Table Of ContentRainerPöttgen,ThomasJüstel,CristianA.Strassert(Eds.)
AppliedInorganicChemistry
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Applied Inorganic
Chemistry
Volume 1: From Construction Materials
to Technical Gases
Edited by
Rainer Pöttgen, Thomas Jüstel, Cristian A. Strassert
Editors
Prof.Dr.RainerPöttgen Prof.Dr.CristianA.Strassert
InstitutfürAnorganischeundAnalytischeChemie InstitutfürAnorganischeundAnalytische
WestfälischeWilhelms-UniversitätMünster Chemie
Corrensstraße30 CiMIC–CeNTech–SoN
48149Münster WestfälischeWilhelms-UniversitätMünster
Germany Corrensstraße28/30
E-mail:[email protected] 48149Münster
Germany
Prof.Dr.ThomasJüstel E-mail:[email protected]
FachbereichChemieingenieurwesen
FachhochschuleMünster
Stegerwaldstraße39
48565Steinfurt
Germany
E-mail:[email protected]
Thisbookwascarefullyproduced.Nevertheless,theauthorsandthepublisherdonotwarrantthe
informationcontainedhereintobefreeoferrors.Readersareadvisedtokeepinmindthat
statements,data,illustrations,proceduraldetailsorotheritemsmayinadvertentlybeinaccurate.
ISBN978-3-11-073814-8
e-ISBN(PDF)978-3-11-073314-3
e-ISBN(EPUB)978-3-11-073332-7
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Preface
The Periodic Table meanwhile lists 118 chemical elements, which leads to a vast
numberofinorganiccompounds.Manyofthemhavewell-definedphysicochemical
properties, which are exploited for the realization of functional materials we all
comfortably use in daily life without even thinking about it, including magnetic
andopticalmaterials,constructionmaterials,materialsforenergystorageandcon-
version–justtonameafewremarkableexamples.Theimpactofinorganicchemis-
try in human evolution cannot be overstated, and is proven by the designation of
historical ages, such as stone, copper, bronze or iron age (even golden ages and
goldrush),orbygeographicallocations(suchastheSiliconValleyandArgentina).
While carbon-based organic chemistry has provided incredible breakthroughs in
medicinalchemistryandplasticmaterials,thereisnodoubtthatthesolutionofthe
mosturgentproblemscurrentlyfacedbyhumanitywillstemfrominorganicchem-
istry providing high-density/high-stability materials for construction, information
technologies,energystorageandconversion.
Chemicalsciencesandindustriesareoftendemonized,butthemanyindispens-
able materials we use in daily life impressively show how significantly they influ-
ence our society. Ecosystems, metabolic and pathophysiological processes, food
production,constructioninits broadestsense, mobilityandenergy conversionare
determinedbychemistry–thesefactscannotsimplybeignored!Thepresentbook
summarizesthemanybasicexamplesofinorganicmaterialsweuseonalargescale
in everyday life, but also niche products with thoroughly optimized properties.
Many subchapters are written by experts from academia and industry. We tried to
ensure a proper balance of topics, even though it is simply impossible to cover all
aspectsofappliedinorganicchemistry.Nonetheless,wehopethatwemadeagood
compromise – if any topic is missing, this wasunintentional. The final chapter fo-
cusses on energy flows and resources, which constitutes one of the most urgent
topics. As a kind of appetizer for the following 16 chapters, we briefly summarize
someapplicationsfortheelementsofthefirstfourrowsofthePeriodicTable.Sev-
eralofthesetopicsarepickedupagaininthefollowingchapters:
Hydrogen: energy source; helium: low-temperature refrigerant; ballon gas,
lithium: anode materials for lithium-ion batteries; beryllium: hardening compo-
nent for light-weight alloys, non-spark alloys, X-ray windows; boron: hardening
component for intermetallics; carbon: electrode materials, black pigment; nitro-
gen: source for ammonia and nitrate fertilizers, protective gas, low-temperature
cooling; oxygen: medical gas, liquid oxygen for the Linz-Donauwitzer process in
steel refinement; fluorine: uranium hexafluoride production; neon: helium-neon
lasers; sodium: reducing agent; magnesium: alloying component and sacrificial
anodes; aluminum: light-weight alloys, construction material; silicon: semicon-
ductors;phosphorus:synthesisofphosphoricacid;matches;sulfur:vulcanizationof
rubber; chlorine: disinfection of water;argon:protectivegas inchemical synthesis
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110733143-202
VI Preface
and arc-welding; potassium:liquid sodium-potassiumalloysascoolantsinnuclear
reactors;calcium:reducingagentinmetallurgy;scandium:additiveforaluminum-
basedalloys,componentofelectronemitters;titanium:steeladditive,corrosionre-
sistant alloys; vanadium: high-speed tool steels; chromium: stainless steel and
chromiumplating; manganese:ferromanganese,activator inLED phosphors; iron:
steelandcastiron;cobalt:superalloysandsamarium-cobaltmagnets;nickel:cataly-
sisandanti-corrosioncoatings;copper:cablesandwatertubes;zinc:facadecladding,
corrosionprotection;gallium:galliumnitride,phosphideorarsenidesemiconductors;
germanium:semiconductorsanddetectiontechnology;arsenic:dopingof semicon-
ductors;selenium:II-VIsemiconductorsandalloyadditivefor free cuttingsteel;bro-
mine:specialdisinfectionproductsandsynthesisofflameretardants;krypton:excimer
lasers,KrClexcimerdischargelamps.Thereadermightnoticethattransitionmetalsand
lanthanidesarenotevenmentionedhere;therewouldnotbesufficientspaceinapref-
acetolisttheirimpact!
Such a book project is not realizable without the help of numerous colleagues
and co-workers. We thank Gudrun Lübbering for continuous help with literature
searchand text processingand ThomasFickenscher for providing withmanypho-
tos of materials and devices. We are especially grateful to our colleagues for their
immediateagreementstowriteupasubchapter.Itisalwayschallengingtocompile
a concise Table of Contents and find the right co-authors. We are indebted to the
editorialandproductionstaffofDeGruyter.OurparticularthanksgotoKristinBer-
ber-Nerlinger, Dr. Vivien Schubert and Melanie Götz for their continuous support
duringconception,writingandproducingthepresentbook.
Münster,Steinfurt,June2022
ThomasJüstel,RainerPöttgen,CristianA.Strassert
Thisbookcontainstwodifferenttokens,pointingto:
listofreferences
recommended literature for further reading; i.e. relevant text books, re-
viewarticlesorimportantoriginalarticles
Contents
Volume1 (FromConstructionMaterials toTechnicalGases)
Preface V
Listofcontributors XV
1 Constructionmaterialsandcoatings 1
1.1 Basicsofcementchemistry 1
PeterBoos
1.2 Inorganicinsulationmaterials 21
RainerPöttgen,ThomasFickenscher
1.3 Conservation:siliconchemistryinbuildingprotection 29
MarkusBoos
1.4 Inorganicpigments 47
SaschaBroll,RainerPöttgen,CristianA.Strassert
1.5 Anodizedaluminumandparticlecoatings 59
ThomasJüstel,KonstantinLider
1.6 Vitreousenamel 78
JörgWendel
1.7 Flameretardants 96
AndreasTermath
2 Metalsandintermetallics 113
2.1 Resources:ores,recyclingandurbanmining 113
MartinBertau
2.2 Specialsteelsandalloysforindustrialuse 123
RainerBehrens
2.3 Metalliclight-weightalloys:Al,Ti,Mg 158
OliverJanka
VIII Contents
2.4 Copperandcopperalloys 174
BerndE.Langner
2.5 Soldermaterialsinelectronics 192
JörgTrodler
2.6 Metalliccoatings 207
RalfFeser
2.7 BeandBealloys 221
MagnusBuchner,OliverJanka
2.8 Metalsforimplantsandprosthesis 229
DetlefBehrend,MareikeWarkentin
2.9 Preciousmetals 237
EgbertLox,OliverNiehaus
2.10 Shapememoryalloys 255
StefanEngel,OliverJanka
2.11 Bulkmetallicglasses 265
StefanEngel,OliverJanka
3 Technicalglasses 271
3.1 Ultra-strongglassesandglass-ceramicsandbioactive
materials 271
HellmutEckert,MartinLetz
3.2 Specialglassesforopticalandelectricaldeviceapplications 294
MartinLetz,HellmutEckert
3.3 Glassfibers 316
FlorianWinter
4 Technicalgases 331
MartinV.Dewalsky,RainerPöttgen
Subjectindex 347
Formulaindex 357
Contents IX
Volume2(FromEnergyStoragetoPhotofunctionalMaterials)
5 Energystorageandconversion
5.1 Batterymaterials
MichaelGhidiu,TheodoorHendriks,WolfgangZeier
5.2 Magnetocaloricmaterials
YaroslavMudryk,VitalijK.Pecharsky
5.3 Materialsforthermoelectricdevices
AnanyaBanik,MatthiasAgne,WolfgangZeier
5.4 Hydrogenstoragematerials
HolgerKohlmann,LeonhardYuutaDorsch
5.5 Solarcellmaterials
KonradMertens
5.6 Thermalenergystoragematerials
ThomasBauer
5.7 High-energymaterials
ThomasM.Klapötke
5.8 Nuclearmaterials
NilsHaneklaus
6 Ionicsolids
6.1 Ressources:minerals,recyclingandurbanmining
MartinBertau,PeterFröhlich,SandraPavón
6.2 Phosphates
RobertGlaum,ThomasStaffel
6.3 Borateapplications
HubertHuppertz,RaimundZiegler
6.4 Slagsasmaterialsressource
OliverJanka,MartinBertau,RainerPöttgen
