Antenna theory and design : by Warren L. Stutzman and Gary A. Thiele

843 Pages·2004·1.92 MB·English

by  Warren L Stutzman

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Antenna
Theory
and Design
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Antenna
Theory
and Design
THIRD EDITION
Warren L. Stutzman
Professor Emeritus
Virginia Tech
Gary A. Thiele
Professor Emeritus
University of Dayton
JohnWiley&Sons,Inc.
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Thetopcoverartisthe100-mradiotelescopeoftheNationalRadioAstronomyObservatoryin
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theNASA70-mdeepspacecommunicationantennaatTidbinbilla,Australia;phototakenby
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Stutzman,WarrenL.
Antennatheoryanddesign/WarrenL.Stutzman,GaryA.Thiele.—3rded.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-0-470-57664-9(hardback)
1. Antennas(Electronics) I. Thiele,GaryA. II. Title.
TK7874.6.S792012
621.38204—dc23
2012001609
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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This book is dedicated to our wives,
Claudia and Jo Ann
and to our children,
Darren and Dana
Eric, Scott, and Brad
and to our students.
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ffirs 29March2012;15:35:54
Preface
ThefirsteditionofAntennaTheoryandDesignwaspublishedin1981andthesecondin
1998. This three-decade span has seen major expansions of antenna application areas,
mainly in wireless communications. Along with technology advances has come public
awareness of the presence and importance of antennas. Base station antennas are now
visible in all urban and rural areas. Wireless telephones such as smart phones have
put antennas into the consumer’s hand. Personal and fleet vehicles have many wireless
features such as satellite navigation (e.g., GPS), satellite and broadcast radio, cellular
telephone, remote keyless entry, wireless toll tags, remote tire pressure monitoring, and
many more.
This third edition has 16 chapters, which is an increase of 4 chapters over the second
edition, representing both introduction of new material and reorganization of previous
topics. The third edition has several new sections of material specifically addressing
modern wireless applications for antennas. Chapter 11 on low-profile antennas and per-
sonal communication antennas includes an expanded treatment of microstrip antennas
andarrays,andnewmaterialonleakywaveantennas,fundamentallimitsonantennasize,
antennas for compact devices, radio frequency identification (RFID) antennas, dielectric
resonator antennas, near fields for large antennas, effects of the human body on antenna
performance, and biohazards of RF exposure.
Chapter12onterminalandbasestationantennashasnewmaterialonsatelliteterminal
antennas,basestationantennas,vehicularantennas,smartantennas,andadaptiveantennas.
The book organization has changed slightly to reflect new emphasis on wireless
applications. The new Chapter 1 has a greatly expanded discussion of the history of
wireless communications with emphasis on antennas. This provides a setting for the
applications for antennas and a motivation for pursuing the fundamentals needed to
design antennas for specific applications. Chapter 1 also includes a detailed overview of
antenna parameters and antenna types. Chapter 4 on system aspects allows students to
evaluateantennasasusedinsystemsearlierinthebookthaninpreviouseditions.Chapter
4includesanintroductiontoarrayantennas,andthedetailedtreatmentofarraysisnowin
Chapter8andincludesseveralpractical aspectsofantenna arrays suchasfeed networks
and wideband phased arrays.
The number of problems at the end of the chapters has increased from 504 in the
secondeditionto591inthisthirdedition.Manyofthenewproblemsincludesimulation
aspects to encourage the student to perform high-level quantitative investigations of
antennas. Problems involving open-ended projects have also been added.
This book is a textbook and finds its widest use in the college classroom. Thus, the
primarypurposeistoemphasize theunderstandingofprinciplesandthe developmentof
techniquesforexamininganddesigningantennasystems.Thebookisusedbypracticing
engineers as well as students. This is because of the applied nature of the material and
because it provides a coherent development of basic topics that are directly useable for
analyzingpracticalantennas. Handbooks with dataon manyantennas are available. But,
handbooks and special topics books typically do not provide sufficient background for
full understanding of antennas, which can lead to the dangerous practice of “formula
lifting” that can end in inappropriate use of a formula.
Antenna Theory and Design covers antennas from three perspectives: antenna
fundamentals, antenna techniques, and the design of popular antennas. The first four
chapters stress antenna fundamentals. It is assumed that the student has no previous
vii
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viii Preface
exposure to antennas, and thus all basic physical and mathematical principles are pre-
sented early, in Chapters 1, 2, and 3. This includes Maxwell’s equations along with a
physical explanation of how antennas radiate. The four types of antenna elements are
treated in the following places in the book:
Electrically small antennas—Sec. 3.1
Resonant antennas—Chapters 3 and 6
Broadband antennas—Chapter 7
Aperture antennas—Chapter 9
Also, arrays are introduced in Sec. 3.5 and covered in detail in Chapter 8. The use of
antennas as devices in systems is covered in Chapter 4. The synthesis of arrays and
continuous antennas for low side lobe or shaped main beam applications is presented in
Chapter 10. Chapters 11 and 12 treat low-profile and terminal antennas. Antenna mea-
surements are treated in Chapter 13. Chapters 14 to 16 introduce computational elec-
tromagnetic methods (CEM) for evaluating simple antenna elements as well as large
complex antenna systems. There are now a wide variety of antenna-specific computer
codesandgeneralmathematicsapplicationspackagesavailableforantennacomputations
(see Appendix G).
Thelevelassumedforthisbookisthatofatypicalseniorinelectricalengineering.Itis
assumed the reader has had a basic course in electromagnetics, such as commonly
required of electrical engineering and physics majors. Essential mathematics includes
complex numbers, trigonometry, vector algebra, and coordinate systems (rectangular,
cylindrical,andspherical).Vectorcalculusisusedatvariouspoints,andscalarintegration
is frequently used.
SUGGESTIONS FOR ACADEMIC COURSES
This book can be readily adapted to various academic programs at both introductory and
advancedlevels.Thefirstcourseinantennasisusuallyeitheraone-semesterseniorelective
oranentrylevelgraduatecourse.Foraone-semesterintroductorycourse,Chapters1to7and
someof8and9arecovered.Foramaster’slevelcourse,partsofChapters8and9canbe
added. Topics from later chapters such as synthesis (Chapter 10), low-profile antennas
(Chapter11),andterminalantennas(Chapter12)canbetreatedalongwiththeearlychapters.
Forexample,PIFAantennasinSec.11.6.3areagoodfitwithwireantennasofChapter6.
Asecondcoursecanfocusonadvanceddesign,synthesis,andcomputationalmethods
using Chapters 10 to 16. Alternatively, a second course can specialize on computational
methods using Chapters 14 to 16.
LEARNING APPROACH
This text adopts a general approach to the treatment of antenna types and specific
antennas. After a general discussion of the principles, design formulas are derived and
explained using sample calculations and detailed examples. Often some details are left
as student exercises or problems at the end of the chapter. This is done to keep the
amount of material from overwhelming the reader. For the same reason, while many
antennasforwirelessapplicationsarepresented,itisnotanexhaustivetreatmentthatis
better left to handbooks and focused-topic books. As appropriate, data are presented
using numerical or experimental models or computations based on theoretical for-
mulations. In addition, empirical formulas are often presented for easy evaluation of
performance parameters.
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