Aorists and Perfects: Synchronic and Diachronic Perspectives

296 Pages·2017·1.245 MB·English

by  Marc Fryd, Pierre-Don Giancarli

AoristsandPerfects
Cahiers Chronos
Collectiondirigéepar
CarlVetters(UniversitéduLittoral-Côted’Opale)
Directeuradjoint
PatrickCaudal(cnrs-UniversitéParis7)
Comitédelecture
Anne-MarieBerthonneau(UniversitédeLille3)
AndréeBorillo(UniversitédeToulouse-LeMirail)
AnneCarlier(UniversitédeValenciennes)
RenaatDeclerck(kulak-Courtrai)
WalterDeMulder(Universitéd’Anvers)
PatrickDendale(Universitéd’Anvers)
IlseDepraetere(kub-Bruxelles)
DulcieEngel(UniversityofSwansea)
LaurentGosselin(UniversitédeRouen)
FloricaHrubara(UniversitéOvidiusConstanta)
EmmanuelleLabeau(AstonUniversity)
VéroniqueLagae(UniversitédeValenciennes)
SylvieMellet(cnrs-UniversitédeNice)
JacquesMoeschler(UniversitédeGenève)
ArieMolendijk(UniversitédeGroningue)
LouisdeSaussure(UniversitédeNeuchâtel)
CatherineSchnedecker(UniversitédeMetz)
MarleenVanPeteghem(UniversitédeLille3)
GenovevaPuskas(UniversitédeGenève)
CoVet(UniversitédeGroningue)
CarlVetters(UniversitéduLittoral-Côted’Opale)
SvetlanaVogeleer(InstitutLibreMarieHaps-Bruxelles)
MarcelVuillaume(UniversitédeNice)
volume29
Thetitlespublishedinthisseriesarelistedatbrill.com/cchr
Aorists and Perfects
SynchronicandDiachronicPerspectives
Editedby
MarcFryd
Pierre-DonGiancarli
leiden | boston
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Contents
ListofFigures,TablesandMaps vii
Introduction 1
MarcFrydandPierre-DonGiancarli
1 RomancePerfects,Aorists,andtheRoleof‘AoristicDrift’ 5
BridgetDrinka
2 ThePresentPerfectHasOnlyGoneAndChanged,Hasn’tIt?The
ContinuingDivergenceoftheNarrativePerfect 25
JimWalker
3 ThePresentPerfectinPeruvianSpanish:AnAnalysisofPersonal
ExperienceNarrativesamongMigrantGenerationsinLima 42
MargaritaJara
4 SummaryandSequentialScanningintheCompoundandSimplePastof
ChileanandUruguayanDialectsofSpanish 79
CarlosHenderson
5 TheTahitianParticle’Ua,SomeUses 110
ClaudeManuelDelmas
6 HaveJustV-enand JustV-ed:IfHotNewsorRecencyDon’tCutIt,Just
WhatDoes? 136
PhilippeBourdin
7 TheKidsAreFinishedSchool:ACorpusStudyofGeographical
Distribution 179
YuriYerastov
8 SomeRemarksonhave-lessPerfectConstructionsinEnglish 203
MarcFryd
vi contents
9 CounterfactualPresentPerfects 245
KristinMelumEide
List of Figures,Tables and Maps
Figures
1.1 ‘Aoristicdrift’oftheRomanceperfects(afterSquartiniandBertinetto2000:
422) 9
4.1 Sequentialscanning(Henderson,2010) 93
4.2 Summaryscanning(Henderson,2010) 94
5.1 Ritz’s(2010)referencetimessystem 119
7.1 Distributionoftokensbymunicipality(CanadianNewsstand) 190
7.2 Distributionoftokensbyyear(CanadianNewsstand) 191
9.1 Thetwolayersofpastinpluperfects 269
9.2 Thedeicticsystem;LohnsteinandBredel(2004:243) 271
9.3 Twotimelinesfortherealandthecounterfactualworld 272
Tables
1.1 TextualdistributionofperfectsandpreteritesinRomance(afterSquartiniand
Bertinetto2000:422) 9
2.1 ThenarrativeppintheOldBaileyCorpus 32
2.2 have+go+vacrossEnglishdialects 38
3.1 FactorsContributingtoChoiceofppoverPreteritwithinNarrativesofPersonal
ExperienceinPeruvianSpanish(Lima) 62
3.2 FrequenciesofppandpretbyAgeGroup 69
7.1 Comparisonofdatabases 187
7.2 Distributionoftokensbydatabase 189
7.3 Distributionoftokensbyprovince(CanadianNewsstand) 190
7.4 Distributionbyparticiple(CanadianNewsstand) 192
7.5 ContemporaryandHistoricalCorporaofAmericanEnglish 193
7.6 LiteratureOnlineandGutenbergProject 194
7.7 Timelineofhistoricaloccurrencesof[bedonenp] 194
7.8 Corpussearchresultsinsynchroniccorpora 196
9.1 Norwegiantensedverbs(Eide2002,2005,2009ab,2010) 257
9.2 TheperfectauxiliaryhaandthefullverbhaintheFosendialect 265
9.3 PerfectsandcounterfactualsinOldNorse 268
9.4 PerfectsandcounterfactualsintheHallingdalendialect 275
9.5 PerfectsandcounterfactualsintheSolf dialect 277
9.6 PerfectsandcounterfactualsinmodernStandardNorwegian 278
9.7 PerfectsandcounterfactualsintheFosendialect 280
viii list of figures, tables and maps
Maps
1.1 StratifiedmapoftheperfectsofWesternEurope(AdaptedfromDahl&
Velupillai,2009) 10
1.2 RevisedwalsmapofPerfectcomparedtoCharlemagne’sempire(814ad) 15
1.3 Primarysemanticvalueofhave/be+pastparticiple 22
9.1 LocationofFosen 247
9.2 Counterfactualperfectswithreduced(ha)orpresent(har)auxiliary. 253
Introduction
MarcFrydandPierre-DonGiancarli
The present volume, Cahiers Chronos 29, brings together nine contributions
by academics from the usa (University of Texas at San Antonio; University
of Nevada—Las Vegas), Norway (ntnu-Trondheim), Sweden (University of
Lund),Canada(Toronto,YorkUniversity),andFrance(UniversitéParis3;Uni-
versitéLumièreLyon2;UniversitédePoitiers).Itstandsasacompanionvol-
umetoAoristesetParfaits,publishedasCahierChronos28.
BridgetDrinkachallenges the notion of an ‘aoristicdrift’ to addressa ten-
dency of Perfect structures to take on preterital or aoristic (perfective Past)
value increasingly over time. Such a view is famously held by Squartini and
Bertinetto(2000)1who,expandinguponproposalsmadebyHarris(1982),pro-
poseachronologisationofthestagesofdevelopmentoftheperiphrasticper-
fects. In her contribution, the author puts into question the validity of the
concept of aoristic drift for Romance languages as a phenomenon respond-
ingtointernaltypologicalpressuresalone,andoffersalternativeexplanations
basedonsociolinguisticandsociohistoricalmotivations,namelytheinfluence
ofCarolingianLatinasasourceoflinguisticinnovation.Indeed,thedevelop-
mentofpreteritalmeaningforthePerfectdidnotcomeaboutasaspontaneous
anduniversalphenomenon,butspreadovertimefromacorecentreoflinguis-
ticinnovationandalsofromvarietytovariety.
When perfects come to adopt aoristic properties, they become relevant
tensesfortheconstructionofnarrativeswheretheorderofnarrationmirrors
exactlythetemporalorderofsuccessionofeachindividualevent.Thisiswhere
JimWalker’scontributionfindsitsrelevance,inthatitproposesafreshlookat
what appears to be an emergent use of the Present Perfect form essentially
in British English, namely its use in narratives. In his study, the author first
questionswhetherwearerighttoassumethatthisnarrativePresentPerfectis
indeedanemergentform.Hethengoesontosketchthepossiblelinksbetween
thenarrativeperfectandaseeminglyunrelatedphenomenon,whichhecalls
theextraordinaryonly,inreferencetoutterancessuchas‘he’sonlygoneand
done it.’This use, he finds, favours counter-expectional contexts, or denotes
an element of surprise. This observation leads the author to the tentative
conclusionofacoremirativemeaninginthenarrativePerfect.
1 Bibliographicreferencesappearattheendofeachcontribution.
© koninklijkebrillnv,leiden,2017 | doi:10.1163/9789004326651_002
2 fryd and giancarli
ThenarrativePerfectisalsoinvestigatedinMargaritaJara’scontributionon
thevarietyof SpanishspokeninLima,Peru.Moreprecisely,herinvestigation
discussesthediscourse valuesof thePresentPerfect(e.g. He leído unlibro
estasemana/Ihavereadabookthisweek)innarrativesandtheextenttowhich
suchformsinvolvepragmaticsignificanceandepistemicfunctions.Itexplores
thereportedincursionof thePerfectuponthenarrativespacesof theSimple
Past(e.g. Leíunlibroestasemana/Ireadabookthisweek),cf.Howe(2006);
HoweandSchwenter(2003),andanalysesalternationsbetweenthesetenses
innarrativecontextsinordertodetermineinternalandexternalfactorslikely
to constrain tense choice.The Perfect is shown to appear in contexts where
thespeakerispragmaticallydeterminedtomakenarrationrelevant,clearand
especiallyvivid.Pasttimereferenceispossible,andmayberemote,butonlyif
thenarratedeventscarryheightenedpresentrelevance.
Carlos Henderson also addresses the question of the alternation between
SimplePastandPerfectinSpanish,thistimeforChileanandUruguayanvari-
eties.Heoffersanapplicationof asetof conceptsborrowedfromLangacker
(1987). His hypothesis is that the use of the Perfect (Compound Past in ch’s
terminology)inChileanandUruguayanSpanishrespondstoasituationbeing
conceivedofasdisassociatedfromtheprofiledtemporality.Theobjectivecon-
ditionsofthesituationitself,i.e.whetherthesituationcontinuesintothetime
of speechorwhethertherearecurrenteffectsof pastsituations,becomesec-
ondary. Langacker’s concepts of summary and sequential scanning are used
toexplainvariationfoundbetweenPerfectandSimplePastinthesamesen-
tence.ThedatashowthatspeakersusethePerfecttopursuethediscoursegoal
of referringtoasituationperseratherthanforitslocalizationintheprofiled
temporality.
The question of narrative uses of the Perfect also ultimately surfaces in
the contribution offered by Claude Delmas on the various uses that can be
derivedfromthesemanticallyflexibleTahitiantmaparticle’Uawhich,among
other meanings, can mark a resulting present, a Present Perfect, a Pluper-
fect, or a perfective aspect translatable by an English Simple Past. The par-
ticle also involves the role of experience and the source of information, and
socarriesimplicationsof evidentialityandepistemicity.Thoughunderdeter-
mined, the particle’s semantic potential involves a basic earlier than /
later thanrelationwhich,whenenrichedbytherelevantconstructionsand
contexts, is liable to induce the temporal, modal, or aspectual sense effects
mentioned. In unmarked temporal uses, it assumes Perfect interpretations,
whereasinmarkedtemporalrelationsitcanelicitPastmeanings,whichreplace
thoseconnectedwithitscompetitori.Theauthorcruciallyobservesthateven
when ’Ua allows a past reference, it still retains a hint of oral story-telling