Antiviral Drugs

90 Pages·2015·34.63 MB·English

by  Oliver Zerbe

Antiviral Drugs
Structure of viruses
structure of the influenza virus
•DNA-viruses: poxviruses, herpes, adenoviruses,
papillomaviruses.

Contain mostly double-stranded DNA, a small number
single-stranded DNA.

DNA viruses enter the cell nucleus and direct the
generation of new viruses. 

•RNA-viruses: influenza, measles, mumps, cold,
meningitis, poliomyelitis, retroviruses (AIDS, T-cell
leukemia), arenaviruses.

Contain largely single-stranded RNA (ssRNA).

RNA viruses do not enter the cell nucleus (except the
influenza virus).

RNA retroviruses uses the viral reverse transcriptase to
make a DNA copy of the viral RNA, which is then
integrated into the host genome.
Types of viruses
Types of important viruses
Table 2 Classification of animal viruses with DNA genomes
Virus family Capsid shape Envelope Virion size (nm) DNA DNA length (kbp) Example
Andenoviruses Icosahedral No 80 ds 36 Human adenovirus
Herpesviruses Icosahedral Yes 200 ds 130–230 Herpes simplex virus
Poxviruses Complex Yes 300 ds 130–280 Smallpox virus
Papovaviruses Icosahedral No 45–60 ds 5–8 Human papillomavirus
Parvoviruses Icosahedral No 22 ss 5kb Canine parvovirus
Hepadnaviruses Icosahedral Yes 42 ds 3 Hepatitis B virus
ds, double stranded; ss, single-stranded.
Table 3 Classification of selected animal viruses with RNA genomes
Virus family Capsid shape Envelope Virion size (nm) RNA RNA length (kb) Example
Picornaviruses Icosahedral No 27 ss; pos 7 Poliovirus
Togaviruses Icosahedral Yes 70 ss; pos 12 Equine encephalitis
virus
Flaviviruses Icosahedral Yes 45 ss; pos 11 Yellow fever virus
Bunyaviruses Helical Yes 100 ss; neg 14 Hantavirus
Orthomyxoviruses Helical Yes 100 ss; neg 14 Influenza virus
Paramyxoviruses Helical Yes 120–250 ss; neg 15 Measles virus
Rhabdoviruses Helical Yes 80 × 180 ss; neg 11 Rabies virus
Filoviruses Helical Yes Long filaments ss; neg 13 Ebola virus
Retroviruses Icosahedral Yes 90 ss; pos 9 HIV
Reoviruses Icosahedral Yes 80 ds 23kbp Human rotavirus
HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; ds, double-stranded; ss, single-stranded; neg, negative; pos, positive.
Virus Structure
Rabiesvirus
(Tollwut)
Poxvirus
Mumpsvirus
Poxvirus
T-virus Coliphage Herpes Simplex
Lambda
Adenovirus HIV Influenzavirus
upper respiratory infections
Tobacco Mosaic Simian Rhino
The structure of viruses
tobacco virus
Herpes simplex

capsid
Some disturbing figures about AIDS...(2013)
AIDS infected in 2000
In 2015, it was estimated that
36.7 million people lived with the
disease worldwide, and that AIDS
killed an estimated 1.1 million
people in 2015, including 210,000
children
Lifetime risk of dying of AIDS for 15-year-old boys
Regional HIV and AIDS statistics and features (cid:95) 2012
Adults and children Adults and children Adult prevalence Adult & child
living with HIV newly infected with HIV (15(cid:3013)49) [%] deaths due to AIDS
25.0 million 1.6 million 4.7% 1.2 million
Sub-Saharan Africa
[23.5 million –26.6 million] [1.4 million –1.8 million] [4.4% –5.0%] [1.1 million –1.3 million]
260 000 32 000 0.1% 17 000
Middle East and North Africa
[200 000 –380 000] [22 000 –47 000] [0.1% –0.2%] [12 000 –26 000]
3.9 million 270 000 0.3% 220 000
South and South-East Asia
[2.9 million –5.2 million] [160 000 –440 000] [0.2% –0.4%] [150 000 –310 000]
880 000 81 000 <0.1% 41 000
East Asia
[650 000 –1.2 million] [34 000 –160 000] [<0.1% –0.1%] [25 000 –64 000]
1.5 million 86 000 0.4% 52 000
Latin America
[1.2 million –1.9 million] [57 000 –150 000] [0.3% –0.5%] [35 000 –75 000]
250 000 12 000 1.0% 11 000
Caribbean
[220 000 –280 000] [9400 –14 000] [0.9% –1.1%] [9400 –14 000]
1.3 million 130 000 0.7% 91 000
Eastern Europe and Central Asia
[1.0 million –1.7 million] [89 000 –190 000] [0.6% –1.0%] [66 000 –120 000]
860 000 29 000 0.2% 7600
Western and Central Europe
[800 000 –930 000] [25 000 –35 000] [0.2% –0.2%] [6900 –8300]
1.3 million 48 000 0.5% 20 000
North America
[980 000 –1.9 million] [15 000 –100 000] [0.4% –0.8%] [16 000 –27 000]
51 000 2100 0.2% 1200
Oceania
[43 000 –59 000] [1500 –2700] [0.2% –0.3%] [<1000 –1800]
35.3 million 2.3 million 0.8% 1.6 million
TOTAL
[32.2 million –38.8 million] [1.9 million –2.7 million] [0.7% -0.9%] [1.4 million –1.9 million]
The ranges around the estimates in this table define the boundaries within which the actual numbers lie, based on the best available information.
Adults and children estimated to be living with HIV (cid:95) 2012
Eastern Europe
Western &
& Central Asia
Central Europe
1.3 million
860 000
North America [800 000 –930 000] [1.0 million –1.7 million]
1.3 million
East Asia
[980 000 –1.9 million] 880 000
[650 000 –1.2 million]
Middle East & North Africa
Caribbean 260 000
250 000 [200 000 –380 000]
South & South-East Asia
[220 000 –280 000]
3.9 million
[2.9 million –5.2 million]
Sub-Saharan Africa
Latin America 25.0 million
1.5 million [23.5 million –26.6 million] Oceania
[1.2 million –1.9 million] 51 000
[43 000 –59 000]
Total: 35.3 million [32.2 million – 38.8 million]
Estimated adult and child deaths from AIDS (cid:95) 2012
Eastern Europe
Western &
& Central Asia
Central Europe
91 000
7600
North America [6900 –8300] [66 000 –120 000]
20 000
East Asia
[16 000 –27 000] 41 000
[25 000 –64 000]
Middle East & North Africa
Caribbean 17 000
11 000 [12 000 –26 000]
South & South-East Asia
[9400 –14 000]
220 000
[150 000 –310 000]
Sub-Saharan Africa
Latin America 1.2 million
52 000 [1.1 million –1.3 million] Oceania
[35 000 –75 000] 1200
[<1000 –1800]
Total: 1.6 million [1.4 million – 1.9 million]