteM fo .sisylanA .......................... 25
Results.. ................................. 45
Transformer Design Features. ...................... 65
Conclusions .................................. 65
References. .................................. 75
.6 CA .NOISSIMSNART .................................. 85.
R. F. Giese, R.A. Thomas and E. B. Forsyth
.yrammuS ...................................... 95.
Preliminary Economic Analysis ........................ 16.
.noitcudortnI .................................. 16.
6.......................................dohteM 2
Assumptions tuobA eht rewoP Transmission metsyS ........ 26.
Economic Assumptions ........................... 36.
Cost fo ygrenE for Losses dna Refrigeration. ........... 36.
Capital Costs ................................ 46.
6........................................sessoL 4
Superconductor Properties dna tnednepeD-tnerruC Losses .. 46.
tnednepeD-egatloV Losses. ....................... 66.
cinegoyrC Enclosure Losses. ...................... 66.
Refrigerator .ycneiciffE ......................... 76.
Total Losses. ................................ 76.
Capital Costs .................................. 76.
Contents and Subject Index xi
Cost fo eht Losses. .............................. 86.
.................. 86.
Capital Costs and Total System Cost.
Comparison with HPOPT and Aerial/Underground
.................................. 86.
Systems.
......... 86.
Cost of the Aerial/Underground System Losses.
....... 07.
Assumptions Regarding Properties of Cable Materials.
.................... 37.
l,OOO-MVA Transmission Systems
................................... 77.
Conclusions
............. 77.
Comparison of Electrical Losses and Costs
Comparison of High-T, Superconducting Cable System
with NbaSn Cable System ....................... .79
......................... 18.
Future Systems Studies
..................... 18.
Enclosures and Optimization.
................................... 28.
References.
............... 38.
Supplement: Levelized Annual Cost Method
.................................. 38.
Introduction.
230-kV Superconducting CA rewoP Transmission .metsyS .... 48.
.. 58.
500-kV HPOPT Cellulose-Insulated Naturally Cooled System.
................... 68.
500-kV Aerial/Underground System
.................................. 78.
Conclusions,
.........
7. SUPERCONDUCTING MAGNETIC ENERGY STORAGE. .88
dna .J
R. F. Giese D. Rogers
Summary........................................8 9
HTSCs in Diurnal Load-Leveling Superconducting Magnetic
Energy Storage .................................. .90
Introduction. .................................. .90
Discussion .................................... .90
Conclusions ................................... .91
References. ................................... .92
8.MOTORS............................................g 6
E .J. Daniels, B. In/: McConnell and T.A. Lipo
Summary........................................9 7
Potential Application of HTSCs to Motors. ................ .98
Introduction. .................................. .98
Applications ot .srotoM ........................... .99
Conclusions ................................... 201
References. ................................... 301
Supplement: The Potential for High-Temperature Super-
.......................
conducting AC and DC Motors. 105
..................................
Introduction. 105
Motivation for tnempoleveD fo HTSC Electric srotoM ....... 501
Application Considerations for HTSC .senihcaM ........... 601
HTSC DC srotoM ............................... 701
HTSC suonorhcnyS .srotoM ........................ 801
HTSC noitcudnI .srotoM .......................... 111
HTSC suonorhcnyS/noitcudnI .dirbyH ................. 311
xii Contents and Subject Index
HTSC Reluctance Motor. .......................... 113
HTSC Homopolar Inductor Motors. .................... 114
...................................
Conclusions 116
References for Supplement, ........................ 116
......
9. INDUSTRIAL SEPARATIONSAND MATERIAL HANDLING. 118
E. J. Daniels, 6. W. McConnell, S.A. Zwick, J. 6. L. Harkness,
D. M. Rote, and A. M. Wolsk y
Summary. ...................................... 119
......................
Industrial Applications for HTSCs 121
..................................
Introduction. 121
.............................
Materials Separation. 121
...................
Materials Handling and Fabrication. 126
...................................
References. 127
Potential Application of HTSCs to Magnetic Separations. ....... 129
Introduction. .................................. 129
....................................
Discussion 130
.........................
Summary and Conclusions 13 1
...................................
References. 132
Potential for Magnetic Separation of Gases from Gases. ........ 133
..................................
Introduction. 133
................
OGMS Systems for Separation of Gases. 133
............................
HTSC OGMS Systems 135
...................................
References. 135
Supplement: Estimates for High-Gradient Magnetic Separation
..............................
of Oxygen from Air. 138
.................................
Flow Equations 138
Magnetic Properties. ............................. 139
............................
Valuesfor02 andNO 140
.............................
Diffusion Relations. 141
.........................
Limiting Magnetic Effects. 142
......................
Estimation of Diffusion Rates. 143
...................................
References. 144
............
10. MAGNETIC LEVITATION FOR TRANSPORTATION 146
Larry R. Johnson
......................................
Summary. 147
Application of HTSCs to Magnetically Levitated Trains ........ 149
Background. .................................. 149
Advanced Ground Transportation Options. .............. 149
Conventional Trains. ........................... 149
Levitated-Vehicle Technology ..................... 150
.......
Advantages of Magnetically Levitated Vehicles. 151
Advantages of High-T, Superconductors for Magnetic-
.......................
Levitation Technology 152
Applicability of Magnetic-Levitation Technology to
..........................
U.S. Travel Needs 153
.......
Opportunity for U.S. Technology Development 155
Contents and Subject Index xiii
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bibliography. 156
APPENDICES..........................................15 7
. J. Daniels, R. F. Giese and A.M. Wolsky
...................
Appendix A: Economic Assumptions. 158
....................................
Summary. 158
Baseline Assumptions for Preliminary Economic Evaluation
of Applications for Superconductivity. ................ 158
................................
introduction. 158
..........................
Example Calculations. 162
................
Appendix 6: Superconductor Performance 165
Summary.....................................16 5
Charge to Authors: Benchmark Performance Parameters for
.................
Higher-Temperature Superconductors 165
..........................
Experimental Results. 165
.......................
Analytical Considerations. 166
..................................
Reference 167
ADDENDUM I-MILITARY RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. ...... 169
....................................
Introduction. 170
Potential Army Applications of High-Temperature
..............................
Superconductivity 175
Small-Scale Applications. ........................ 175
........................
Large-Scale Applications. 176
Potential Navy Applications of High-Temperature
Superconductivity. ............................. 177
........................
Small-Scale Applications. 177
........................
Large-Scale Applications. 177
Potential Air Force Applications of High-Temperature
.............................
Superconductivity. 178
........................
Small-Scale Applications. 178
........................
Large-Scale Applications. 178
Potential National Security Agency Applications of High-
Temperature Superconductivity. .................... 179
Analog.. ................................ ..I7 9
Digital. .................................... 179
......
DOD Superconductivity Accomplishments and Experience 180
DOD Ceramic Processing Accomplishments and Experience. ..... 184
...................
Rationale for Program Scope of DSRD 185
DSRD Program Work Statements. ...................... 191
Characterization of and Search for High Temperature
Superconducting Materials. ........................ 191
Transition Temperature, T,. ...................... 193
..............................
Energy Gap, 2A 193
Magnetic Field Penetration Depth, h. ................ 193
Josephson Junction (JJ) Tunneling and Weak-Link
Phenomena. ................................ 194
Interaction of HTS Materials with Electromagnetic Fields. .. 194
vix stnetnoC dna Subject xednI
Interactions fo HTS Materials dna seciveD with Optical
Radiation. ................................. 591
Thermodynamic Properties. ...................... 591
Critical citengaM Fields ......................... 591
Approaches ot Controlled noitcudortnI fo lairetaM
Inhomogeneities Suitable for Pinning Supercurrent
Vortices. .................................. 691
Determination fo eht Magnetic-Field/Current-Density/
Temperature Critical Surface. .................... 691
noitagitiM fo citengaM xulF Flow, ,peerC dna Jumps. ..... 691
Mechanical dna Thermomechanical Aspects ............ 791
Thermal dna Magnetocaloric Effects. ................ 891
Electromigration Effects. ........................ 891
Atomic leveL Structure ......................... 891
91..................................yrtsimehC 9
Effects fo gnizinoI Radiation. ..................... 991
latnemirepxE Comparison with Ginzburg-Landau-
vokroG-vosokirbA (GLAG) Macroscopic yroehT ........ 002
latnemirepxE Comparison with Microscopic Theories. ..... 102
dnaB-ygrenE-cinortcelE Structure dna Other Normal-State
Considerations .............................. 102
Processing .................................... 402
.noitcudortnI ................................ 402
Thin Film Materials, seciveD dna Circuits. ............. 602
.noitcudortnI ............................. 602.
Thin-Film Deposition. ........................ 802
Materials Characterization fo Films. ............... 902
eciveD dna Structure Processing. ................. 012
kluB Superconductors .......................... 712
Single Crystals ............................... 022
Small Scale Applications dna Demonstrations. ............ 222
sretemotengaM dna Gradiometers. .................. 722
dirbyH Semiconductor-Superconductor .smetsyS ........ 132
mm Wave Receivers. .......................... 632.
derarfnI Sensors .............................. 932
Digital smetsyS (Logic). ......................... 242
Digital smetsyS (Memories). ...................... 642
Three-Terminal seciveD ......................... 942
smetsyS Demonstration Vehicle. ................... 252
Refrigeration ............................... 452.
Large-Scale Applications dna Demonstrations. ............ 852
Shields (Near Term). ........................... 262
Supermagnets for evaworciM dna Millimeter Wave
Sources (Near Term) .......................... 562
Supermagnets for Electric pihS Propulsion smetsyS
diM( dna Far Term) ........................... 762
Superconducting citengaM ygrenE egarotS )SEMS(
diM( Term). ................................ 072
stnetnoC dna Subject xednI vx
Electromagnetic Launchers diM( Term). .......... . 372
Directed ygrenE Weapons (DEW) diM( Term). ...... . 672
citengaM Bearings diM( Term) ................. . 872
eniM gnipeewS Supermagnets diM( Term) ......... 082
Pulsed rewoP smetsyS (Far Term). .............. . 282
FLE Communication (Far Term) ............... . 582
Other Applications ........................ . 882
DRSD Budget Recommendations. .................. 882
...... 592.
ADDENDUM II: MILITARY SYSTEM APPLICATIONS.
......................... . 692
Executive Summary.
.............................. . 892
Introduction.
Findings ................................. 003,
sutatS fo Superconducting ,yroehT Technology, dna
Materials .............................. 003.
woL Temperature Superconductors (LTS) ....... 003,
High Temperature Superconductors (HTS). ...... 203,
sutatS fo gnitroppuS Technologies .............. 403,
cinegoyrC Cooling. ....................... 403,
High htgnertS Materials .................... 403.
yratiliM Applications fo Superconductors .......... 603.
.noitcudortnI ............................... 603.
Electronics. ............................ 603.
.weivrevO ........................... 603.
RI Sensors. ........................... 603.
evaworciM dna MMW Sensors ............... 703,
DC ot UHF Sensors. ..................... 013,
citengaM Sensors. ....................... 013,
Signal Processing. ....................... 013.
DIA sretrevnoC ...................... 013.
yaleD Line Signal Processor .............. 013.
Digital Signal dna ataD Processing .......... 313,
High rewoP Applications. ....................... 513,
Magnets-Applications ...................... 513.
Electrical yrenihcaM ....................... 513.
Launchers .............................. 713.
.S.U dna Foreign Research serutidnepxE in High Temperature
ytivitcudnocrepuS ............................ 123,
Conclusions ................................... 223.
Recommendations. ............................... 523.
xidneppA ..................................... 723,
Terms fo Reference. ........................... 723.
Membership. ................................ 923.
Briefings detneserP ot eht BSD Task Force no yratiliM
Applications fo Superconductors .................. 033.
Directions fo Research dna tnempoleveD otnI High
Temperature Superconductors. ................... 233.
.1 .noitcudortnI ............................ 233.
ivx stnetnoC
.2 General Issues. ......................... . . . 233
.3 HTS Materials for Electronics. ............... 333
.4 High rewoP Applications. .................. . . 433.
cinegoyrC Technology ........................ . 633
Superconductors dna Their cinegoyrC Requirements . . . . 633.
Cryocoolers ............................. . . 833
Ground-Based .smetsyS ..................... . . . 933
egraL .smetsyS ......................... . . 933
Small .smetsyS ......................... 933
ecapS metsyS Cryogenics .................... 343
High htgnertS Materials ....................... . . . 643
A Josephson 4-Bit Microprocessor ................ . . 743.
pU-kcaB ataD no Japanese Funding for ytivitcudnocrepuS
D&R ................................... . . 353
.tnemnrevoG ............................ 453
Corporate serutidnepxE ..................... . . . 653
CETSI ................................. 653
High Temperature ytivitcudnocrepuS Funding .)M$( .... . . . 163
Glossary fo Terms. .......................... . 263