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Ancient Europe 8000 B.C.–A.D.1000: Encyclopedia of the Barbarian World
Peter Bogucki and Pam J. Crabtree, Editors in Chief
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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA
Ancient Europe 8000 B.C.–A.D. 1000 : encyclopedia of the Barbarian
world / Peter Bogucki, Pam J. Crabtree, editors.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-684-80668-1 (set : hardcover : alk. paper) — ISBN
0-684-80669-X (vol. 1) — ISBN 0-684-80670-3 (vol. 2) — ISBN
0-684-31421-5 (e-book)
1. Antiquities, Prehistoric—Europe—Encyclopedias. 2. Prehistoric
peoples—Europe—Encyclopedias. 3. History, Ancient—Encyclopedias. 4.
Europe—History—To 476—Encyclopedias. 5.
Europe—History—392-814—Encyclopedias. I. Bogucki, Peter I. II.
Crabtree, Pam J.
D62 .A52 2004
936—dc22 2003015251
This title is also available as an e-book.
ISBN 0-684-31421-5
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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EDITORIAL AND
PRODUCTION STAFF
Project Editor
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Assisting Editors
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Indexer
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CONTENTS
VOLUME I
(cid:2)
List of Maps. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Maps of Ancient Europe, 8000–
2000 B.C.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
Chronology of Ancient Europe, 8000–
1000 B.C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxv
List of Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix
(cid:2)
1: DISCOVERING BARBARIAN EUROPE
Introduction (Peter Bogucki and Pam J. Crabtree) . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Humans and Environments (I. G. Simmons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Origins and Growth of European Prehistory (Paul G. Bahn) . . . . . 14
The Nature of Archaeological Data (Pam J. Crabtree and
Douglas V. Campana) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Tollund Man (Helle Vandkilde). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Survey and Excavation (Albert Ammerman) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Saltbæk Vig (Anne Birgitte Gebauer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Dating and Chronology (Martin Bridge) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Archaeology and Environment (Petra Dark) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Settlement Patterns and Landscapes (John Bintliff) . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Trade and Exchange (Robert H. Tykot) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Status and Wealth (Peter S. Wells). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Hochdorf (Peter S. Wells) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Gender (Janet E. Levy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Ritual and Ideology (John Chapman) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Hjortspring (Peter S. Wells) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Archaeology and Language (David W. Anthony) . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
vii
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C O N T E N T S
Warfare and Conquest (Lawrence H. Keeley and Russell S. Quick) . . 110
Maiden Castle (Niall Sharples) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
(cid:2)
2: POSTGLACIAL FORAGERS, 8000–4000 B.C.
Introduction (Peter Bogucki). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Postglacial Environmental Transformation (Neil Roberts). . . . . . . 126
The Mesolithic of Northern Europe (Peter Bogucki). . . . . . . . . . 132
Skateholm (Lars Larsson). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Tybrind Vig (Søren H. Andersen). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
The Mesolithic of Northwest Europe (Christopher Tolan-Smith). . . 144
Mount Sandel (Peter C. Woodman). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Star Carr (Paul Mellars) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
The Mesolithic of Iberia (João Zilhão) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Muge Shell Middens (João Zilhão) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
The Mesolithic of Upland Central and Southern Europe
(Barbara Voytek). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Iron Gates Mesolithic (Clive Bonsall) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
Franchthi Cave (Julie M. Hansen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
The Mesolithic of Eastern Europe (Marek Zvelebil) . . . . . . . . . . 183
Oleneostrovskii Mogilnik (Marek Zvelebil) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
(cid:2)
3: TRANSITION TO AGRICULTURE, 7000–4000 B.C.
Introduction (Peter Bogucki). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Crops of the Early Farmers (Julie M. Hansen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Livestock of the Early Farmers (Nerissa Russell) . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
First Farmers of Europe (Curtis Runnels) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Achilleion (Ernestine S. Elster). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
Last Hunters and First Farmers on Cyprus (Alan H.
Simmons) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Transition to Farming in the Balkans (Mihael Budja) . . . . . . . . . 233
Obre (Mihael Budja) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
The Farming Frontier on the Southern Steppes
(David W. Anthony). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
Spread of Agriculture Westward across the Mediterranean
(William K. Barnett) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Arene Candide (Peter Rowley-Conwy) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Caldeirão Cave (João Zilhão). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
First Farmers of Central Europe (Lawrence H. Keeley and
Mark Golitko) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Bruchenbrücken (Detlef Gronenborn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Bylany (Jonathan Last) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Beginnings of Farming in Northwestern Europe (Anne Tresset) . . . 273
Neolithic Sites of the Orkney Islands (Peter Bogucki) . . . . . . . 281
Hambledon Hill (Roger Mercer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
viii A N C I E N T E U R O P E
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C O N T E N T S
Transition to Farming along the Lower Rhine and Meuse
(Leendert P. Louwe Kooijmans) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Transition to Agriculture in Northern Europe (Anne Birgitte
Gebauer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
Sarup (Niels H. Andersen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Long Barrow Cemeteries in Neolithic Europe (Magdalena S.
Midgley). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
(cid:2)
4: CONSEQUENCES OF AGRICULTURE, 5000–2000 B.C.
Introduction (Peter Bogucki). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313
Early Metallurgy in Southeastern Europe (William A. Parkinson). . 317
Early Copper Mines at Rudna Glava and Ai Bunar (William
A. Parkinson) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Milk, Wool, and Traction: Secondary Animal Products
(Nerissa Russell). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Late Neolithic/Copper Age Southeastern Europe (William A.
Parkinson) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334
Varna (Douglass W. Bailey) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Ovcharovo (Douglass W. Bailey). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
Copper Age Cyprus (Edgar Peltenburg) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Late Neolithic/Copper Age Eastern Europe (Malcolm Lillie) . . . . 354
Domestication of the Horse (David W. Anthony) . . . . . . . . . 363
Kolomischiina (Malcolm Lillie) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 368
Late Neolithic/Copper Age Central Europe (Sarunas
Milisauskas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Brzes´c´ Kujawski (Peter Bogucki). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
Rondels of the Carpathians (Magdalena S. Midgley). . . . . . . . 382
Neolithic Lake Dwellings in the Alpine Region (Jörg Schibler,
Stefanie Jacomet, and Alice Choyke) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
The Iceman (Paul G. Bahn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392
Arbon-Bleiche 3 (Jörg Schibler, Stefanie Jacomet, and Alice
Choyke) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
The Megalithic World (I. G. N. Thorpe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Avebury (Caroline Malone) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Barnenez (Serge Cassen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Boyne Valley Passage Graves (George Eogan) . . . . . . . . . . . . 413
Trackways and Boats (Malcolm Lillie) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Consequences of Farming in Southern Scandinavia
(Magdalena S. Midgley) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Pitted Ware and Related Cultures of Neolithic Northern Europe
(Marek Zvelebil) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Ajvide (Peter Rowley-Conwy). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Late Neolithic Italy and Southern France (Caroline Malone). . . . . 439
Sion-Petit Chasseur (Marie Besse). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
The Neolithic Temples of Malta (Caroline Malone) . . . . . . . . 450
Late Neolithic/Copper Age Iberia (Katina T. Lillios). . . . . . . . . 456
Los Millares (Robert Chapman). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
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C O N T E N T S
Corded Ware from East to West (Janusz Czebreszuk) . . . . . . . . . 467
Bell Beakers from West to East (Janusz Czebreszuk) . . . . . . . . . . 476
VOLUME II
(cid:2)
List of Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv
Maps of Ancient Europe, 3000 B.C.–
A.D. 1000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Chronology of Ancient Europe, 2000 B.C.–
A.D.1000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii
(cid:2)
5: MASTERS OF METAL, 3000–1000 B.C.
Introduction (Peter Bogucki) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
The Significance of Bronze (Mark Pearce) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
The Early and Middle Bronze Ages in Temperate Southeastern
Europe (H. Arthur Bankoff) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
The Early and Middle Bronze Ages in Central Europe (Vajk
Szeverenyi) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Spisˇsky´ Sˇtvrtok (Helle Vandkilde). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
The Italian Bronze Age (Mark Pearce). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Poggiomarino (Francesco Menotti) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
El Argar and Related Bronze Age Cultures of the Iberian
Peninsula (Antonio Gilman) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Sardinia’s Bronze Age Towers (Emma Blake) . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Bronze Age Britain and Ireland (Joanna Brück) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Stonehenge (Caroline Malone) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Flag Fen (Francis Pryor). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Irish Bronze Age Goldwork (Mary Cahill) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Bronze Age Scandinavia (Helle Vandkilde) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
Bronze Age Coffin Burials (Helle Vandkilde). . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Bronze Age Cairns (Helle Vandkilde) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Late Bronze Age Urnfields of Central Europe (Peter Bogucki). . . . . 86
Bronze Age Herders of the Eurasian Steppes (David W. Anthony) . . 92
Bronze Age Transcaucasia (Laura A. Tedesco). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Bronze Age Cyprus (A. Bernard Knapp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
The Minoan World (David B. Small). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Knossos (Louise Steel). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Mycenaean Greece (John Bintliff). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
(cid:2)
6: THE EUROPEAN IRON AGE, C. 800 B.C.–A.D. 400
Introduction (Pam J. Crabtree) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
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C O N T E N T S
Celts (Susan Malin-Boyce) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Hallstatt and La Tène (Susan Malin-Boyce) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Celtic Migrations (Susan Malin-Boyce) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Germans (Peter S. Wells) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Oppida (John Collis). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Manching (Susan Malin-Boyce) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Hillforts (Barry Raftery) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Origins of Iron Production (Michael N. Geselowitz) . . . . . . . . . . 164
Ironworking (Michael N. Geselowitz). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Coinage of Iron Age Europe (Colin Haselgrove) . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Ritual Sites: Viereckschanzen (Matthew L. Murray) . . . . . . . . . . 174
Iron Age Feasting (Bettina Arnold). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
La Tène Art (Barry Raftery). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Iron Age Social Organization (Ian Ralston). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Greek Colonies in the West (Peter S. Wells) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Vix (Peter S. Wells). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Greek Colonies in the East (Gocha R. Tsetskhladze) . . . . . . . . . . 208
Iron Age France (John Collis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Gergovia (John Collis). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Iron Age Britain (Timothy Champion) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Danebury (Barry Cunliffe) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Iron Age Ireland (Bernard Wailes) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Irish Royal Sites (Bernard Wailes). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Iron Age Germany (Bettina Arnold) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Kelheim (Peter S. Wells). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
The Heuneburg (Bettina Arnold). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Iberia in the Iron Age (Teresa Chapa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Etruscan Italy (Rae Ostman). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Pre-Roman Iron Age Scandinavia (Sophia Perdikaris) . . . . . . . . . 269
Iron Age Finland (Deborah J. Shepherd) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Iron Age Poland (Przemys1aw Urban´czyk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Biskupin (A. F. Harding). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Iron Age Ukraine and European Russia (Gocha R. Tsetskhladze). . . 289
Iron Age East-Central Europe (Peter S. Wells). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
Iron Age Caucasia (Adam T. Smith) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Dark Age Greece (John Bintliff). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
(cid:2)
7: EARLY MIDDLE AGES/MIGRATION PERIOD
Introduction (Pam J. Crabtree) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Emporia (John Moreland). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Ipswich (Keith Wade). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Viking Harbors and Trading Sites (Dan Carlsson) . . . . . . . . . 334
Dark Ages, Migration Period. Early Middle Ages (Pam J.
Crabtree) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
History and Archaeology (Genevieve Fisher). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
State Formation (Tina L. Thurston). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346
Trade and Exchange (Tina L. Thurston) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
A N C I E N T E U R O P E xi
