Applied Petroleum Reservoir Engineering (Second Edition)

449 Pages·1991·8.024 MB·English

by  B. C. Craft, M. Hawkins, Ronald E. Terry

Applied Petroleum
Reservoir Engineering
Second Edition
B. C. CRAFT
and
M. F. HAWKINS
Louisiana Stale University
Revised by
RONALD E. TERRY
Brigham Young University
Prcnticc Hall PTR
Englcwood Cliffs, NJ 07632
Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Craft B C (Benjamin Cole)
Applied petroleum reservoir engineering I B C Craft and M F
hawkins — 2nd ed /rcviscd by Ronald F. Terry
p cm
Includes bibliographical references and index
ISBN
1 Oil reservoir engineering I Hawkins. Murray F
11 Terry. Ronald E III Title
TN871 C07 1990
62T 338—dc2O 90—47806
CIP
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Contents
PREFACE, ix
NOMENCLATURE, ix
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION TO RESERVOIR ENGINEERING, I
1. History of Reservoir Engineenng. 1
2. Petroleum Reservoirs and Production from Petroleum Reservoirs. 4
3. Reservoir Types Defined with Reference to Phase Diagrams, 6
4. Review of Rock Properties. 9
5. Review of Gas Properties, 12
6. Review of Crude Oil Properties, 31
7. Reviewof Reservoir Water Properties, 45
8. Summary, 48
Problems, 48
References, 53
Chapter 2
THE GENERAL MATERIAL BALANCE EQUATION, 56
1. Introduction, 56
2. Derivation of Material Balance Equation, 56
vi Contents
3. Uses and Limitations of the Material Balance Method. 64
4. The Havlcna and Odeh Method of Applying the Matenal Balance Equation, 66
References, 67
Chapter3
SINGLE-PHASE GAS RESERVOIRS, 69
1. Introduction. 69
2. Calculating Gas in Place by the Volumetric Method. 70
3. Cakulation of Unit Recovery from Volunictnc Gas Reservoirs. 76
4. Calculation of Unit Recovery from Gas Reservoirs Under Water Dnvc, 78
5. Material Balance, 83
6. 'Ihe Gas Equivalent of Produced Condensate and Water, 91
7. Gas Reservoirs as Storage Reservoirs, 95
8. Abnormally Pressured Gas Reservoirs, 97
9. Limitations of Equations and Errors, 99
Problems, 100
References, 105
Chapter 4
GAS-CONDENSATE RESERVOIRS, 107
1. Introduction, 107
2. Calculation of Initial Gas and Oil, 110
3. Performance of Volumctnc Reservoirs, 118
4. Usc of Material Balance, 127
5. Comparison Between thc Predicted and Actual Production Histories of
Volumetric Reservoirs, 130
6. Lean Gas Cycling and Water Drive. 134
7. Use of Nitrogen for l'ressurc Maintenancc, 139
Problems, 140
Rcfcrcnces, 144
Chapter 5
UNDERSATURATED OIL RESERVOIRS, 146
1. Introduction, 146
2. Calculation of Initial Oil in Place by the Volumetric Method and Estimation of
Oil Recoveries, 148
3. Material Balance in Undersaturated Reservoirs. 153
4. Kelly-SnyderHeld, Canyon Reef Reservoir, 158
Contents vii
5. The Gloyd-Mitchell Zone of the Rodessa Field, 163
6. Calculations Including Formation and Water Comprcssibilities, 170
Problems, 177
References. 182
Chapter 6
SATURATED OIL RESERVOIRS 184
1. Introduction, 184
2. Matenal Balance in Saturated Reservoirs, 186
3. Matenal Balance as a Straight Line, 191
4. Flash and Differential Gas Liberation, 194
S. The Calculation of Formation Volume Factor and Solution Ratio from
Differential Vaporization and Separator Test, 200
6. Volatile Oil Reservoirs, 201
7. Maximum Efficient Rate (MER), 203
Problems, 205
References, 209
Chapter 7
SiNGLE-PHASE FLUID FLOW IN RESERVOIRS, 210
I. Introduction, 210
2. 1)arcy's Law and Permeability, 210
3. The Classification of Reservoir Flow Systems. 213
4. Steady-State Flow Systems, 218
5. Development of' the Radial Differential Equation, 231
6. iransient Flow Systems, 233
7. Pseudostcady-State Flow Systems, 242
8. Productivity Index (P!). 246
9. Superposition, 249
10. Introduction to Pressure Transient Testing, 253
Problems, 263
References, 271
Chapter 8
WATER INFLUX, 273
1. Introduction, 273
2. Steady-State Models, 275
3. Unsteady State Models. 280
vii
Contents
4. Pseudosteady-Statc Models, 325
Problems,329
References, 333
Chapter9
THE DISPLACEMENT OF OIL AND GAS, 335
I. Introduction, 335
2. Recovery Efficiency. 335
3. Immiscible Displacement Processes. 347
4. Introduction to Waterflooding, 375
5. Introduction to Enhanced Oil Recovery Processes. 380
Problems, 386
References, 389
Chapter 10
HISTORY MATCHING, 391
1. Introduction. 391
2. Development of the Model, 392
3. An Example of a History Match. 394
Problems, 419
References. 424
INDEX, 425
Preface
Shortly after undertaking the project of revising the text Applied Petroleum
ReservoirEngineering by Ben Craft and Murray Hawkins, several colleagues
expressed the wish that the revision retain the flavor and format of the original
text. I am happy to say that I have attempted to do just that. The text contains
many of the field examples that made the original text so popular and still more
have been added. The revision includes a reorganization of the material as wcll
as updated material in several chapters.
1 have attempted to reorganize the chapters following a sequence that I
have used for several years in teaching an undergraduate class in reservoir
engineering. The first chapter contains a review of fluid and rock properties.
Several new correlations arc presented in this chapter that will assist those
doing computer modeling Chapter 2 contains a development of the general
material balance equation. The ncxt four chapters present information on the
different reservoir types which the original text treated in the first four chap-
ters. New material has been added in several places throughout these four
chapters. Chapter 7 presents a discussion of one phase fluid flow. The radial
diffusivity equation is derived and pressure transient analysis is introduced.
Chapter 8 contains new material on water influx. Both edgewater and bottom-
water drives arc discussed. Chapter 9 is an update of the original Chapter 7 but
lx