Animal Models of Neurological Disease, II: Metabolic Encephalopathies and the Epilepsies

384 Pages·1992·29.16 MB·English

by  Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, Karen A. Seta, R. Christian Crumrine (auth.), Roger F. Butterworth (eds.)

NEUROMETHODS q 22
Animal Models of Neurological Disease, II
NEUROMETHODS
Program Editors: Alan A. Boulton and Glen B. Baker
22. Animal Models of Neurological Disease, II:
Metabolic Encephalopathies and the Epilepsies
Edrted by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Roger F.
Butterworth, 1992
21. Animal Models of Neurological Disease, I: Neurodegenerative Disease
Edited by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Roger F.
Butterworth, 1992
20. Intracellular Messengers
Edited by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Colin W. Taylor, 1992
19. Animal Models in Psychiatry, II
Edlted by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Mathew T.
Martin-loerson, 199 1
18. Animal Models in Psychiatry, I
Edited by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Mathew T.
Martin-loerson, 199 1
17. Neuropsychology
Edited by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Merrill Hlscock, 1990
16. Molecular Neurobiological Techniques
Edlted by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Anthony T.
Campagnoni, 1990
15. Neurophysiological Techniques: Applications to Neural Systems
Edked by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and CaseH . Vandenuolf, 1990
14. Neurophysiological Techniques: Basic Methods and Concepts
Edited by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and CaseH . Vandenuolf, 1990
13. Psychopharmacology
Edited by Alan A. BouUon, Glen 8. Baker, and Andrew J. Green&q 1989
12. Drugs as Tools in Neurotransmitter Research
Edited by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and August0 V. Juorio, 1989
11. Carbohydrates and Energy Metabolism
Edlted by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Roger E Buttenuorth, 1989
10. Analysis of Psychiatric Drugs
Edited by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Ronald T. COWS, 1988
9. The Neuronal Microenvironment
Edited by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Wolfgang Walz, 1988
8. Imaging and Correlative Physicochemical Techniques
Edrted by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Donald P. Boisve~$ 1988
7. Lipids and Related Compounds
Edked by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Lloyd A, Horrocks, 1988
6. Peptides
Edited by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Quentln Pittman, 1987
5. Neurotransmitter Enzymes
Edited by Alan A. Boulton, Glen B. Baker, and Peter H. Yu, 1986
4. Receptor Binding Techniques
Edited by Alan A. Boulton, Glen 8. Baker, and Pave1 D. Hrdina, 1986
Animal Models of
Neurological Disease, II
Metabolic Encephalopathies and the Epilepsies
NEUROMETHODS 0 22
Edited by
Alan A. Boulton
University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
Glen B. Baker
University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
and
Roger F. Butterworth
University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
Humana Press l Totowa,NewJersey
0 1992 The Humana Press Inc
999 Rtverview Drive, Suite 208
Totowa, New Jersey 07512
All nghts reserved
No part of ths book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted m any
form or by any means, electronic, mechamcal, photocopymg, mtcrohlmmg, recordmg. or
otherwise without written permission from the Publisher
Printed in the United States of America
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Mam entry under title
Animal models of neurologtcal disease / edtted by Alan A Boulton,
Glen B. Baker, and Roger F. Butterworth
p cm. - (Neuromethods ,22)
Includes btbhographtcal references and index
Contents v. 2. Metabohc Encephalopathtes and the Eptlepsies
ISBN o-89603-211-6
1 Nervous system-Diseases-Antmal models I Boulton, A A
(Alan A ) II Baker, Glen B , 1947- III Butterworth, Roger F
iv. series
[DNLM* 1 Disease Models, Animal 2. Nervous System Diseases
Wl NE337G v 21 / WL 100 A59841
RC346.A54 1992
616 8’0427-dc20
DNLM/DLC
for Library of Congress 91-35401
CIP
Preface to the Series
When the President of Humana Press first suggested that
a series on methods in the neurosciences might be useful,
one of us (AAB) was quite skeptical; only after discussions
with GBB and some searching both of memory and library
shelves did it seem that perhaps the publisher was right.
Although some excellent methods books have recently
appeared, notably in neuroanatomy, it is a fact that there is a
dearth in this particular field, a fact attested to by the alac-
rity and enthusiasm with which most of the contributors to
this series accepted our invitations and suggested additional
topics and areas. After a somewhat hesitant start, essentially
in the neurochemistry section, the series has grown and will
encompass neurochemistry, neuropsychiatry, neurology,
neuropathology, neurogenetics, neuroethology, molecular
neurobiology, animal models of nervous disease, and no
doubt many more “neuros.” Although we have tried to
include adequate methodological detail and in many cases
detailed protocols, we have also tried to include wherever
possible a short introductory review of the methods and/or
related substances, comparisons with other methods, and the
relationship of the substances being analyzed to neurologi-
cal and psychiatric disorders. Recognizing our own limita-
tions, we have invited a guest editor to join with us on most
volumes in order to ensure complete coverage of the field.
These editors will add their specialized knowledge and
competencies. We anticipate that this series will fill a gap;
we can only hope that it will be filled appropriately and with
the right amount of expertise with respect to each method,
substance or group of substances, and area treated.
Alan A. Boulton
Glen B. Baker
V
Preface
to the Animal Models Volumes
This and several other volumes in the Neuromethods
series will describe a number of animal models of
neuropsychiatric disorders. Because of increasing public
concern over the ethical treatment of animals in research, we
felt it incumbent upon us to include this general preface to
these volumes in order to indicate why we think further re-
search using animals is necessary and why animal models of
psychiatric disorders, in particular, are so important.
We recognize that animals should only be used when
suitable alternatives are not available. We think it self-evi-
dent, however, that humans can only be experimented upon
in severely proscribed circumstances and alternative proce-
dures using cell or tissue culture are inadequate in any
models requiring assessments of behavioral change or of
complex in vivo processes. However, when the distress,
discomfort, or pain to the animals outweighs the anticipated
gains for human welfare, then the research is not ethical and
should not be carried out.
It is imperative that each individual researcher examine
his/her own research from a critical moral standpoint be-
fore engaging in it, taking into consideration the animals’
welfare as well as the anticipated gains. Furthermore, once
a decision to proceed with research is made, it is the
researcher’s responsibility to ensure that the animals’ wel-
fare is of prime concern in terms of appropriate housing,
feeding, and maximum reduction of any uncomfortable or
distressing effects of the experimental conditions, and that
these conditions undergo frequent formalized monitoring.
In volume 21, we have included a chapter on the ethics
of animal models by Dr. E. Olfert, a veterinarian who also
directs a laboratory animal care facility. As indicated in Dr.
Olfert’s chapter, it is essential to conform to national and local
vii
.*.
Vlll Preface
animal welfare regulations, whether codified in law or by
self-regulatory bodies. We urge readers who wish to adopt
any of the procedures described to follow closely not only
the letter of their own national and local regulations, but also
the spirit of these guidelines.
The Editors
Preface
In this, the second of two volumes dedicated to currently
available animal models of neurological disorders, chapters are
grouped under the headings of Animal Models of Metabolic
Encephalopathies and The Epilepsies.
The opening chapter by Karen Seta and coauthors deals with
animal models of human stroke, models of both focal and global
ischemia being covered. This chapter is followed by a descrip-
tion of in vivo and in vitro models of brain hypoxia by Gary
Gibson and Hsueh-Meei Huang. Animal models of the Wernicke
Korsakoff Syndrome are described in a chapter by Maryse
Heroux and Roger F. Butterworth. The subject of experimental
seizures and the use of these models in the study of The Epilepsies
is covered in three chapters by David McCandless and coau-
thors. In the first chapter, chemically-induced seizure models
are described. A separate chapter is devoted to the kindling
model of epilepsy. This is followed by a discussion of geneti-
cally based animal models of seizures.
Animal models of a group of disorders known as the
Hepatic Encephalopathies are described in a chapter by Andres
Blei and coauthors. Animal models of Reye’s Syndrome are cov-
ered in a chapter by Frederick Kauffman and animal models of
pyridoxine deficiency by Krishnamurti Dakshinamurti and
coauthors. The final chapter of the volume by Ijaz Qureshi cov-
ers animal models of the hereditary hyperammonemias.
Chapters describe, where appropriate, both in vitro and in
vivo preparations currently in use for the study of pathogenetic
mechanisms in metabolic encephalopathies and seizure disor-
ders. Where available, example protocols are included and
described in sufficient detail for the reader to perform the stud-
ies directly without the need for consultation of the original
article in which the procedures were described. It is hoped that
this volume, together with its partner volume, will provide an
impetus for standardization of experimental protocols for use in
studies of neurological disorders using experimental animals.
Roger F. Butternorth
Contents
Preface to the Series .......................................................................................... V
Preface to the Animal Model Volumes ...................................................... vii
Preface .............................................................................................................. ix
List of Contributors ...................................................................................... xvii
Experimental Models of Human Stroke
Karen A. Seta, R. Christian Crumrine,
Tim S. Whittingham, W. David Lust,
and David W. McCandZess
1. Introduction .............................................................................................. 1
1.1. Significance of Stroke in the US .................................................. 2
1.2. Ischemic Encephalopathy ............................................................. 3
2. In Vivo Models ........................................................................................ 6
2.1. General Considerations ................................................................ 7
2.2. Models of Global Ischemia ........................................................ 12
2.3. Models of Focal lschemia ........................................................... 16
3. Sample Protocols for Experimental Ischemia .................................. 20
3.1. Gerbil Model of Global Ischemia: CCA Occlusion.. ............ .20
3.2. Rat Model of Focal Ischemia: MCA Occlusion.. ................... .24
4. In Vitro Models ...................................................................................... 32
4.1. Tissue Culture Models ............................................................... 33
4.2. Brain Slice Models ....................................................................... 36
4.3. Induction of Anoxia/Ischemia .................................................. 38
5. Summary ................................................................................................. 38
References .............................................................................................. 39
Animal Models of Brain Hypoxia
Garg E. Gibson and f-fsueh-Meek Huang
1. Summary ................................................................................................. 51
2. Introduction ............................................................................................ 52
3. Models of In Vivo Hypoxia ................................................................. 55
3.1. In Vivo Models of Hypoxic Hypoxia ....................................... 56
3.2. In Vivo Models of Anemic Hypoxia ....................................... 61
3.3. In Vivo Models of Histotoxic Hypoxia .................................... 67
4. Ex Vivo Experiments as an Animal Model of Hypoxia ................ .68
4.1. Advantages and Disadvantages ................................................ 69
4.2. Selected Results ............................................................................ 69
5. The Use of In Vitro Animal Models
to Examine the Effects of Hypoxia on the Brain.. .......................... .69
xi