Table Of ContentFact Paper on Southern Africa No.10
APA,RTHEID'S
ARMYINNAMIBIA
SOUTH AFRICAS ILLEGAL
MILITARY OCCUPATION
?h
lnternational Defence & Aid Fund
ffllJ
1O4 Newgate Street, London EC1A7AP,January1982
Fact Paper on Southern Africa No.10
APA,RTHEID'S
ARMYINNAMIBIA
SOUTH AFRICAS ILLEGAL
MILITARY OCCUPATION
?h
lnternational Defence & Aid Fund
ffllJ
1O4 Newgate Street, London EC1A7AP,January1982
IN't'tjttNA't t(rNAt t,t I I Nt I ANlf .lllf l,UNll lgrt
This book is urpyrilllrl urrrh.r llr.. llr.nrr I rrlt.-ltit*t All tGlrtr gte CONTENTS
tsetsued_yrv, eIedS. eAaprcahl,t c friitoicrinsr rur noyl lt r(r.vtrt( .\r1l,t r,rtl\lr rlr,r', t lr,i,llrl llrhrrcl r;irlIillpptu ttlsrc 6l ifr F;yrttiEVrlflr tl
rAectrti,e v1a9l5 6s-,y nstoe {np,a_rotr otfr athnissm piutllcrltilt,'; rilrirr rtrrrr rlylr llvn nlrn,' rlFrtlr fl rnVr ldunrol,rnl,t eq6t*lrtiteri l dlF-lf$ e Chapter Page
ttonic-" electrical, chemical, ulcolliuli(.11, nlrt h 1rl, Ilr..l., ,,,iryirtg,
roewcnoerrd.i nEgn qour iroiethse rswhoisueld w bieth aodudtr etshsoc dp rkiro rt lr1cl r.lrrrrrrilirrlrilrllrrrr.rrr ,q'j 1lss, , -,l,yilgfij INTRODUCTION 3
1. SOUTH AFRICA'S EARLY MILITARY PRESENCE
5
2. THE MILITARY BUILD-UP DURING THE 1970's 9
Torhgea nInisteartnioanti ownhailc Dhe fheancse w aonrdk eAdid c Founnsids tfeonrt lSy ofuothre prne aAclerifcual aisn ud l rcrrorrrrusrlnrsltcntrllvllct J,.|. THE MILITARY STRUCTURE 16
solutions to the problems created by racial oppressiorrin Southern Al'rica. ARMIES
It sprang from Christian and humanist opposition to the evils and injusticos 6l' 4. TRIBAL 29
naopna-rrthaeciiadl isno Scioeutieths Athfrroicuag.h Iot uist dSeoduicthaeterdn Afofr itchae. achievement of free, d6mocratic, 5. THE WAR 42
AGGRESSION
The objects of the Fund are:- 6. REGIONAL 52
(i)
toop pareids,s diveef eanndd aanrdb irterahrayb iplirtoactee dtuhree sv,ictims of unjust legislation and 7. THE ARMED FORCES IN THE UN SETTLEMENT PLAN 59
(iD
to support their families and dependents, REFERENCES 65
(iii)
to keep the conscience of the world alive to the issues at stake.
In accordance with these three objects, the Fund distributes its humanitarirrn rrrrl APPENDICES 71
to the victims of racial injustice without any discrimination on grouncls ol'nrt't.. TABLES 14,75,40
colour, religious or political affiliation. Ttre only criterion is ihut of gcrrrrirr,;
need. MAPS 17 ,3637,53
For many^years, under clause (ii!) of its objects, The Fund has run a oonrl)r(.
hensive information service on affairs in Southern Africa. This includes viirr:rl
documentation. It produces a regular news bulletin 'FOCUS' on l,olilicrrl
R^epression in Southe_rn Africa, and publishes pamptrlets and books on all aspt:t.ts
of life in Southern Africa.
The Fund prides itself on the strict accuracy of all its information.
T4r Fact Paper was prepared by the IDAF Research,
Information and Publications Department, who woukl
like to thank the London-based-Committee on Soutlr
African war Resistance for assistance with its compilation.
ISBN No. 0 9047s9 47 4
IN't'tjttNA't t(rNAt t,t I I Nt I ANlf .lllf l,UNll lgrt
This book is urpyrilllrl urrrh.r llr.. llr.nrr I rrlt.-ltit*t All tGlrtr gte CONTENTS
tsetsued_yrv, eIedS. eAaprcahl,t c friitoicrinsr rur noyl lt r(r.vtrt( .\r1l,t r,rtl\lr rlr,r', t lr,i,llrl llrhrrcl r;irlIillpptu ttlsrc 6l ifr F;yrttiEVrlflr tl
rAectrti,e v1a9l5 6s-,y nstoe {np,a_rotr otfr athnissm piutllcrltilt,'; rilrirr rtrrrr rlylr llvn nlrn,' rlFrtlr fl rnVr ldunrol,rnl,t eq6t*lrtiteri l dlF-lf$ e Chapter Page
ttonic-" electrical, chemical, ulcolliuli(.11, nlrt h 1rl, Ilr..l., ,,,iryirtg,
roewcnoerrd.i nEgn qour iroiethse rswhoisueld w bieth aodudtr etshsoc dp rkiro rt lr1cl r.lrrrrrrilirrlrilrllrrrr.rrr ,q'j 1lss, , -,l,yilgfij INTRODUCTION 3
1. SOUTH AFRICA'S EARLY MILITARY PRESENCE
5
2. THE MILITARY BUILD-UP DURING THE 1970's 9
Torhgea nInisteartnioanti ownhailc Dhe fheancse w aonrdk eAdid c Founnsids tfeonrt lSy ofuothre prne aAclerifcual aisn ud l rcrrorrrrusrlnrsltcntrllvllct J,.|. THE MILITARY STRUCTURE 16
solutions to the problems created by racial oppressiorrin Southern Al'rica. ARMIES
It sprang from Christian and humanist opposition to the evils and injusticos 6l' 4. TRIBAL 29
naopna-rrthaeciiadl isno Scioeutieths Athfrroicuag.h Iot uist dSeoduicthaeterdn Afofr itchae. achievement of free, d6mocratic, 5. THE WAR 42
AGGRESSION
The objects of the Fund are:- 6. REGIONAL 52
(i)
toop pareids,s diveef eanndd aanrdb irterahrayb iplirtoactee dtuhree sv,ictims of unjust legislation and 7. THE ARMED FORCES IN THE UN SETTLEMENT PLAN 59
(iD
to support their families and dependents, REFERENCES 65
(iii)
to keep the conscience of the world alive to the issues at stake.
In accordance with these three objects, the Fund distributes its humanitarirrn rrrrl APPENDICES 71
to the victims of racial injustice without any discrimination on grouncls ol'nrt't.. TABLES 14,75,40
colour, religious or political affiliation. Ttre only criterion is ihut of gcrrrrirr,;
need. MAPS 17 ,3637,53
For many^years, under clause (ii!) of its objects, The Fund has run a oonrl)r(.
hensive information service on affairs in Southern Africa. This includes viirr:rl
documentation. It produces a regular news bulletin 'FOCUS' on l,olilicrrl
R^epression in Southe_rn Africa, and publishes pamptrlets and books on all aspt:t.ts
of life in Southern Africa.
The Fund prides itself on the strict accuracy of all its information.
T4r Fact Paper was prepared by the IDAF Research,
Information and Publications Department, who woukl
like to thank the London-based-Committee on Soutlr
African war Resistance for assistance with its compilation.
ISBN No. 0 9047s9 47 4
PREFACE
This study provides detailed, comprehensive information about the nature and
scale of south Africa\ ille4l military occupation of Namibia, and the t"uy in
which the international-territory is qJed as a springboard for aggressive atticks
against neighbouring independent African countrids, the Front*Line states of
Angola, Botswana and Zambia.
Tfr3 ne-ogle of Nami.bia are in effect occupied by a massive foreign garrison,
manifested-by one soldier to approximately every twelve Namibian"ad-ults and
children. This dramatic fact reveals the degree to which Soutfr Africa relies on
ove-rwhelming mil-itary power to maintain iti illegal control over Namibia.
In the face of the determined resistance of lhe Namibian people. under the
leadenhip of swAPo, the occupying regime has intensifiea'tepi"riion within
Namibia and is launching destruitive rrllitary attacks against ihe- Front Line
states with greater frequency than ever before. It is th; African propr, *rro
have to pay_ an enormous- and ever-increasing pticr in-i..-s'of human
suffering_ and loss of life. for each day by which s6uttr lfrica's iregal occupation
of Namibia is.prolonged - not to mention the gowing risr< or i -";ot armed
confrontation in the region with unforseeable consequences.
An examination of the long _history of intemational negotiations with the
sout4 African regime about self-determination and indeperid.nr. io, Namibia
reveals two consistent elements: the pretoria regime's urr oi deceptive
cfTthue1esrn tsh-oi op,e.n-orsu i .en*inn.t.cr ,ooo urfrer daisemgurelp tmtilneoegm n eietnn ntt oiteca aettic ohhpni rs;se efpfotor roolilacofe wbsasgae rcdtehk er ndoto oup gt-t thohb pe-yot h snaeaeFn g' gy6b tfepiiaetijnitnuirgnlag fflfit i i*nte;ais-avdb, l ll e-yrbu . rruFethfloe eliclnorts 6wtcdeion anadg-t
the rejection by south Africa at the Generra Meetin"g in iggt of th6
apr envieowus lyin i. taiagtrieveed wUansit eodrg aNnaistieodn sb ypt athn ef owre tshteer nIn ?ceopnetnadcet nGcer oou]p N taom itbaikae,
greater account of the apartheid regime's objections. pretoria has usid the time
to.-.implement its own "internaf settlemint" and to iurtrtr.-expand its
military strength in_ the region - all aimed at destroying the nationwidi support
pe.nej.o9ypelrd: I_nbyd_e SeWd AitP Ois apnredc s-iuseblvye brteincgiu tshee kliigtoitirmiaa tels isapiriaiaiat-io onfs *o f thi Namibian
ryryo victory at the polls that it is denying the people oi Nu,niu"i"ur-ra* nfre"er *ain"dl
fair election.
The south African regime continues to boast about its so-called strategic
importance to the west, and this claim is now being echoed in certain fi;;;fri
quarters which pose new-dangen for the peace ani security of eirica. In this
context the annexation by the pretoria *g-r of walvis'Bat ;;;d, ,p..irt
a\gtmteinbtiiao-n. Ablescoa,u tshee o cfl atihmes immipdoert abnyc eS oouf t_hp rAJsfr-iecrvai nigo thbee oteprerriaiotiiniag i aisn tae gwreistyte ronr
ally in the south Atlantic will p: s-eriously affecteo ir it a6rr-noi-lia've control,
via-walvis Bay and the islands off the coasi over the Namibian coastiine _ which
today,,cqlnplises 60.per cent of the Atlantic coast controlled uv-Soutn arri"u
overall.. Maximum vigilance will need to be exercised to ensure-that the illegal
occupying rggrme is not permitted to retain an effective military and naval
foothold within an independent Namibia.
Th.is study .reveals the nature of South Africa's forced occupation of Namibia
and should help to inform world opinion, on the uasis of esiatlirt .d-rurtr, uuout
the great danger that the situation presents to internatior.r il;;;ilsecurity.
PREFACE
This study provides detailed, comprehensive information about the nature and
scale of south Africa\ ille4l military occupation of Namibia, and the t"uy in
which the international-territory is qJed as a springboard for aggressive atticks
against neighbouring independent African countrids, the Front*Line states of
Angola, Botswana and Zambia.
Tfr3 ne-ogle of Nami.bia are in effect occupied by a massive foreign garrison,
manifested-by one soldier to approximately every twelve Namibian"ad-ults and
children. This dramatic fact reveals the degree to which Soutfr Africa relies on
ove-rwhelming mil-itary power to maintain iti illegal control over Namibia.
In the face of the determined resistance of lhe Namibian people. under the
leadenhip of swAPo, the occupying regime has intensifiea'tepi"riion within
Namibia and is launching destruitive rrllitary attacks against ihe- Front Line
states with greater frequency than ever before. It is th; African propr, *rro
have to pay_ an enormous- and ever-increasing pticr in-i..-s'of human
suffering_ and loss of life. for each day by which s6uttr lfrica's iregal occupation
of Namibia is.prolonged - not to mention the gowing risr< or i -";ot armed
confrontation in the region with unforseeable consequences.
An examination of the long _history of intemational negotiations with the
sout4 African regime about self-determination and indeperid.nr. io, Namibia
reveals two consistent elements: the pretoria regime's urr oi deceptive
cfTthue1esrn tsh-oi op,e.n-orsu i .en*inn.t.cr ,ooo urfrer daisemgurelp tmtilneoegm n eietnn ntt oiteca aettic ohhpni rs;se efpfotor roolilacofe wbsasgae rcdtehk er ndoto oup gt-t thohb pe-yot h snaeaeFn g' gy6b tfepiiaetijnitnuirgnlag fflfit i i*nte;ais-avdb, l ll e-yrbu . rruFethfloe eliclnorts 6wtcdeion anadg-t
the rejection by south Africa at the Generra Meetin"g in iggt of th6
apr envieowus lyin i. taiagtrieveed wUansit eodrg aNnaistieodn sb ypt athn ef owre tshteer nIn ?ceopnetnadcet nGcer oou]p N taom itbaikae,
greater account of the apartheid regime's objections. pretoria has usid the time
to.-.implement its own "internaf settlemint" and to iurtrtr.-expand its
military strength in_ the region - all aimed at destroying the nationwidi support
pe.nej.o9ypelrd: I_nbyd_e SeWd AitP Ois apnredc s-iuseblvye brteincgiu tshee kliigtoitirmiaa tels isapiriaiaiat-io onfs *o f thi Namibian
ryryo victory at the polls that it is denying the people oi Nu,niu"i"ur-ra* nfre"er *ain"dl
fair election.
The south African regime continues to boast about its so-called strategic
importance to the west, and this claim is now being echoed in certain fi;;;fri
quarters which pose new-dangen for the peace ani security of eirica. In this
context the annexation by the pretoria *g-r of walvis'Bat ;;;d, ,p..irt
a\gtmteinbtiiao-n. Ablescoa,u tshee o cfl atihmes immipdoert abnyc eS oouf t_hp rAJsfr-iecrvai nigo thbee oteprerriaiotiiniag i aisn tae gwreistyte ronr
ally in the south Atlantic will p: s-eriously affecteo ir it a6rr-noi-lia've control,
via-walvis Bay and the islands off the coasi over the Namibian coastiine _ which
today,,cqlnplises 60.per cent of the Atlantic coast controlled uv-Soutn arri"u
overall.. Maximum vigilance will need to be exercised to ensure-that the illegal
occupying rggrme is not permitted to retain an effective military and naval
foothold within an independent Namibia.
Th.is study .reveals the nature of South Africa's forced occupation of Namibia
and should help to inform world opinion, on the uasis of esiatlirt .d-rurtr, uuout
the great danger that the situation presents to internatior.r il;;;ilsecurity.
s;lA.l,.aFlllir(loltstlt i r,. rlnrrri1.r .i 's,r 'lrlcl, llrl1ligyiit. ltllvtrgoi"tolrc ro,l 'rtlryiirll ti''n l1r';1'ilt :'crtillt ls l'l tig 1rr,;ll.s.;r"irlrl, t'l(tll li'rlctl,tlt l''t w'rtilci,r l,ilr'r isill.iru r ti t .sirpt:;,ll-tIitrjl,,:,o, rs'rtirrl,.tl rrii;,lir i l't on,rl.P l Alt.ti ,,l,,rnlor ''r ll irlcc"llsr i llrn 'i v ttr roi'.rrSr,rUlti:.. lv.tI. cIn1, rre lttlr rrlrr.i:r'ilr.y' l',llr lirr nc 'l. .nl itt'l.rllt ril\lltlrll r',rr.irt lyi,,rorlISi.i, i'.l tt.:n u, l (t1l,r'lt',gi,rt,i,l,t.,tl,ll"rul,'iclh_t,t'r rr" i1ls,(,, rl' .-'1i', nl1.sl, lr.r-.l ,rr:1-l l\ ,l ;r.cr,trlt,?ll,,:r.r,v rr,1rlr:rr ul(t,,tl rgi.ll;',ic,lll.,lr .,rnrlrrr.r sIlut,rrr .rt .1r rr lprl>r rlr rirl{,,ll; Aitl-r;l,.,rrruti ll\ilvt.lr, r rtrl 1::t'.ri;, ir,rorrrt1l,1r)r -rrrr.rr.'ut,;rir ,.lr, r,n it,1l .,rlf li .rr ,.,t 'l;,rs.1l.r ll1.rir rlrlttl.ltllr;rr ;.,lrr rr:r .rl,;lrr,v iH 1r ,\llrr,l1lrrl; llr.rrr.(,ttl .r rrrt(,'llr.o((y r,.t!rI,0.l S ; 'n(rt lr .cl; rr, rlirrll.tllscSl,tr),nl:l.rlrlcl tls r V,rit.lglt.:lrtllicr sl.llrvll)cl rtlilr (sglaii it)llltllslW,nti asrcoiyi Lrm g lnel avg,igwSelf, UiSac,rOcoao,edo rraysfUnui,s nru n ostSrlotr hae dinoeOoartS leesh l Anl uab lg es tttfwtlihoSh oroom iaUefgur ccoe rmscabkaNe.rihenes IpNFN_oarrem""cTsTIeeibt\ hDnSiD Roiancaeegenetit oce rf dcgelOerkrwoa esvntt1 _nthi iMoec gl owDelrmewe yu fi1b,S t id hlTeoriooigin.to fnetua er Jum Setr,cSthiq tataloC C aoyukArnstu kiheeravfdtseTsar,hey ei d ic iIrbrtfn-As5aIemo ygaOntfal hr aItst iiGt6 econphoSaNenr olaWevoAnn ltie.ec wfpA r wreWrtPaati.hithedl'lOeh, e eiM Io. c w9" CN,aoC ging3haloIlnn0e.m u1uo srJenisttb eua ccirnMcai olhe C on qo Yal1tuafro 9 eonscMtst,lka jt.egitSi2nohreo,nie su,w( t JSetthhhnroe seiuAtr eetilfhned ri si n cAsSNta eftSaranrimtocn eMauaisbtn lhi An fi aoDsiAsr,sec ftfiiree-sneistcrna acoaniennntf
rtehgeiT mthheer e infaattoislu peroeves one dfm tbohryee _tihnageteg srrenosaustitivohen ,aatrnlr dicc oadmne smipeugeniirlinit.ye utl.uolin ot a"orkt.etr vt imseervly; ta;c teionnco tuor acgoeu tnhtaetr p"roenseen coe f otfh teh ee Dneefmenyc'se fFaovrocuer iitne Smoeutthh owdess tth Aesferi cdaay.s; is to qIuestion the
Icibntooil liAllNtaovsba] tolmto oranawibngtaiid oaar dn.su s rotwg hnteehient ehwc yo op,tr efhlid oiet ph ctloseeooo mom umifst ohN ust n.atAri pmtiyfhori,ai6 ncwmiraaihb,ne ildcf euhot l.e fgbosa i.rn"-; "d;.trh t ; p'e ioe, g srirrosta.hliesrvermete; n;snc; iot.ta u-rfn;raoitdlitrn i mosounalseic i awrgeo ahdsf tiu ciroeephxsn ptpee loywxrnni stsatothis-lf ionp etThnhienab Ggttae esmNrnerao,ei tmnr8oat rhiAlb ysMpi ahoar iagifls dn1. 1u a9rs9^8e c81aMo1 c.uq,3h nlieatt-drnay ,pi 0pau0dend,ad0rreee0rsd0_s m itn-hig lia taaatp r typph raeoro axncdimcu,eum apatbaete tlyirtoh noeo fBi "sS.l o ion*eudtmtaihsspi'pA.ufrfut iaiiictob alA ene.f uvteI rnFory oo trhptczese
aewerwFotmxeoteuaparabtccapepakenosors gn.dnt oshs Ioi. 'trt foo sWs iutp rshmgia toerhhreeit olshmpid'ut-reai asetc rgrrso ktyuerhmaie snibbs-sptel uo eodtsui nyl dlrtepepch-nexepuatsp opst,ao rdatntirh ntend ies dfp psN rSacwoitaaeocmomle uemutdit hbhaluudei gran eA a fiestifiannir xoinsaicdnslnda t eidAn ttnco n dcoi igemeiturohg eplloeidacmo f tsS .ersua.to iirnbntiuaslau et ih n o-ni nttiAtoevorarfi, rn .lmi"siiac ."haat.Fitlooin r nrnot trtcDaan aooilentn n ffsa edL praanuimnonnccerdsyett adiomntinttfeeafS Tminccphoskbureeeusel t, ptr cahsaatoc ordnoAat udcrtlfeira eioitatclninh ocantsehrn'.u a saamftN ilono nab trnreerm isoxlari iaottboaotcpaifrtaf s yc mnf tk irag ilosp'lrurio eutoriap ineplmcrs utyl fo-olo iuan fbrpotn ii rlaoNeicisnnniaege-y.m had iNnpb i baa aoTtimrnuhaltidier iicsibf nulw tiugaliracooa rthrutAu liadtoarnism dt get rotbeoesodep.l aa rece.Nyon s.Bna easmencitfdicsobeo riruemoa.n bp.eflaify .tno,ni irfed edtmohp ebafe knytmehd setionh ssigeett
States. enforcement of ilrcrcitsiltgly ltarslr'uncl authoritarian security *.irur.r, to the
actciSfyomloaocepfom tprttsauIi T lneetetiisthths vhg mt eterei io ossreitA oan t pSn taalifol l lt otr-tboedtccpifuilcidelem. rlct aao.v hc Tdtcdnv iooV tAu lcm aht etcrcofraclepriiy inbll yacgit lm.g talnairarsm tviprnetiocnroceos oot clir rnudraea:tt llnal gotn tl et nhiidrrmli nnitcen cesteoe( paos )w r or nrnuleh(ttoskttn'qhai orcnldvuglrartdeu itl'rtf* ,s eel,.liewi umtrm.tle* yth,ittp,te'lt orlnoon Solgxrhs twrsro yedart tndrrv lw..artee i"ll;lsashy rsoi ;rntru .r o ; lA:ioa'ot;lnZri*iglt:iilailr'rh crt li"ielrelrrtr,r;ier.rmigtt :.uidh is xab'or si l.eralvmfii ro oriribrttgerrdhartcruoarl:ell r rwss; oamlwur ascgvlrilccavi'reatl trrt.riisir,rrtr vn rra llme rrsraprlrrr tiiyc rrrccccSilcr olcnhci o .lllniiorrlcpnurarrirlm ite'rrbillhpwyl'i cormi c rrcwcArrSgraaroloirfrr vtplrdriiu iitrcoolcilrdl.rtlnndgrtayy-, * miatdnsdOoenigoemuoextfrg pea tgmufreehtnaenabhnsbis csnste stce nit ioit izoootcrytNfha nnan on"a,tatcf ireritofrhetdra,dn hm nasirar bie lrobewisray(a climeS vacc lta Siet1lneWnplaead9.doogrilw8m Ai.n u"bb 1sp .TP rto ,t,_e:hh thlOrt.l herha lletlfs)A ao iit ,oslgaic oorfi nthi rcon nsnitnS tncghi ette Wlt-auresirsc:lna ' rt AthsrkraualgruaiP e oniiufcrnglOJinpdteeoOggr.it nra lm laeiepig"mlfsnl ti,coam nd .Niarla lgn,e iit wncatt hrd'amedcfm_ea_ruv nP ier.bmisltne brl nayiae eoiina lttaltiifi igotnt io lat ltghNreinhosire barye aep't o' S tsom.antpu h loefciorai d .bimoutprsntotidhmatutg".rwmhreel a panaF i ttitrlttWnoreei eeor;d agti;,nerte; i;ythrs ssi tci oept *twao po Unruslgrfif.t.tlnrt.sr e fiihloT ecaci.cu; ra hooaiiaS-i"r ennrrpltisgrats fcehgelitg dieoesn,c resuo ap utr,cs wln latscaeoaaidbe mnsw,nsloes geedas-rf
cngiclatrart ictplsitrlolitrlts c rlbc uc iiclssrl iilrtl: c tlylltlorc.lottr l| rcclcitlttloxltt lcirbstyll yl.lcll t(oi.'lrlts: tti tlltpiilloc.llclctr lg tclrto rltlr lc(iso)r:crrtr.ctoytl rvll lla)tla:l) rcliolor clrl'lr or St o.,o ,l,l'rru rPN't1h: rr, rr"Anl.li,rfb,ci,iii-catilla- ycrn ca-g nicrir ror ortnchnt clrpyo t w.lcb sofecrr onledtmns dt ooetndhdeae b y oi.yn f t Tetthhhr_eee ANSGInfoaer tuiSr7icomt9oahn6a u su6Ant hn, Gf cd rieAitoecsnfrla oer mi'arnscaa aiCla ncnA ldo M sanctrsattooeiennon mdutptoaseibo_ tdleay l. di, no omtFvfch aircentohdu isseepmtu deacL rtce N1ieoat9sniigm1es uo9 oeir,tb eftNo ioraNfr_a iattNimhonmearib 'iytLbi1io eaiaw9na 1sagw" 5suwao e,at sn ees or anbmdfdd eeNimihnncaaallgntaltif eoii s'.indOot6es f r rb,irGef'y*aidrr e ngtdahbde.tef cyi nB a bUd rSVi1netoa9 isttuie 7ntoid1.l.if,
Abdul S. Minty fInotre ran asteiottnleaml eCnot,u. ritn ovof lJvurlsBti cteh eie uatneidte idl JN?artgio Hnasgj us_ew_A.,Ipntoer;n atitiio;n^a'Sl n;;Jtgi oAtiafrtiicoanns
Director, World Campaien aeainst government, the African Front Line States and the Westertr po*ri, have been in
Military and Nuclear Collabor"ution progress since ,1971. South African intransigence, and the relucta".. of Western
with South Africa. powers to apply effective pressure, have res]ulted in the repeatrO iuiruir of these
negotiations.
s;lA.l,.aFlllir(loltstlt i r,. rlnrrri1.r .i 's,r 'lrlcl, llrl1ligyiit. ltllvtrgoi"tolrc ro,l 'rtlryiirll ti''n l1r';1'ilt :'crtillt ls l'l tig 1rr,;ll.s.;r"irlrl, t'l(tll li'rlctl,tlt l''t w'rtilci,r l,ilr'r isill.iru r ti t .sirpt:;,ll-tIitrjl,,:,o, rs'rtirrl,.tl rrii;,lir i l't on,rl.P l Alt.ti ,,l,,rnlor ''r ll irlcc"llsr i llrn 'i v ttr roi'.rrSr,rUlti:.. lv.tI. cIn1, rre lttlr rrlrr.i:r'ilr.y' l',llr lirr nc 'l. .nl itt'l.rllt ril\lltlrll r',rr.irt lyi,,rorlISi.i, i'.l tt.:n u, l (t1l,r'lt',gi,rt,i,l,t.,tl,ll"rul,'iclh_t,t'r rr" i1ls,(,, rl' .-'1i', nl1.sl, lr.r-.l ,rr:1-l l\ ,l ;r.cr,trlt,?ll,,:r.r,v rr,1rlr:rr ul(t,,tl rgi.ll;',ic,lll.,lr .,rnrlrrr.r sIlut,rrr .rt .1r rr lprl>r rlr rirl{,,ll; Aitl-r;l,.,rrruti ll\ilvt.lr, r rtrl 1::t'.ri;, ir,rorrrt1l,1r)r -rrrr.rr.'ut,;rir ,.lr, r,n it,1l .,rlf li .rr ,.,t 'l;,rs.1l.r ll1.rir rlrlttl.ltllr;rr ;.,lrr rr:r .rl,;lrr,v iH 1r ,\llrr,l1lrrl; llr.rrr.(,ttl .r rrrt(,'llr.o((y r,.t!rI,0.l S ; 'n(rt lr .cl; rr, rlirrll.tllscSl,tr),nl:l.rlrlcl tls r V,rit.lglt.:lrtllicr sl.llrvll)cl rtlilr (sglaii it)llltllslW,nti asrcoiyi Lrm g lnel avg,igwSelf, UiSac,rOcoao,edo rraysfUnui,s nru n ostSrlotr hae dinoeOoartS leesh l Anl uab lg es tttfwtlihoSh oroom iaUefgur ccoe rmscabkaNe.rihenes IpNFN_oarrem""cTsTIeeibt\ hDnSiD Roiancaeegenetit oce rf dcgelOerkrwoa esvntt1 _nthi iMoec gl owDelrmewe yu fi1b,S t id hlTeoriooigin.to fnetua er Jum Setr,cSthiq tataloC C aoyukArnstu kiheeravfdtseTsar,hey ei d ic iIrbrtfn-As5aIemo ygaOntfal hr aItst iiGt6 econphoSaNenr olaWevoAnn ltie.ec wfpA r wreWrtPaati.hithedl'lOeh, e eiM Io. c w9" CN,aoC ging3haloIlnn0e.m u1uo srJenisttb eua ccirnMcai olhe C on qo Yal1tuafro 9 eonscMtst,lka jt.egitSi2nohreo,nie su,w( t JSetthhhnroe seiuAtr eetilfhned ri si n cAsSNta eftSaranrimtocn eMauaisbtn lhi An fi aoDsiAsr,sec ftfiiree-sneistcrna acoaniennntf
rtehgeiT mthheer e infaattoislu peroeves one dfm tbohryee _tihnageteg srrenosaustitivohen ,aatrnlr dicc oadmne smipeugeniirlinit.ye utl.uolin ot a"orkt.etr vt imseervly; ta;c teionnco tuor acgoeu tnhtaetr p"roenseen coe f otfh teh ee Dneefmenyc'se fFaovrocuer iitne Smoeutthh owdess tth Aesferi cdaay.s; is to qIuestion the
Icibntooil liAllNtaovsba] tolmto oranawibngtaiid oaar dn.su s rotwg hnteehient ehwc yo op,tr efhlid oiet ph ctloseeooo mom umifst ohN ust n.atAri pmtiyfhori,ai6 ncwmiraaihb,ne ildcf euhot l.e fgbosa i.rn"-; "d;.trh t ; p'e ioe, g srirrosta.hliesrvermete; n;snc; iot.ta u-rfn;raoitdlitrn i mosounalseic i awrgeo ahdsf tiu ciroeephxsn ptpee loywxrnni stsatothis-lf ionp etThnhienab Ggttae esmNrnerao,ei tmnr8oat rhiAlb ysMpi ahoar iagifls dn1. 1u a9rs9^8e c81aMo1 c.uq,3h nlieatt-drnay ,pi 0pau0dend,ad0rreee0rsd0_s m itn-hig lia taaatp r typph raeoro axncdimcu,eum apatbaete tlyirtoh noeo fBi "sS.l o ion*eudtmtaihsspi'pA.ufrfut iaiiictob alA ene.f uvteI rnFory oo trhptczese
aewerwFotmxeoteuaparabtccapepakenosors gn.dnt oshs Ioi. 'trt foo sWs iutp rshmgia toerhhreeit olshmpid'ut-reai asetc rgrrso ktyuerhmaie snibbs-sptel uo eodtsui nyl dlrtepepch-nexepuatsp opst,ao rdatntirh ntend ies dfp psN rSacwoitaaeocmomle uemutdit hbhaluudei gran eA a fiestifiannir xoinsaicdnslnda t eidAn ttnco n dcoi igemeiturohg eplloeidacmo f tsS .ersua.to iirnbntiuaslau et ih n o-ni nttiAtoevorarfi, rn .lmi"siiac ."haat.Fitlooin r nrnot trtcDaan aooilentn n ffsa edL praanuimnonnccerdsyett adiomntinttfeeafS Tminccphoskbureeeusel t, ptr cahsaatoc ordnoAat udcrtlfeira eioitatclninh ocantsehrn'.u a saamftN ilono nab trnreerm isoxlari iaottboaotcpaifrtaf s yc mnf tk irag ilosp'lrurio eutoriap ineplmcrs utyl fo-olo iuan fbrpotn ii rlaoNeicisnnniaege-y.m had iNnpb i baa aoTtimrnuhaltidier iicsibf nulw tiugaliracooa rthrutAu liadtoarnism dt get rotbeoesodep.l aa rece.Nyon s.Bna easmencitfdicsobeo riruemoa.n bp.eflaify .tno,ni irfed edtmohp ebafe knytmehd setionh ssigeett
States. enforcement of ilrcrcitsiltgly ltarslr'uncl authoritarian security *.irur.r, to the
actciSfyomloaocepfom tprttsauIi T lneetetiisthths vhg mt eterei io ossreitA oan t pSn taalifol l lt otr-tboedtccpifuilcidelem. rlct aao.v hc Tdtcdnv iooV tAu lcm aht etcrcofraclepriiy inbll yacgit lm.g talnairarsm tviprnetiocnroceos oot clir rnudraea:tt llnal gotn tl et nhiidrrmli nnitcen cesteoe( paos )w r or nrnuleh(ttoskttn'qhai orcnldvuglrartdeu itl'rtf* ,s eel,.liewi umtrm.tle* yth,ittp,te'lt orlnoon Solgxrhs twrsro yedart tndrrv lw..artee i"ll;lsashy rsoi ;rntru .r o ; lA:ioa'ot;lnZri*iglt:iilailr'rh crt li"ielrelrrtr,r;ier.rmigtt :.uidh is xab'or si l.eralvmfii ro oriribrttgerrdhartcruoarl:ell r rwss; oamlwur ascgvlrilccavi'reatl trrt.riisir,rrtr vn rra llme rrsraprlrrr tiiyc rrrccccSilcr olcnhci o .lllniiorrlcpnurarrirlm ite'rrbillhpwyl'i cormi c rrcwcArrSgraaroloirfrr vtplrdriiu iitrcoolcilrdl.rtlnndgrtayy-, * miatdnsdOoenigoemuoextfrg pea tgmufreehtnaenabhnsbis csnste stce nit ioit izoootcrytNfha nnan on"a,tatcf ireritofrhetdra,dn hm nasirar bie lrobewisray(a climeS vacc lta Siet1lneWnplaead9.doogrilw8m Ai.n u"bb 1sp .TP rto ,t,_e:hh thlOrt.l herha lletlfs)A ao iit ,oslgaic oorfi nthi rcon nsnitnS tncghi ette Wlt-auresirsc:lna ' rt AthsrkraualgruaiP e oniiufcrnglOJinpdteeoOggr.it nra lm laeiepig"mlfsnl ti,coam nd .Niarla lgn,e iit wncatt hrd'amedcfm_ea_ruv nP ier.bmisltne brl nayiae eoiina lttaltiifi igotnt io lat ltghNreinhosire barye aep't o' S tsom.antpu h loefciorai d .bimoutprsntotidhmatutg".rwmhreel a panaF i ttitrlttWnoreei eeor;d agti;,nerte; i;ythrs ssi tci oept *twao po Unruslgrfif.t.tlnrt.sr e fiihloT ecaci.cu; ra hooaiiaS-i"r ennrrpltisgrats fcehgelitg dieoesn,c resuo ap utr,cs wln latscaeoaaidbe mnsw,nsloes geedas-rf
cngiclatrart ictplsitrlolitrlts c rlbc uc iiclssrl iilrtl: c tlylltlorc.lottr l| rcclcitlttloxltt lcirbstyll yl.lcll t(oi.'lrlts: tti tlltpiilloc.llclctr lg tclrto rltlr lc(iso)r:crrtr.ctoytl rvll lla)tla:l) rcliolor clrl'lr or St o.,o ,l,l'rru rPN't1h: rr, rr"Anl.li,rfb,ci,iii-catilla- ycrn ca-g nicrir ror ortnchnt clrpyo t w.lcb sofecrr onledtmns dt ooetndhdeae b y oi.yn f t Tetthhhr_eee ANSGInfoaer tuiSr7icomt9oahn6a u su6Ant hn, Gf cd rieAitoecsnfrla oer mi'arnscaa aiCla ncnA ldo M sanctrsattooeiennon mdutptoaseibo_ tdleay l. di, no omtFvfch aircentohdu isseepmtu deacL rtce N1ieoat9sniigm1es uo9 oeir,tb eftNo ioraNfr_a iattNimhonmearib 'iytLbi1io eaiaw9na 1sagw" 5suwao e,at sn ees or anbmdfdd eeNimihnncaaallgntaltif eoii s'.indOot6es f r rb,irGef'y*aidrr e ngtdahbde.tef cyi nB a bUd rSVi1netoa9 isttuie 7ntoid1.l.if,
Abdul S. Minty fInotre ran asteiottnleaml eCnot,u. ritn ovof lJvurlsBti cteh eie uatneidte idl JN?artgio Hnasgj us_ew_A.,Ipntoer;n atitiio;n^a'Sl n;;Jtgi oAtiafrtiicoanns
Director, World Campaien aeainst government, the African Front Line States and the Westertr po*ri, have been in
Military and Nuclear Collabor"ution progress since ,1971. South African intransigence, and the relucta".. of Western
with South Africa. powers to apply effective pressure, have res]ulted in the repeatrO iuiruir of these
negotiations.
",,,. I.SOUTHAFRICAS EARLY
r , ,,;,',,',"i,, ii.,;,,'.,,' ;;.:;;.;l',, , ;,,,1,";;:l;,,,ji'r:::i'f iil] i,ul,l,liiJilr"8$J:?
Itl:;ll': lt'l'ttr"tl'rlril',,,,r1r-rrirl,'<,lilt 4lrl -Eflrr+-rlrEigttanl glitt,kcrting-Namibia MILITARY PRESENCE
lrrrl;r\ i:r tl:;r'rl lr\ 'r,rqill1 ,1 lrl,.r - ..11111er1 ln]r e+ .la ;t lr;lst. l0r attacking
ttf tfltlriltttittll Att1i,'l,r rrtt ;t rl:tlll l,,r',i,, rl:=rlf rrl lttp lltr- al, ln r,r'lrttollli<j structurg
llt;tl tr, pir;trltt,rll\, ('ln{'rlii.r r;' trr llr,'qr,rrl llrl;.1rc-rrrlr-rrr r- yr,1lr,,l.,tttrl ,.ltlsillg fear and
JtuA' ofIle tlltlt' lttlt:o'9ttl,tltss.c 1-l' tst.oSse nc loatr riupolilltpurrlllsla;r rlrtlArtat-:lsytlquis ilcs.tl), atr(otr.tlrfil( .Aclnlro(rr rn.(t .tt: yr,tol. uolltt-lrtl :tr;T trllr' tlllrl1u'co ilrrl1i .c,o:1itp, ',r.rcr1rrr 1u lgrlNrt,,ir;o=rrirr. rr,sr1rrl ,l ox,l1v;nr c 1tr.its,rr,llr-u; lr,tr.yrrr,lt;Eorr,lrwrn(lnt. ,rt ,l1rrrfr r r;. lr ll;rr fl( ;lw.)r (ill.l6flylfCr] ltleCi:ll,' ic O.S6 oOfr ftUt'tahotghlfl bSttohhceoeectuw a twSshei aooeAnrun sf tir nhtishc iNAnaec af fertmiiw rctsihaobt eni aeW semttaooaribrdllililedatisasy htWr eyidsda a lroiysaasf, tv meotehnfi el biSpt eaofroeeruysunteh npnu dArtseaeefsdtrdiei ocn aantcso'ses o oisofn ufcc bcNothudmapuempae cat iioorrbeannistat.ie ivisDnmeta luyp1nr o9icnr1reeag5 cr .oye thAn ne mtlt vhpoaiolerriitiurgoaigoiurnhdsy,
tifcbnuholnatanodctc ka ee pmNxroetiaelwnemdt.ea i brPpl iraaucennhbtotadl nri ?cigaan e urqshe t ahhloasaoft v rinaoeite nyvdp seiraf roftreemherxe epelbetnreesctds iinsk gbeinn e eddteaoe nravl ryoeec nl ovotgenanadekvg i einttncdogcr rfepbtol lrha rtc hocaelek ri t n,lNuor tuu:aN .mtlrarsb.miitpbd:iuii ebalo: inarlwsi' yi ,-,coar urrn nlrddtasom ttifheh1lela; yetat iisonntfsr utNthacaeltltu aimorteinoa snni ndsMa 'aNtaennadddm atcetibear,ir arirtw yobihrenyiggc, ah Son e outxuotp t mhrbe esiAl sifltlarayiic rdpay. r owIenxha esivbr iciiontieslvaedots livo tihenned oNisnfea ttbmthiuneiibgl dit aeiun rpigmn os vf ta homreifo i ltulihatsae term yI r i1albi9tgaa5su0reeyss
ssAgtaheirpfbearcailnscuyraettr ihninc tmeygo-s, inod poSsv oatfeoni tnsufsuud ottche lrlrue aAlitdnmc[ feidrsCiienm copgaa ueota envnhrdeedca- rei slinb nn mobec ifuenet hM.gin l_etIti nna uoebi spftosth etltieawshr bshehc le iaoistdnenht rmsNnbrtioeaiyttowunm lrtte ,iiybop g.ionu aaIarln n pwls oIttharah onttesJsdu eu tstae lbpmyd,h mpeeb1rrmei9een b gipasoe0antfri,r s a aad otuntievotfofoe brwyna n os c tSpmoeohso o etaueutrhntneshed-, iaGeomnnfecpd rUllt omanhevsnaea eetnlr di9lt laye Ai r1t-ro1hg5r99uirr,t16oeno 05euddrs,mgy u .W1,hNre i antnamoltgvr n i iosblitbi hfetB iaae 1acr 8yyawF 9 lwical0reohss.d n itTcu qGhhWnu iedseiotr es mArhrtl gdaaGbrd neeWe eatSrwmamnonreeau,ene ntxStnh eo c ed1Wous 8ltiteoanh9sbn 2t1lAii as8Aafhl7r nfei8crcddi.oca2 n1atnh9t. er 0toB r7polr,,rio tewaapsifhsent ein catrrh c ebt tthioahneuiagnn d Aedu dnabn rgeditelheoesne-r
multiracial "Namibra\" a:my -a!{ nolice force - the South West Africa Territory Britislr orclors occupied German South West Africa, bringing it under South
pNmcsIo_Ft_toaoaf iel[n rlhStraecSa_ckaeomire obs yuuaaiu (a.tcnStolth,e ohp Wc isnt rtAch eAssAuifectnr fTrp eirruc cFiadetccaoh)teata i,neoen alnfdi nt lnne iai c.nda d cat btt ett Dtrhcissarvioeeumincinn tfrakoSi,cite nstikeoinis ogse uua tsn ethiegtchanhndare leed W i nee stitfnoshenaeiretsd vt sit tonoet l_tehAu t pftesmr eefeinicrnx enirsoPcg rndmina ifettyets oooo.Pntnnpr iiotecyteluehlogi .tc'swsnsoieo t toa inRiIna(tfraSeut il1bWoep h9n auafA8tsn bso1P cll g ,il)te r co.7ultn e hlo"5gegeflfu i-n s N7srAelcata6ehnatmidrlegveei,ero bd a liw ea'naprn de harbt fueiriblyenesa rntec pmeicshnrnh soesas 'xid dniiityt eodysa. hAnsetAhufoafffebrrirdTciit jcchui [heaJnagectn eranr twriSvt,l ri caoor oicnsannrrl rriv gllccShoioitsav lllalav'scAu rit tnrbcyl(lr'r rrlsg cicirsc r o olltuulrcllrnrocnllcclctcp rrl l iorr lnourlolccl llunco 'lo talnrthit1noil lrl 'icprN ocototl rlaehn'sitorrt orerelvwpi - b cctruTlcoiarrasc rcnll (e le rtrnuolia0c)stn ol rtc payodll irc) clcato rorcrr tol r ccifacav/ xc,neV e <ncgt tertllnZaer rctoesnosh s,frant e e ehiteClnh olre)wtr ew Mis tuhwoie nnaoivrhhnnpyleeead,o r rb ,a1le bicicth9bteuoaea1y tlnddo ,o9 to. snf.i bp n.TytT3eph ,heho1 enels9ee iiL1 artriuGe 9ovmta,ienhn gri Slglmueifto resaaotu snhrmotlysehyf
gtntdrheeaoesntoTice oprhhrinsbiaisae sl- isl tsn o fD!a t1rhteciihcekf^eae etan l P pcbtoeeaayr rpr iatrgebhintrileoldn,r i cdrswAyk m o hiddNific ulu FihtrPnaui ntrrincbegydoit ro mrtmprhrruipac ablcw 'es1hloimc 9irnmal7<eet0ci nioslriitrn,ntss a 'pNalrolrnryarnrrd mo' lot iuchiecbguecxilla purrSr.oap rorlCnlyrurdll tr titasholllrp r irrruAlrc: i prrf:c"rrrosgirocr n:traIrrl r rnrrarlrr lrlnlrrar tey rll ni e rlirlllanrlc orrtcr wllioli1l eticllri9r rur rrg7rIcrun,cp\ ttlsl: cllr.)rorr7t.ll-: NtptUmhinraneaauti ctioiotentenilrgcrr isre aoi.tt lh fc SU aelSron nyloOuad uftne ohtmdrhr A totehAhfrverfaerei cilfcnt tae awtutr ,hmeepaalnrlls otbcs ceoheoeau1ilnfe'd-r gdadt ha egeealtidrne en Mgratdm oda wiys nn iohdandcaitcetiitoeoapen rlr, ipi vmpSoaeromordnaug dittgtr ehhetr o easNA stA"iaf oprotminircifoc ia bmait'nshinaot e o dtepe uifoN nfttepyhoacu mawttlhiabvaibetiesit io aaluytn ont m ai tonnspofrd "tsemo. tap c uat othhcrnIeeehn-
pSCochllauicptehte pAr rflc.rlsilc clcrnrllrc sitnclirr iclltlccrcsli o lltcltt rcrr tirvltotrltr rcyioo rwrrsrl lrrroirllcr,r ito(s'll 'r1olrrlp 'lllrlcrncrg olSV oo rlt'rlilcrlrrtd rlAisg lc'wrricril.:lrrrru rs tlr rracrr rrgiircryotl walintrllrdc, c puson aldicneedr orbeefa etchnhe erider sl2ea8rnv,de0d 0u 0nf,od dre ora uGnbdele rmt athaknee n r1 ub9le1y.3 w Bfhiygit ue1rs9e-2s,8 a,A ntdht e tn hweeah reiltyne d ap olol fpv utiahlabetl ieo1 n9fa 3ri0nms ,iN ntgah mela ibAnidfar ichhaaandd
uSnoitus_th c W_trcrnsptr iAscldii coal ' Tbcl:rrrcitko rNy: rnliroibrciaerr sa nadr rSd otulttchi rW cevsctn tAufarli cian cPoorpiicoera. tCiohna pinte rt hVe pEouprFouoplalel.oatiwonnsin,, gees stttihimmeaa ttGeedde raamtt a23n51 3,p0,0a00t0t0,e ,r hnrae,d tSa tioankueetdhn 1Ap7o fmrsiscielalsio sinino tnrh oeodcfut a3crBee sdm oiifal lilwoasnn d th owe chrtiealesre trtshi.coet
examines published rccords and the reality of SWAPO's guerilla war igainst
sVuthupIbeI v ienearxp saNaiomrant_hmi tnheaeeiibg_ds ai a.tirnh esfegot iitmrmh eetph lFeaicr naopdtrni ootit snsLps ien aceortm sfS yttoha. fete S asco ouinsnet hrtgei novAutieifairnwitcegead dS' sito nrusa ttCnrhash tiAaetipgforiyniec rao tVnof. t a miwgndgi-lneirteplaeesr nsyCdi hoUeain upaicttnOeed,r- A2Gth0feer0ri cm Naoaanfn ts itvh'c eeop loAoellndiitgimiaciblia nlesli e srtAtitgrlfeahrrittcsisoa nhna asn Pddi, nr tot ohct hrlenoenum sgPauhort ielioac naes esoZruiofe psn1p e9ol y2fi n2"ot,n ofaS ctwoihvuaeegtah epd eAllaacfbrrbeiocoeauus r"r.i,.n7 Bft orByoryc d e1umd9ce 1eaa2dlnl, sbtt hhuoeetf
peace and majority rule. Pass Laws into Namibia. These required all blacks travelling outside their pres-
cribed areas) or "native reserves'l to have a permit and to show it on demand to
any police officer.B
4
