ANSYS Fluent User's Guide - Portal de Documentacion de software

2692 Pages·2013·45.95 MB·English

ANSYS Fluent User's Guide
ANSYS, Inc. Release 15.0
Southpointe November 2013
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Table of Contents
Using This Manual..................................................................................................................................... lxiii
1.The Contents of This Manual............................................................................................................. lxiii
2.The Contents of the Fluent Manuals................................................................................................... lxv
3.Typographical Conventions............................................................................................................. lxvii
4. Mathematical Conventions.............................................................................................................. lxvii
5.Technical Support .......................................................................................................................... lxviii
1. Graphical User Interface (GUI)................................................................................................................ 1
1.1. GUI Components.............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1.1.The Menu Bar........................................................................................................................... 2
1.1.2.Toolbars................................................................................................................................... 3
1.1.2.1.The Mode Toolbar............................................................................................................ 3
1.1.2.2.The Standard Toolbar....................................................................................................... 4
1.1.2.3.The Graphics Toolbar....................................................................................................... 4
1.1.2.4.The Objects Toolbar......................................................................................................... 5
1.1.3.The Navigation Pane................................................................................................................ 6
1.1.4.Task Pages................................................................................................................................ 8
1.1.5.The Console............................................................................................................................. 8
1.1.6. Dialog Boxes............................................................................................................................ 9
1.1.6.1. Input Controls............................................................................................................... 10
1.1.6.1.1.Tabs...................................................................................................................... 10
1.1.6.1.2. Buttons................................................................................................................. 11
1.1.6.1.3. Check Boxes ......................................................................................................... 11
1.1.6.1.4. Radio Buttons....................................................................................................... 11
1.1.6.1.5.Text Entry Boxes.................................................................................................... 11
1.1.6.1.6. Integer Number Entry Boxes.................................................................................. 11
1.1.6.1.7. Real Number Entry Boxes...................................................................................... 12
1.1.6.1.8. Single-Selection Lists............................................................................................ 12
1.1.6.1.9. Multiple-Selection Lists......................................................................................... 12
1.1.6.1.10. Drop-Down Lists................................................................................................. 13
1.1.6.1.11. Scales ................................................................................................................. 13
1.1.6.2.Types of Dialog Boxes.................................................................................................... 14
1.1.6.2.1. Information Dialog Boxes...................................................................................... 14
1.1.6.2.2.Warning Dialog Boxes........................................................................................... 14
1.1.6.2.3. Error Dialog Boxes................................................................................................. 14
1.1.6.2.4.The Working Dialog Box........................................................................................ 14
1.1.6.2.5. Question Dialog Box............................................................................................. 15
1.1.6.2.6.The Select File Dialog Box.................................................................................... 15
1.1.6.2.6.1.The Select File Dialog Box (Windows)........................................................... 15
1.1.6.2.6.2.The Select File Dialog Box (Linux).................................................................. 16
1.1.7. Graphics Windows.................................................................................................................. 19
1.1.7.1. Printing the Contents of the Graphics Window (Windows Systems Only)......................... 21
1.1.7.2. Using the Page Setup Dialog Box (Windows Systems Only)............................................ 21
1.2. Customizing the Graphical User Interface (Linux Systems Only)........................................................ 23
1.3. Using the GUI Help System.............................................................................................................. 24
1.3.1.Task Page and Dialog Box Help............................................................................................... 25
1.3.2. Context-Sensitive Help (Linux Only)........................................................................................ 25
1.3.3. Opening the User’s Guide Table of Contents............................................................................ 25
1.3.4. Opening the Reference Guide................................................................................................. 26
1.3.5. Help on Help.......................................................................................................................... 27
1.3.6. Accessing Printable (PDF) Manuals......................................................................................... 27
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1.3.7. Help for Text Interface Commands.......................................................................................... 27
1.3.8. Accessing the Customer Portal Web Site................................................................................. 27
1.3.9. Obtaining License Use Information......................................................................................... 27
1.3.10.Version and Release Information........................................................................................... 28
2.Text User Interface (TUI)........................................................................................................................ 29
2.1.Text Menu System........................................................................................................................... 29
2.1.1. Command Abbreviation......................................................................................................... 30
2.1.2. Command Line History........................................................................................................... 31
2.1.3. Scheme Evaluation................................................................................................................. 31
2.1.4. Aliases ................................................................................................................................... 31
2.2.Text Prompt System........................................................................................................................ 32
2.2.1. Numbers................................................................................................................................ 32
2.2.2. Booleans................................................................................................................................ 33
2.2.3. Strings................................................................................................................................... 33
2.2.4. Symbols................................................................................................................................. 33
2.2.5. Filenames .............................................................................................................................. 33
2.2.6. Lists....................................................................................................................................... 33
2.2.7. Evaluation.............................................................................................................................. 35
2.2.8. Default Value Binding............................................................................................................. 36
2.3. Interrupts ....................................................................................................................................... 36
2.4. System Commands......................................................................................................................... 36
2.4.1. System Commands for Linux-based Operating Systems.......................................................... 36
2.4.2. System Commands for Windows Operating Systems............................................................... 37
2.5.Text Menu Input from Character Strings.......................................................................................... 37
2.6. Using the Text Interface Help System............................................................................................... 38
3. Reading and Writing Files..................................................................................................................... 41
3.1. Shortcuts for Reading and Writing Files........................................................................................... 41
3.1.1. Default File Suffixes................................................................................................................ 42
3.1.2. Binary Files............................................................................................................................. 43
3.1.3. Detecting File Format............................................................................................................. 43
3.1.4. Recent File List....................................................................................................................... 43
3.1.5. Reading and Writing Compressed Files................................................................................... 43
3.1.5.1. Reading Compressed Files............................................................................................. 43
3.1.5.2.Writing Compressed Files............................................................................................... 44
3.1.6.Tilde Expansion (Linux Systems Only)...................................................................................... 45
3.1.7. Automatic Numbering of Files................................................................................................ 45
3.1.8. Disabling the Overwrite Confirmation Prompt........................................................................ 46
3.1.9.Toolbar Buttons...................................................................................................................... 46
3.2. Reading Mesh Files......................................................................................................................... 46
3.3. Reading and Writing Case and Data Files......................................................................................... 47
3.3.1. Reading and Writing Case Files............................................................................................... 48
3.3.2. Reading and Writing Data Files............................................................................................... 48
3.3.3. Reading and Writing Case and Data Files Together.................................................................. 49
3.3.4. Automatic Saving of Case and Data Files................................................................................. 49
3.4. Reading and Writing Parallel Data Files............................................................................................ 52
3.4.1.Writing Parallel Data Files....................................................................................................... 52
3.4.2. Reading Parallel Data Files...................................................................................................... 53
3.4.3. Availability and Limitations..................................................................................................... 53
3.5. Reading Fluent/UNS and RAMPANT Case and Data Files................................................................... 54
3.6. Reading and Writing Profile Files..................................................................................................... 54
3.6.1. Reading Profile Files............................................................................................................... 54
3.6.2.Writing Profile Files................................................................................................................. 55
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3.7. Reading and Writing Boundary Conditions...................................................................................... 56
3.8.Writing a Boundary Mesh................................................................................................................ 57
3.9. Reading Scheme Source Files.......................................................................................................... 57
3.10. Creating and Reading Journal Files................................................................................................ 57
3.10.1. Procedure ............................................................................................................................ 59
3.11. Creating Transcript Files................................................................................................................ 59
3.12. Importing Files.............................................................................................................................. 60
3.12.1. ABAQUS Files....................................................................................................................... 62
3.12.2. CFX Files .............................................................................................................................. 62
3.12.3. Meshes and Data in CGNS Format......................................................................................... 63
3.12.4. EnSight Files......................................................................................................................... 64
3.12.5. ANSYS FIDAP Neutral Files.................................................................................................... 64
3.12.6. GAMBIT and GeoMesh Mesh Files......................................................................................... 64
3.12.7. HYPERMESH ASCII Files......................................................................................................... 64
3.12.8. I-deas Universal Files............................................................................................................ 65
3.12.9. LSTC Files............................................................................................................................. 65
3.12.10. Marc POST Files.................................................................................................................. 65
3.12.11. Mechanical APDL Files........................................................................................................ 66
3.12.12. NASTRAN Files.................................................................................................................... 66
3.12.13. PATRAN Neutral Files.......................................................................................................... 66
3.12.14. PLOT3D Files ...................................................................................................................... 66
3.12.15. PTC Mechanica Design Files................................................................................................ 67
3.12.16.Tecplot Files ....................................................................................................................... 67
3.12.17. Fluent 4 Case Files.............................................................................................................. 67
3.12.18. PreBFC Files........................................................................................................................ 68
3.12.19. Partition Files ..................................................................................................................... 68
3.12.20. CHEMKIN Mechanism......................................................................................................... 68
3.13. Exporting Solution Data................................................................................................................ 68
3.13.1. Exporting Limitations........................................................................................................... 69
3.14. Exporting Solution Data after a Calculation.................................................................................... 70
3.14.1. ABAQUS Files....................................................................................................................... 71
3.14.2. Mechanical APDL Files.......................................................................................................... 72
3.14.3. Mechanical APDL Input Files................................................................................................. 73
3.14.4. ASCII Files ............................................................................................................................ 73
3.14.5. AVS Files............................................................................................................................... 74
3.14.6. ANSYS CFD-Post-Compatible Files........................................................................................ 74
3.14.7. CGNS Files............................................................................................................................ 75
3.14.8. Data Explorer Files................................................................................................................ 75
3.14.9. EnSight Case Gold Files......................................................................................................... 76
3.14.10. FAST Files........................................................................................................................... 78
3.14.11. FAST Solution Files.............................................................................................................. 79
3.14.12. Fieldview Unstructured Files............................................................................................... 79
3.14.13. I-deas Universal Files........................................................................................................... 80
3.14.14. NASTRAN Files.................................................................................................................... 80
3.14.15. PATRAN Files ...................................................................................................................... 81
3.14.16. RadTherm Files................................................................................................................... 81
3.14.17.Tecplot Files ....................................................................................................................... 82
3.15. Exporting Steady-State Particle History Data.................................................................................. 82
3.16. Exporting Data During a Transient Calculation............................................................................... 84
3.16.1. Creating Automatic Export Definitions for Solution Data....................................................... 85
3.16.2. Creating Automatic Export Definitions for Transient Particle History Data.............................. 88
3.17. Exporting to ANSYS CFD-Post........................................................................................................ 90
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3.18. Managing Solution Files................................................................................................................ 92
3.19. Mesh-to-Mesh Solution Interpolation............................................................................................ 93
3.19.1. Performing Mesh-to-Mesh Solution Interpolation................................................................. 93
3.19.2. Format of the Interpolation File............................................................................................ 95
3.20. Mapping Data for Fluid-Structure Interaction (FSI) Applications..................................................... 96
3.20.1. FEA File Formats................................................................................................................... 97
3.20.2. Using the FSI Mapping Dialog Boxes..................................................................................... 97
3.21. Saving Picture Files..................................................................................................................... 102
3.21.1. Using the Save Picture Dialog Box....................................................................................... 102
3.21.1.1. Choosing the Picture File Format................................................................................ 103
3.21.1.2. Specifying the Color Mode......................................................................................... 104
3.21.1.3. Choosing the File Type............................................................................................... 104
3.21.1.4. Defining the Resolution............................................................................................. 104
3.21.1.5. Picture Options.......................................................................................................... 105
3.21.2. Picture Options for PostScript Files...................................................................................... 105
3.21.2.1.Window Dumps (Linux Systems Only)......................................................................... 105
3.21.2.2. Previewing the Picture Image..................................................................................... 106
3.22. Setting Data File Quantities......................................................................................................... 106
3.23.The .fluent File............................................................................................................................. 107
4. Unit Systems........................................................................................................................................ 109
4.1. Restrictions on Units..................................................................................................................... 109
4.2. Units in Mesh Files........................................................................................................................ 110
4.3. Built-In Unit Systems in ANSYS Fluent............................................................................................ 110
4.4. Customizing Units......................................................................................................................... 110
4.4.1. Listing Current Units............................................................................................................. 111
4.4.2. Changing the Units for a Quantity......................................................................................... 111
4.4.3. Defining a New Unit............................................................................................................. 111
4.4.3.1. Determining the Conversion Factor.............................................................................. 112
5. Reading and Manipulating Meshes.................................................................................................... 113
5.1. Mesh Topologies........................................................................................................................... 113
5.1.1. Examples of Acceptable Mesh Topologies............................................................................. 114
5.1.2. Face-Node Connectivity in ANSYS Fluent.............................................................................. 119
5.1.2.1. Face-Node Connectivity for Triangular Cells.................................................................. 120
5.1.2.2. Face-Node Connectivity for Quadrilateral Cells............................................................. 121
5.1.2.3. Face-Node Connectivity for Tetrahedral Cells................................................................ 122
5.1.2.4. Face-Node Connectivity for Wedge Cells....................................................................... 123
5.1.2.5. Face-Node Connectivity for Pyramidal Cells.................................................................. 124
5.1.2.6. Face-Node Connectivity for Hex Cells........................................................................... 125
5.1.2.7. Face-Node Connectivity for Polyhedral Cells................................................................. 126
5.1.3. Choosing the Appropriate Mesh Type................................................................................... 126
5.1.3.1. Setup Time.................................................................................................................. 126
5.1.3.2. Computational Expense............................................................................................... 127
5.1.3.3. Numerical Diffusion..................................................................................................... 127
5.2. Mesh Requirements and Considerations........................................................................................ 128
5.2.1. Geometry/Mesh Requirements............................................................................................. 128
5.2.2. Mesh Quality........................................................................................................................ 129
5.2.2.1. Mesh Element Distribution.......................................................................................... 131
5.2.2.2. Cell Quality.................................................................................................................. 132
5.2.2.3. Smoothness ................................................................................................................ 133
5.2.2.4. Flow-Field Dependency............................................................................................... 133
5.3. Mesh Sources................................................................................................................................ 133
5.3.1. ANSYS Meshing Mesh Files................................................................................................... 134
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5.3.2. Fluent Meshing Mode Mesh Files.......................................................................................... 134
5.3.3.TGrid Mesh Files................................................................................................................... 134
5.3.4. GAMBIT Mesh Files............................................................................................................... 134
5.3.5. GeoMesh Mesh Files............................................................................................................. 134
5.3.6. PreBFC Mesh Files................................................................................................................. 134
5.3.6.1. Structured Mesh Files.................................................................................................. 135
5.3.6.2. Unstructured Triangular and Tetrahedral Mesh Files...................................................... 135
5.3.7. ICEM CFD Mesh Files............................................................................................................ 135
5.3.8. I-deas Universal Files............................................................................................................ 135
5.3.8.1. Recognized I-deas Datasets.......................................................................................... 136
5.3.8.2. Grouping Nodes to Create Face Zones.......................................................................... 136
5.3.8.3. Grouping Elements to Create Cell Zones....................................................................... 136
5.3.8.4. Deleting Duplicate Nodes............................................................................................ 136
5.3.9. NASTRAN Files ..................................................................................................................... 136
5.3.9.1. Recognized NASTRAN Bulk Data Entries....................................................................... 137
5.3.9.2. Deleting Duplicate Nodes............................................................................................ 137
5.3.10. PATRAN Neutral Files.......................................................................................................... 137
5.3.10.1. Recognized PATRAN Datasets..................................................................................... 138
5.3.10.2. Grouping Elements to Create Cell Zones..................................................................... 139
5.3.11. Mechanical APDL Files........................................................................................................ 139
5.3.11.1. Recognized ANSYS 5.4 and 5.5 Datasets..................................................................... 139
5.3.12. CFX Files............................................................................................................................. 139
5.3.13. Using the fe2ram Filter to Convert Files............................................................................... 141
5.3.14. Using the tpoly Filter to Remove Hanging Nodes/Edges................................................... 141
5.3.14.1. Limitations ................................................................................................................ 142
5.3.15. Fluent/UNS and RAMPANT Case Files.................................................................................. 142
5.3.16. Fluent 4 Case Files.............................................................................................................. 143
5.3.17. ANSYS FIDAP Neutral Files.................................................................................................. 143
5.3.18. Reading Multiple Mesh/Case/Data Files............................................................................... 143
5.3.18.1. Reading Multiple Mesh Files via the Solution Mode of Fluent...................................... 144
5.3.18.2. Reading Multiple Mesh Files via the Meshing Mode of Fluent...................................... 145
5.3.18.3. Reading Multiple Mesh Files via tmerge...................................................................... 146
5.3.19. Reading Surface Mesh Files................................................................................................. 147
5.4. Non-Conformal Meshes................................................................................................................. 148
5.4.1. Non-Conformal Mesh Calculations........................................................................................ 148
5.4.1.1.The Periodic Boundary Condition Option..................................................................... 151
5.4.1.2.The Periodic Repeats Option........................................................................................ 152
5.4.1.3.The Coupled Wall Option............................................................................................. 154
5.4.1.4. Matching Option......................................................................................................... 155
5.4.2. Non-Conformal Interface Algorithm...................................................................................... 156
5.4.3. Requirements and Limitations of Non-Conformal Meshes..................................................... 157
5.4.4. Using a Non-Conformal Mesh in ANSYS Fluent...................................................................... 159
5.5. Checking the Mesh....................................................................................................................... 162
5.5.1. Mesh Check Report.............................................................................................................. 162
5.5.2. Repairing Meshes................................................................................................................. 164
5.6. Reporting Mesh Statistics.............................................................................................................. 166
5.6.1. Mesh Size............................................................................................................................. 166
5.6.2. Memory Usage..................................................................................................................... 167
5.6.2.1. Linux Systems.............................................................................................................. 167
5.6.2.2.Windows Systems........................................................................................................ 167
5.6.3. Mesh Zone Information........................................................................................................ 168
5.6.4. Partition Statistics................................................................................................................. 168
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5.7. Converting the Mesh to a Polyhedral Mesh.................................................................................... 168
5.7.1. Converting the Domain to a Polyhedra................................................................................. 169
5.7.1.1. Limitations .................................................................................................................. 172
5.7.2. Converting Skewed Cells to Polyhedra.................................................................................. 173
5.7.2.1. Limitations .................................................................................................................. 173
5.7.2.2. Using the Convert Skewed Cells Dialog Box.................................................................. 174
5.7.3. Converting Cells with Hanging Nodes / Edges to Polyhedra................................................... 174
5.7.3.1. Limitations .................................................................................................................. 175
5.8. Modifying the Mesh...................................................................................................................... 175
5.8.1. Merging Zones..................................................................................................................... 176
5.8.1.1.When to Merge Zones.................................................................................................. 176
5.8.1.2. Using the Merge Zones Dialog Box............................................................................... 177
5.8.2. Separating Zones................................................................................................................. 177
5.8.2.1. Separating Face Zones................................................................................................. 178
5.8.2.1.1. Methods for Separating Face Zones..................................................................... 178
5.8.2.1.2. Inputs for Separating Face Zones......................................................................... 178
5.8.2.2. Separating Cell Zones.................................................................................................. 180
5.8.2.2.1. Methods for Separating Cell Zones...................................................................... 180
5.8.2.2.2. Inputs for Separating Cell Zones.......................................................................... 180
5.8.3. Fusing Face Zones................................................................................................................ 182
5.8.3.1. Inputs for Fusing Face Zones........................................................................................ 182
5.8.3.1.1. Fusing Zones on Branch Cuts............................................................................... 183
5.8.4. Creating Conformal Periodic Zones....................................................................................... 184
5.8.5. Slitting Periodic Zones.......................................................................................................... 185
5.8.6. Slitting Face Zones............................................................................................................... 185
5.8.6.1. Inputs for Slitting Face Zones....................................................................................... 186
5.8.7. Orienting Face Zones............................................................................................................ 186
5.8.8. Extruding Face Zones........................................................................................................... 186
5.8.8.1. Specifying Extrusion by Displacement Distances.......................................................... 187
5.8.8.2. Specifying Extrusion by Parametric Coordinates........................................................... 187
5.8.9. Replacing, Deleting, Deactivating, and Activating Zones........................................................ 187
5.8.9.1. Replacing Zones.......................................................................................................... 187
5.8.9.2. Deleting Zones............................................................................................................ 189
5.8.9.3. Deactivating Zones...................................................................................................... 189
5.8.9.4. Activating Zones.......................................................................................................... 190
5.8.10. Copying Cell Zones............................................................................................................. 191
5.8.11. Replacing the Mesh............................................................................................................ 191
5.8.11.1. Inputs for Replacing the Mesh.................................................................................... 192
5.8.11.2. Limitations ................................................................................................................ 192
5.8.12. Managing Adjacent Zones.................................................................................................. 193
5.8.12.1. Renaming Zones Using the Adjacency Dialog Box...................................................... 195
5.8.13. Reordering the Domain and Zones..................................................................................... 195
5.8.13.1. About Reordering...................................................................................................... 196
5.8.14. Scaling the Mesh................................................................................................................ 196
5.8.14.1. Using the Scale Mesh Dialog Box................................................................................ 197
5.8.14.1.1. Changing the Unit of Length............................................................................. 198
5.8.14.1.2. Unscaling the Mesh........................................................................................... 198
5.8.14.1.3. Changing the Physical Size of the Mesh............................................................. 198
5.8.15.Translating the Mesh.......................................................................................................... 198
5.8.15.1. Using the Translate Mesh Dialog Box.......................................................................... 199
5.8.16. Rotating the Mesh.............................................................................................................. 199
5.8.16.1. Using the Rotate Mesh Dialog Box.............................................................................. 200
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6. Cell Zone and Boundary Conditions................................................................................................... 201
6.1. Overview...................................................................................................................................... 201
6.1.1. Available Cell Zone and Boundary Types............................................................................... 201
6.1.2.The Cell Zone and Boundary Conditions Task Page................................................................ 202
6.1.3. Changing Cell and Boundary Zone Types.............................................................................. 203
6.1.3.1. Categories of Zone Types............................................................................................. 204
6.1.4. Setting Cell Zone and Boundary Conditions.......................................................................... 204
6.1.5. Copying Cell Zone and Boundary Conditions........................................................................ 205
6.1.6. Changing Cell or Boundary Zone Names............................................................................... 206
6.1.7. Defining Non-Uniform Cell Zone and Boundary Conditions................................................... 206
6.1.8. Defining and Viewing Parameters......................................................................................... 206
6.1.8.1. Creating a New Parameter........................................................................................... 209
6.1.8.2.Working With Advanced Parameter Options................................................................. 210
6.1.8.2.1. Defining Scheme Procedures With Input Parameters............................................ 210
6.1.8.2.2. Defining UDFs With Input Parameters.................................................................. 212
6.1.8.2.3. Using the Text User Interface to Define UDFs and Scheme Procedures With Input
Parameters ....................................................................................................................... 212
6.1.9. Selecting Cell or Boundary Zones in the Graphics Display...................................................... 213
6.1.10. Operating and Periodic Conditions..................................................................................... 214
6.1.11. Highlighting Selected Boundary Zones............................................................................... 214
6.1.12. Saving and Reusing Cell Zone and Boundary Conditions..................................................... 215
6.2. Cell Zone Conditions..................................................................................................................... 215
6.2.1. Fluid Conditions................................................................................................................... 215
6.2.1.1. Inputs for Fluid Zones.................................................................................................. 216
6.2.1.1.1. Defining the Fluid Material.................................................................................. 217
6.2.1.1.2. Defining Sources................................................................................................. 217
6.2.1.1.3. Defining Fixed Values.......................................................................................... 217
6.2.1.1.4. Specifying a Laminar Zone.................................................................................. 217
6.2.1.1.5. Specifying a Reaction Mechanism....................................................................... 217
6.2.1.1.6. Specifying the Rotation Axis................................................................................ 218
6.2.1.1.7. Defining Zone Motion......................................................................................... 218
6.2.1.1.8. Defining Radiation Parameters............................................................................ 221
6.2.2. Solid Conditions................................................................................................................... 221
6.2.2.1. Inputs for Solid Zones.................................................................................................. 221
6.2.2.1.1. Defining the Solid Material.................................................................................. 222
6.2.2.1.2. Defining a Heat Source........................................................................................ 222
6.2.2.1.3. Defining a Fixed Temperature.............................................................................. 222
6.2.2.1.4. Specifying the Rotation Axis................................................................................ 223
6.2.2.1.5. Defining Zone Motion......................................................................................... 223
6.2.2.1.6. Defining Radiation Parameters............................................................................ 223
6.2.3. Porous Media Conditions...................................................................................................... 223
6.2.3.1. Limitations and Assumptions of the Porous Media Model............................................. 224
6.2.3.2. Momentum Equations for Porous Media...................................................................... 224
6.2.3.2.1. Darcy’s Law in Porous Media................................................................................ 225
6.2.3.2.2. Inertial Losses in Porous Media............................................................................ 226
6.2.3.3.Treatment of the Energy Equation in Porous Media....................................................... 226
6.2.3.3.1. Equilibrium Thermal Model Equations................................................................. 227
6.2.3.3.2. Non-Equilibrium Thermal Model Equations.......................................................... 227
6.2.3.4.Treatment of Turbulence in Porous Media..................................................................... 228
6.2.3.5. Effect of Porosity on Transient Scalar Equations............................................................ 229
6.2.3.6. User Inputs for Porous Media....................................................................................... 229
6.2.3.6.1. Defining the Porous Zone.................................................................................... 230
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6.2.3.6.2. Defining the Porous Velocity Formulation............................................................ 230
6.2.3.6.3. Defining the Fluid Passing Through the Porous Medium...................................... 231
6.2.3.6.4. Enabling Reactions in a Porous Zone................................................................... 231
6.2.3.6.5. Including the Relative Velocity Resistance Formulation........................................ 231
6.2.3.6.6. Defining the Viscous and Inertial Resistance Coefficients...................................... 231
6.2.3.6.7. Deriving Porous Media Inputs Based on Superficial Velocity, Using a Known Pressure
Loss.................................................................................................................................. 234
6.2.3.6.8. Using the Ergun Equation to Derive Porous Media Inputs for a Packed Bed........... 235
6.2.3.6.9. Using an Empirical Equation to Derive Porous Media Inputs for Turbulent Flow
Through a Perforated Plate............................................................................................... 236
6.2.3.6.10. Using Tabulated Data to Derive Porous Media Inputs for Laminar Flow Through a
Fibrous Mat ...................................................................................................................... 237
6.2.3.6.11. Deriving the Porous Coefficients Based on Experimental Pressure and Velocity
Data ................................................................................................................................. 237
6.2.3.6.12. Using the Power-Law Model.............................................................................. 238
6.2.3.6.13. Defining Porosity.............................................................................................. 238
6.2.3.6.14. Specifying the Heat Transfer Settings................................................................. 239
6.2.3.6.14.1. Equilibrium Thermal Model....................................................................... 239
6.2.3.6.14.2. Non-Equilibrium Thermal Model............................................................... 239
6.2.3.6.15. Defining Sources............................................................................................... 242
6.2.3.6.16. Defining Fixed Values........................................................................................ 242
6.2.3.6.17. Suppressing the Turbulent Viscosity in the Porous Region.................................. 242
6.2.3.6.18. Specifying the Rotation Axis and Defining Zone Motion..................................... 242
6.2.3.7. Modeling Porous Media Based on Physical Velocity....................................................... 243
6.2.3.7.1. Single Phase Porous Media.................................................................................. 243
6.2.3.7.2. Multiphase Porous Media.................................................................................... 244
6.2.3.7.2.1.The Continuity Equation............................................................................. 244
6.2.3.7.2.2.The Momentum Equation........................................................................... 244
6.2.3.7.2.3.The Energy Equation................................................................................... 245
6.2.3.8. Solution Strategies for Porous Media............................................................................ 245
6.2.3.9. Postprocessing for Porous Media.................................................................................. 246
6.2.4. Fixing the Values of Variables................................................................................................ 247
6.2.4.1. Overview of Fixing the Value of a Variable..................................................................... 247
6.2.4.1.1.Variables That Can Be Fixed................................................................................. 248
6.2.4.2. Procedure for Fixing Values of Variables in a Zone......................................................... 248
6.2.4.2.1. Fixing Velocity Components................................................................................ 249
6.2.4.2.2. Fixing Temperature and Enthalpy........................................................................ 249
6.2.4.2.3. Fixing Species Mass Fractions.............................................................................. 250
6.2.4.2.4. Fixing Turbulence Quantities............................................................................... 250
6.2.4.2.5. Fixing User-Defined Scalars................................................................................. 250
6.2.5. Locking the Temperature for Solid and Shell Zones............................................................... 251
6.2.6. Defining Mass, Momentum, Energy, and Other Sources.......................................................... 251
6.2.6.1. Sign Conventions and Units......................................................................................... 252
6.2.6.2. Procedure for Defining Sources.................................................................................... 252
6.2.6.2.1. Mass Sources...................................................................................................... 253
6.2.6.2.2. Momentum Sources............................................................................................ 253
6.2.6.2.3. Energy Sources................................................................................................... 253
6.2.6.2.4.Turbulence Sources............................................................................................. 253
6.2.6.2.4.1. Turbulence Sources for the k- ε Model......................................................... 253
6.2.6.2.4.2.Turbulence Sources for the Spalart-Allmaras Model..................................... 254
6.2.6.2.4.3. Turbulence Sources for the k- ω Model........................................................ 254
6.2.6.2.4.4.Turbulence Sources for the Reynolds Stress Model...................................... 254
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