Table Of ContentAnAtomy & Physiology
A complete introduction
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AnAtomy & Physiology
A complete introduction
David Le Vay
Revised and updated by
Jenny Stafford-Brown
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First published in Great Britain in 1996 by Hodder Education. An Hachette UK company.
First published in the USA in 1974 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
This edition published in Great Britain in 2015 by John Murray Learning
This edition published in the USA in 2015 by Quercus
Copyright © David Le Vay 1974, 1985, 2001, 2003, 2015
The right of David Le Vay to be identified as the Author of the Work has been asserted by him in accordance
with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Database right Hodder & Stoughton (makers)
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data: a catalogue record for this title is available from the British
Library.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: on file.
Paperback ISBN 978 1 47360866 5
eBook ISBN 978 1 47360867 2
1
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Contents
Acknowledgements ix
Part 1: Anatomy
1 general considerations 3
Methods of acquiring anatomical knowledge
Variation in human anatomy
The history of anatomy
2 Cells, DnA and tissues 9
Cells
DNA
Tissues
3 the skeleton 23
Cartilage
Bone
Development and growth of bone
Joints and movements
Axial and appendicular skeleton
4 muscle 43
The muscle cell
Skeletal muscle
Muscle contraction
Smooth muscle
Gross anatomy of muscles
Muscle groups and movements
5 standard positions, terms and references: body coverings
and body systems 55
Positions, terms and references
Skin
Body wall and body cavities
The body systems
6 Regional anatomy: the upper limb 71
Bones of the upper limb
Joints of the upper limb
Surface anatomy of the upper limb
The subcutaneous structures of the upper limb
Muscle groups of the upper limb
The blood vessels of the upper limb
The nerves of the upper limb
The hand
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7 Regional anatomy: the lower limb 97
Bones of the lower limb
Joints of the lower limb
Surface anatomy of the lower limb
Subcutaneous structures of the limb
Muscles of the thigh
Muscles of the leg
Blood vessels of the lower limb
Nerves of the lower limb
8 Regional anatomy: the abdomen 125
Abdominal cavity and boundaries
Surface anatomy
Abdominal muscles
Peritoneum, mesenteries and omenta
The general disposition of the abdominal organs
Posterior abdominal wall and related structures
Pelvis
9 Regional anatomy: the thorax 155
Bony wall
Respiration
Muscles of the chest wall
Thoracic cavity
Contents of the thoracic cavity
Great vessels of the thorax
Remaining structures of the posterior thoracic wall
Nerves within the thorax
10 Regional anatomy: head and neck 171
The head
The neck
Lymph nodes of head and neck
Part 2: Physiology
11 general considerations 191
The history of physiology
12 Basic biophysics and biochemistry 197
Homeostasis
Body water
Crystalloids and colloids
Energy transformations within the body
Essential minerals
Nutrients
Enzymes
Metabolism
13 Foodstuffs and vitamins 211
Food and energy
Diet
Respiratory quotient
Food groups
Vitamins
vi
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14 Digestion 223
The mouth
Swallowing
The stomach
Small intestine
Pancreas
Liver and bile
Large intestine
Movements in the digestive tract
15 Absorption, utilization and storage of digested food 233
Absorption
Utilization (metabolism) of absorbed substances
16 Blood, lymph and the reticuloendothelial (immune) system 249
Blood
Blood cells
Lymph
Reticuloendothelial (immune) system
17 the heart and circulation 263
Physiological features of the systemic circulation
The heart
The circulation
18 Respiration 277
The respiratory system
Respiration
Chemical aspects of respiration
Tissue respiration
19 the kidney and excretion 285
The kidney
Urine
20 nervous system and sense organs 293
Basic structure
The nature of nervous transmission
Anatomy of the central nervous system
Cerebrospinal system
Autonomic nervous system
Special sense organs
21 the endocrine system 321
Pituitary
Thyroid
Suprarenal glands
Pancreas and insulin
Gonads
22 Reproduction and development 331
Reproductive organs
Reproduction
Development of the embryo
Breasts and milk production
Genetic aspects
Contents vii
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23 Environmental considerations 349
Stress under extreme conditions
Inherent biological rhythms
test answers 361
index 365
viii
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Acknowledgements
I wish to thank the following for permission to reproduce illustrations and other material:
Longmans Green & Co. as regards Gray’s Anatomy and J. & A. Churchill in respect of
Starling’s Principles of Human Physiology. I have also drawn widely on A Companion to
Medical Studies, ed. R. Passmore and J.S. Robson, Blackwell Scientific Publications. The
sources of these and other figures are acknowledged in the text. I am also grateful to the
Oxford University Press for permission to reproduce Figure 2.4 from Here Be Dragons by
D. Koerner and S. LeVay.
Acknowledgements ix
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