Amadeo Bordiga, the agrarian question and the international revolutionary movement

28 Pages·2016·5.97 MB·English

Criti23q ue
AMADEO BORDIGAT,H E AGRARIAN
QUESTIONA ND THE INTERNATIONAL
REVOLUTIONARMYO VEMENT
4 LOREN GOLDNER
1
0
2
r Form anyd ecaderse,v olutiMoanrxiasrtyhs a vUn.ed erstotohdes ocial
e
b realiotfti heSeso viet UCnhiionanan, do thesro -ca"lsloecdi alist" societies
m
e tob et hnee gatoifoM na rxp'rso joefcw to rking-acnldha usmsa enm anci­
c
De patiMoann.y t heoretibceigainnsnw,ii ntRgho sLau xembuirnhg e r1 918
8 "TheR ussiRaenv olutainodfn o"l,l obwyeM da ttiKcokr,s cBho,r diTgrao,t ­
0
4 skyS,c hachtomrCa LnR J ame(st noa meo nlayf ewh)a,v dee votmeadj or
2
0: energiteoss ettltihnefg a mou"sR ussqiuaens titohnse"p :e cimfieca ning,
1
at foMra rxistosft ,h dee feoaftt h Reu ssiraenv oluatnidto hnie n ternational
] successes ofTShteva alriinoeifvts iyme .dw se veloipnte hdid se basteee ms
s
rie toc onfiramb ovalel t hec haracteroifzW aitnisotnCo hnu rchvielrlfy,a r
a
r froMma rxisma ndt hel effto,rw homt heS oviseyts tweams a "riddle
b
Li wrappeidn a m ystery awnie tnhiigmna T"h.e c ontempohreairoryfst he
y
sit theoroifte hs"e d egenewroartkeedsr tsa't" es"t,sa otcei al"ibsumr"e,a ucratic
er collecti"vsitsacmta"ep, i taloirts hme"" t ransistoicoinealatllhy a"v teh eir
v
ni analyasnedes x plana-tmiaonnyos f t hems elf-con-sooftl hiecn ugr rent
U devoluotfti hoEena stebrlnoW ci.t thh tee mperoepdt imicshma racteristic
e
at oft hMea rxiant raditmioosontf, t hesceu rretnetnsd teoda ssum(ead si d
St thiasu thotrh)at th em oribuSntda libnuirseta ucriamcmy'esd imaatjeo r
o
hi contendepro wfeworor u lbdet hree volutiwoonrakricynl ga sfigsh,t iantg
O
[ lasfto rre aslo cialFieswfm o.r es-amwo spta rticubluatnr oltoy n,l tyh,e
by Trotskyfioswrth so,mt hEea stern osbtleoncs riebsltyoe ndf oundations
d socisaulpleyr tioto hrWe e s-tthat thceo nmtaeinnfd oetrrh spe o s-tS talinist
e
d
a succeswsoiuolnndo bte r evolutiMoanraxirsbymu atb linpdrloWy-e stern
o
nl neo-libe"rianlsipbsiymrv eodHn a yeakn dM iltForni edmaanndr, e surgent
w
o authorirtiaghrticiausnrt r eonfit nst ervwianrt (awgieet xh- Stalpirnoimsit­s
D
nenitnb otchu rrenEtvse)fn.e wefro restahwat th ed emisoef t hes ocial
foundatoifSo tnasl inwiosumle dn taaip lr ofoucnrdi osfiM sa rxismi tself.
As thcer iosfit shE ea stebrnl occa lflosr ntohst o viaentdws o rkecrosu'n cils
butb lood-anpdo-psuoliilms umr,d eronuast ionalism, rreegiloinga­lism,
ioufsu ndamentaanldai nstmi -Sem(iatuitshmo rictuarrrietanhnta astr fea r
aheaodfa nrye mainlienofgpt p osiitnci hoann nealnitnIigM- F, anti-market
sentimeintbt esc}o,m cels eartehrae nv ebre fotrhea mto scto nceptual
73
AmadeBoo rdiga
framerwkoasv ailtaobr leev olutiMoarxinsatrsy,E asatn dW estf,o urn der­
standwionrglh di stsoirny1c 9e1 a7r per ofounindn leye odf r e-examination.
Thef ollowianrgt iicswl rei ttasea nm odescto ntribtuott ihoarnte -examin­
atioIntp. r esenftoscr,o nsidertahteil oint,t le-vkineowownsf t heI talian
MarxisAtm adeBoo rdi(gbae rsetm emberwehde,nr ememberaetad l als,
4 oneo ft he" ultra-dleenfotusn"cb eyLed nin inL eft-CWionmgm unAinsm ,
1
20 InfaDnitsiolreod nte hrne)a ,t uorfet hSeo viUenti oann,d m oreg enerally
er considtehretsh estihsat th ea grariqaune stifounn,d amefnotBrao lr diga
b
m int hceh aracteroifzc aatpiiotnai lsti hsaemc ,t ulailt,dt ilsec uskseeytd ot he
e
c histoorfb yo tSho ciDaelm ocraacnydS talintihsetm w,od eformatoifo ns
e
D Marxismt hahta vdeo minattehd20et hc entuIrtpy u.t s fortwhaterh de sis
8
0 thaEtu rope(aann adb ovaelG le rmanS)o ciDaelm ocraicyt seelvfew,nh en
24 its pokaen o stensMiabrlxiys lta nguawgaes,a statdiisstt orotfit ohne
10: Marxian projeacntdm, o rea s chofoolar highsetra goefc apitaltihsem ,
at emergeKnety neswiealnf arset atIeta. r guetsh awth aitsd isappeatroidnagy
s] ist hleo nsgt atdiestto iunrw orking-ecmlaanscsi pawthiiocnwh,a sa ctually
e
ari muchm oraeb ouats ubstibtouutreg eroeivso luftoiro nit nhdeu strialization
br ofb ackwasrodc ietthiaeansb ousto cialoircs omm munisImtc. o ntends,
Li
y fmaltlhya,at n myaintainoaftn hcteer aditrioosnea-lt ivniteoewfh d i storical
sit German SoDceimaolc rapcryi torot hter iumopf"h r evisimounislstem a"d
er toa c ompleitmep asasneda bsenocfvie s iofno trh ceo ntempoprearriyo d.
v
ni Histoervye,ir na dvanocfte h eoirsyc ,l earaiwnagty h de ebroifts h set atist
U
e legaocfSy o ciDaelm ocraacyn dS talinTiosdma.yt ,hqe uestoifoh no wt he
Stat Marxiapnr ojebcetc ame entfwriontmeh de, 1860's owniwtathrh dse, t atist
o projeocfEt n lightaebnseodl utainsdim t vse rsioofAn u jk/aeinsmm ogr e
hi presstihnagen v er. mEovrepenr essoifnc go,u rsiest ,hq eu estoifoh no wi t
O
y [ can extricate itself.
b
d
e Attempttofs o cuosnt hec entraolfti htyea grariqaune stiinot nh eS oviet
d
oa experieanrceie,nt hemselvesn,e whF.ai rgdulrlyei skB ea rringMtooonr e,
wnl withaicna demdieav,e lospuecdah f oculso nagg o1.B utt hemo odo ft he
o 1960'sw,h enM oore'bso oka ppearweads,s tivlelr myu chf ocusoend
D
industdreivaell opmaestn htee s senocfce a pitaalinsdbm e,c auMsoeo re
otherwsieseem etdoe chaom orep allid voefTr rsoitosnk tyh'eso roife s
permanernetv oluatnidoc no mbinaendd u nevedne velopmheinwsto ,r k
maden op articiumlpaaroc ntt heM arxisdti scussAidoanmU. l ame,v en
fartfhreorM ma rxismh,a dw rittientn h,Ce o lWda rp erioadb,o utth ree al
contentth Meoa fr xismto vemebneti ntgh ea grariqaune st2i;ho inos b jec­
tivwea st od iscr"eMdairtxi s(mw"h ihcehe quatweidt Sho viiedte olobgyy )
74
Criti23q ue
showitnhga ittw ast hep roduocftu nderdevelonpomtoe fnc ta,p italism.
Gerschenkhriosnt,o rimcuaclhrl iyc htehra Unl ama,l ssoe emetdo b ea
shadoowfT rotsky?
Undoubtetdhlemy o sitm port2a0nttch e ntubroyo ki nfluencing Marxist
viewosnt hea grarqiuaens tiwoint,ht ihnet her evolutiaonntair-yS talinist
14 miliiesuP ,r eobrazhenNsewk yE'cso nomiwchsi,c whh,a tevefrl aiwtisss,
0
2 essenttoiu anld erstantdhiefn agto ef t hei nternatlieofontpa plo sition.4
er Preobrazhecnosnkcye'opsf"t s ociaalcciusmtu laotfitfoh nep" e asayni tsr
b
m int urhne aviliyn debtteoRd o saL uxemburAgc'csu mulaotfiC oanp ital;
e
ec Preobrazhpeonssikttyhs a tth e" workesrtsa'tc ea"nc onscioaunsdhl uy­
D
8 manelrye alwihzaet h,i storitchaecl alpyi,t asltiashttae d r ealibzleidn dly
0 andb looditlhyet: r ansformoaftt ihoean gr ariapne ttpyr oducienrtso
4
2 factowroyr ker(sI.wt a sl efttoS taltiorn e altihziets r ansformcaotni­on
0:
1 sciouasnldby l oodily.)
at
]
es On them argionfst hidsi scusswihoenr,me o sto ft heW esterlne fits
ari concernehda,v bee etnh ei deaosft hef ascinating ocfAh maardaecot er
r
Lib BordiFgiar.Gs etn erSaelc retoaftr hyPe CIa,n dw,i tGhr amsciitm,so st
y importfaonutn dBeorr,d iwgaas t hel asWte stern revolwuhtoti oolnda ry
sit ofSft altiohn i fsa c(ei 1n9 26)a st hger avedioggfte hrre e voluatnidlo inv ed
r
ve tot etlhlte a lHee.w aso ustferdo tmh PeC Ii nt hsea myee aarn dt ooske veral
Uni thousa"nBdo rdigiwsittshh"i mI.n 1 928t he" ItalCioamnm uniLsetf t(a"s
e thecya lltehde mselvvoetseT)dr otstkhye" heaodft hei nternatlieofnta l
at
St oppositainodtn "h ereen suead l engthy exbcehtawnegBeeon r diagnad
o Trotswkhyi,c h einnda ge edn eraclolmyp lete ofuactli lrcia1n.9g3 1-B3u2t.
hi
O Bordiigsoa n eo ft hem osotr iginbarli,l lainadun ttt enrelgyl ecMtaerdxi st
y [ theoroifst thsec entu(rHyi.ls e gaccoyu lnde vebrem adep alatabbytl hee
b
d postwPaCrIi nt hwea yt haGtr amscwia'ssH. e)r emainienId t atlhyr ough
de thwea r( oncheeh adb eeonu staendd c alumnbiye dt he Comiintn htee rn
a
o usuafla shihoenw ,a sl efta lonbeyM ussolainndip ursuae cda reaesra n
nl
w engineBeurti) ti. s i ns omes ensaef tWeorr lWda rI It haBto rdigwao'rsk ,
o
D where ptrhees einsct o ncernebde,c ometsr uilnyt eresHtei lnigv.ei dn
virtoubaslc uruintty1i 9l7 0a,n de vewnr otae c ouploefa rticolnet sh e
upsurogf1e 9 68.H ism issiaoftne trh wea rw asi,nh ivsi etwo,s alvatghee
"theorelteiscsaoolnf ts h"we o rldwriedveo lutisounragrey o1f9 71t-h1e9 21
perioHedf .e llti,ka el moasltal n ti-Straelvionliustti oinn1a 9r4it5eh,sa t th is
requiars eedt tloifan cgc ounwtistt hh e" Russeinaingm aa"n,d h ew rote
threbeo ok(sn evterra nslianttEeond g libsuhtt heayr ein F rencohn)t he
Russiraenv oluatnidot nh eS ovieecto nomHye. 5a lswor otae 3 -volume
75
AmadeBoo rdiga
histoofrt yh Iet alCioamnm uniLsetf( tat erdme signathiionswng faction;
theh istournyfo rtuneantdeisl n1y 9 21a)n dm anyl itptalmep hlaentds
tracMtusc.h6o fh isst uifstf u rgiadn du nreaabdlbeu,ta lswoe lwlo rtthh e
troubWlhea.ti u sn usuals,t raanndcg oenltye mpoarbaoruByto, r digvai'esw
wasq,u istiem phliyts,h eotrhyac ta pitalistmh aeegr qaurailrasen v olution.
Hep robadbelvye lotpheivdsi einw t hper e-1p9e1r4i soodm;oe f h iesa rliest
4 articlaebso utathrF eer enacnhdI talSioanc ialpiosstist'oi not nhsae gr arian
1
20 questiIotin sn? o ta lwaeyass tyof ollBoowr digtar'asj echteob reyl;i eved
er in "revolutainoonnayrmyia tbyh"o,r rtehdec ulotfp ersonaalnidot ftye,n
b
m dindo ts ighni wsr itwtoernk i,n cludhiibsno go kAs .B ordiagissste ssment
ce oft he RusRseivaonl uwtaisop nu blisuhneddet rh tei tOlnet hMea rginosf
e
D th5e0t hA nniveorsfOa cryt o1b9e1ri7 n 1 967I.ti8 ss omethoiuntgs itdhee
8
0 "univoefrd sies couorfts hece"o nventSitoanlaTilrn o-tsky-c(asptiattael ist)
24 polemiinct shUe . SB.r,i taFirna,na cnedG erman(yF.oe rxa mple, Bordiga
0: neveurs etsh et er"ms tactaep italainsdrm a"r,e ulsye tsh et er"mS oviet
1
at Unionin"r ecognittihoatnth seo viweetrsde e strotyheedlr oen agg o). For
s] him, itw asj usRtu ssicaanp itanloitns omt,a bdliyf fefrreonamtn yo ther.
e
ri Bordihgaada r efresdheisnitgro we a ntto" de-Russtihfy"pe r eoccupations
a
br oft hei nternatiroenvaoll utimoonvaermye nHte. s aitdh atth ew orkers'
Li
y movemehnatd b eerno ckbeydc ounter-revboelfuotirineho insst (oir.ye .
sit afte1r8 4wi8t hL ouiNsa poleaonnd)t hatth erwea sn othisnpge ciaablo ut
r
e RussiOan. t heo thehra ndh,i 2s5 -yeparre occupwaittithoh neR ussian
v
ni economy btehlasitae nsg fr(oOiffd u.r ther iinst thfeear cettsh tai tn1, 9 45,
U
e heh adp redicatl eodn g peorfci aopdi teaxlpiasnts ainodwn o rkers' refor­
at mismd,u et oe ndi nt hen extw orlcdr isbiesgi,n niinn1g 9 75B)o.r9d iga's
St
o analyosfRi uss s(iaasd e veloapfetde r i1sa9 s4f 5)o lloWwhsi.lh ei fsa ction
hi hadt otaslulpyp orTtreodt siknty h ef actfiighotno ft h20e' sl,a rgfeolry
O
[ reasornesl attoeSd o viet/Cominteprno lfiotcyrh,Bee o irgdni giasnta lysis
y
b tooikt dsi stanfcreosmt hes uper-industrsitarlaitozefagt tyhi eLo enf t
d
e Oppositfiouorln t,i ma"tBeulkyh arrienaissotHn"esf .ea lftt er t1h9ao4tn5 l y
d
oa somethliinkgBe u kharisnt'rsa theagdhy a da nyh opeo fp resertvhien g
nl internarteivoonlault icohnaarrayco tfte hrre e gime(,w hitcohB ordiwgaas
w
o morei mporttahnatRn u ssiiannd ustrialbiezcaatuiistwoe on u)l ndo td e­
D
strtohyeB olshepvairktB yu.k harsianii dnt he1 924-f2a8c tfiigohnt tsh at
the implemeonfTt raottisoknly e'ftsi" sstu per-industsrtiraaltiezgayt ion"
coulodn lbyec arroiuebtdy t hmeo setl ephansttiabntueer eauchriascyt ory
hade vesre en.W1h0e nS talisnt olteh el eftp'rso graamn dp uti ti nto
practhiecc eo,m plectoenlfiyr mBeudk harasiT nr,o tshkyi msealcfk now­
ledgienad b ackhanwdaeyad f tmeors otf h ifsa ctini oRnu sshiaadc apitu­
latteodS taliBno.rUd itgoao mko res eriopuesrlhya tphsa env eTnr otsky
76
Critique23
thied eoaft hien ternatcihoanraalc otfte hrre e voluatnidoo fnt hSeo viet
regimet;oh imt hei deoaf " sociailnoi snmec ountwrays"a grotesque
abominaotfei voenr ytMhairnxigs smt oofdo rw,h icihot fc ourwsae.s I nh is
fmaclo nfrontawtiitSohtn a lini Mno scoinw 1926B,o rdipgrao postehda t
allt hCeo mmuniPsatr toifetshw eo rlsdh ouldjoriunlttehl Seyo viUenti on,
asa demonstraotfti hoesn u pra-narteiaolnoiaftlt y h ew orkemrosv'e ­
4 mentT.h1i2ps r opowsaasln, e edlteoss asyc ,o olrleyc eibvySe tda lina ndh is
1
20 friends.
r
e
mb Butt hiissj ustth bee ginniBnogr.d igwar'ist ionntg hsce a pitnaaltiusortfe
e
c thSeo vieecto nomiync, o ntrtaots hto psreo ducbeytd h Ter otskyifsotcsu,s
e
D toa gr eaetx teonntt haegr arian sHeecw taonrt.et dos hohwo wc apitalist
08 sociarle lateixiosntsine dt hkeo lkhaonzdi nt hseo vkhoozn,ea c ooperative
4
2 faramn dt heo thetrh set raiwgahgte -lasbtoafrta er mPH e emphasized
10: howm ucho fa grariparno duction doenpt ehsnedm eapdlr li vaotwenleyd
at plo(thsew asw ritiinn1 g9 50a)n dp redicqtueidat cec urattheerl ayt aets
]
s whicthh Seo viUenti owno ulsdt airmtp ortwihnegaa tf thearv ibnege snu ch
e
ari al aregxep orftreortm h 1e 880'tso1 914.
r
b
Li
y Ther easolnesa ding Btoord doiwgnap ltahyei ndustsreicatlao nrd t o
sit emphasaigrziec ultausIr s ea,i cda,m ef rotmh eoreatnidcs atlr atceoginc­
r
ve cernst haptr e-dattheeRd u ssiraenv olutOinocnea. g aifno,rB ordiga,
ni capitawlaissfi mr sotf al lt hea grariraenv oluttihoecn a,p italiozfa tion
U
e agricultBuorred.ih gaada d iffearpepnrta oifsB aulk harfirnot mh tey pical
Stat revolutioopnpaornyeo nfSt t alinbiescma uosfte h esceo ncerHnesi .n tro­
o ducead n ovedli stinbcettiwoenLe enn iann dT rotsMkoys.tp eopwlheo
Ohi distinguishL ebneitanwn edTe rno tsakryeS talinainsdMt aso isBtust.,
y [ Borditgoat atlulrytn hste a bloents h Set alinBiosrtdsiu.gs ai,na fg o rmula­
d b tioonfL eninc'asl,lt ehdRe u ssiRaenv olu"taid ounar le volu1t4ii now nh"i ch
e thpeo litsieciazlou frp eo webryt hper oletmaardiepa ots sitbhlceeo mple­
d
oa tioonft hte asokfst heb ourgeroeivso luatbioovnae,l t lh ed estruction of
wnl pre-capistoacliriaesllt a tiinoa ngrsi cultTuhregre e.a tp rototoyfpt eh e
Do lattweasru ndoubtAeudgluys1 t7 8i9nF rancTer.o tskhyaidsa tlsw asyasi d
thaitnA pri1l9 1"7L enbienc amaeT rotskbyyia sctc"e pttihntegh esoefs
permanreenvto luBtuitoL ne.n ihna da ctuadlilsya greweidtT hr otsokny
nuances, asnhdo wetuhdpini sh i1s9 20-1f9o2r2m ulaotnit ohnnesa ture
oft hen ewr egimea,b ovalel h irse markasbpleee chteots h e1 92p1a rty
congresisnh ,i pso lemaigcasi tnhsFeti rWsotr kerOsp'p ositainodtn h eir
chartghea tth Seo visetta wtaes" stactaep italIinrs emp"lL.ye ,n in tshaaitd
stactaep itawloiuslmbd e a t remendsotuesfp o rwafrrdo wmh aRtu ssia
77
AmadeBoo rdiga
actuawlalswy,h icwha sa p etptryo duccearp itawliitsahmw orking-class
15
politpiacratclyo ntroltlhiesn tga teF.orB ordigoan,c et hipso litical
expresosfti howeno rkicnlgaw sassd estrobyySe tda linailtslhm a,wats left
wasp etptyr oduccaepri taLelinins'm .su soef t htee rm "wosrtkaewtriest "h
bureaucrdaetfoircm atiiontn hsee" a,r l20'ys w asq uitdei fferfernotm
Trotsuky'ssoe f t hsea mtee rimn1 936I.ti sn opto ssiobrnl eec esshaerrye
4 tor ecapittuhlweah toele ev oluotfiw ohnos aiwdh aotn t hiqsu estion. What
1
20 lurkbse hintdh esdei ffesrtirnagt aengidct actijcuadlg emeanrtets w o
er opposed conocfeM patrxiisomn.Ws h ati si mportiastn htaf toT rr otsaknyd
b
m thTer otskytihspete sr,m ancehnatr acotfte hrre e voluwtaisco onn gealed
ce in "pr�eortfyo rmasn"dl atwearse xpresisnte hdgre o wtohf t hper oductive
e
D forc6eF so.Br o rditghagre,o wtohft hper oducftoirvcewe assm ereplryo of
08 oft heb ourgeois cohfat rhaeSc otveirpe hte nomenHoen t.u rntehde
24 Stalinoinst thse ihera db ys ayitnhga Ttr otskpyr'osb lweams n oth is
0: "underestiomfta htpeie oans"a nbturhtyi o,sv erestimoaftt hipeoon s sibility
1
at thatth ep easanatnsdt, h ea grariraenv oluotf.pi eotnt pyr oducceorusl,d
s] havaen ythitnodg o w itah prolerteavroilaun1t ion.
e
ari
br InB ordigcao'nsc eptSitoanla,in ndl, a tMearo H,o ,e tcw.e r"egr earto man­
Li
y tirce volutioinnta hr1ei9 etcshe" n tusreyn sie.b,eo .u rgeroeivso lutionaries.
sit He ftehlattt h Set alirneigismtet sh acta mei nteoxi stenacfte1e 9r4 w5e re
er jusetx tendtihnbego urgeroeivso luit.iteoh.nee ,x proprioaftt hiPeor nu s­
v
ni siaJnu nkcelra bsyst heR edA rmyt,h routghhe aigrra ripaonl icaineds
U
e throutghhde e velopomfet nhtpe r oducftoirvcee Tso.t hteh esoefts h e
at Frencuhl tra-grloeufp"t S ociaolriB samr bariwshmo"d enounctehde
St
o regimea,f t1e9r4 as5 ,s tactaep itBaolridsitrg,ea p lwiietdanh a rti"Ac vlaenti
hi Barbar(i"!O"n waBradr bariatnhsah!ta" i)l tehdbe o urgeois revolutionary
O 18
y [ sidoefS taliansii stsmso lree aclo nten(tO.ndeo es hnaovtte oa grewei th
b Borditgoaa c knowltehdagtteh iwsa sa m orec oherveinetw potihnattnh e
d
e stupiodfit thyeT rotskyistsa'ft ea1rn9 a4lt5yh sasitas w t heS talinists in
d
oa EasteErunr opCeh,i noarI ndochaisqn uaa ver"irnegf ormisttsos" e lela ger
nl outto i mperialism.)
w
o
D
Thea dvanocfeB ordifgraa'mse woovrekTr r otsiky'sasb ovaelh li csr itique
oft haes sumptsimoungg,l eidn tTor otskyiasnmdt hfrea meworokft hose
whow orko fTfr otskyitshmaS,tt alainndS talinriespmr esae" nctesn ter"
betwetehnBe u kharirniigashnttd a T rotsklyeifOstnt.ecan hardilmya gine
howt hev ictoofrt yh Beu khari"nriisgtih ntt h"e i ndustrialization debate
coulhda vdeo nmeo rdea magteot hien ternatwioornkaelmr osv'e metnhta n
thter iumopfth h Set ali"nciesntta ecrt"u adlildYy.e ta nyownheo w ishteos
78
Criti23q ue
drawa nu ncritliicnoaeflM arxiscto ntintuhirtoyu Tgrho tsakfyt 1e9r2 4
taciatclcye ptthsi" sl etfort i ghstp"e ctraunmdi tcso nsequences.
Trotswkryo tien1 936" Sociahlaisds emm onstriattrsei dgt hotv ictonroyt,
ont hpea geosfD asKa pita.l.b.,u ti nt hlea nguaogfse tse eclo,n craentde
.
19
electriciExttye"n.ditnhget heoorfyp ermanernetv oluftrioomtn h e
4 formatoifso onv i(e1 t90s5 1,9 17)t os tate prfoopremtrsott hyde e velopment
1
0
2 oft hper oducftoirvcete hse mse(liv.etesh. pe r ooofft hdee formed socialist
er characotfte hrer egibmeei nigta sb iltiodt ey velionpd usitnrt yh e" eroaf
b
m imperidaelciasytT" r)o,t sckuyl minawtheaIdtc altlh" es ubstbiotuurtgee ois
e
c revolutcihoanr"a cotfSe erc onadn dT hirIdn ternatMiaorxinsaml.
e
D
8
0 PostwTarro tsky(ifsowtrhs o mT rotsiksoy f c ournsoetr esponssiabwl e)
4
2 thei ndustriaolfit zhaeSt tiaolni rneigsitm deusr itnhgep eriwohde nt he
10: ThirWdo rlwda ss howinnogs igonfsd evelopmaennywth eraest hdee fmi­
at tivper oooff t heidre formed socchiaarlaicsAttge ari.n tshti ast titude,
]
es Bordisgaai "dO:n e dnooetbs u iclodm munisTmh"et. a sokft h"ed evelop­
ari menotf t hper oductivei snf oottrh cteea sso"kf c ommuniHseta sl.s o added:
r
Lib "Iitse xacrtilgyth hta tth e' foundaotfis ooncsi alairsebm e'i nbgu iilntt he
y SoviUenti onf"o;rh im, twhasip sr ecistehlepy r oooff t heb ourgeois
sit characotfte hrre e gime.
r
e
v
ni Onei mportant exaac muprlreew nhotif cb hr okfer otmh per o-Stabliiansi st
U
e ofT rotskywiistmh oeuxta mintihnelg e gaocfyt he 19f2a0c'tsfii gohnwt a s
Stat theS chachtmatnriatdei tainodin t "sb ureauccroaltliecc tainvailsyts"i s.
o Thei1r9 40v'esr siaotln e asste,ea sw orld-conqduyenraimnigfs omSr t a­
Ohi lini2s0sm o,cialriisvmta'osls u cceceadp itafloiarsn me pocwhh,i chhi story
y [ hasm orer ecensthloyw tno b ef alsFeo.rt heS chachtmacnriittei que,
d b moreovtehrew, h oleem phasiisps l acoendt heq uestoifo" nd emocracy",
de whicfho trh emi se ssenteivaelrlyyt hSioncgi.a liises fmf ectciovnecleyi ved
a
o as" democrcaotlilce ctisvoii tsasmb "s,e nacned,t haeb senocfte h seu rface
wnl ofc apitafloirsmmms u,s bte " bureauccroaltliecc tiIvnoi tshmew"ro. rds,
Do thitsr adition's wholew idtiShst aagrleienaminesdntm th eTnr otskyism
revolavreodu ntdh fea ctth awth ahta ppenienRd u ssaiftae 1r9 1o7r 1 921
wasa nti-demoOcfrc aotuircts.he a wta st remendoiumsployr tbauntti ,t s
influeinstc ote a ciatclcye tphtwe h ol"el ionfec ontinuity'' through Trotsky
andT rotskyL'esn iann,di gnorteh ien siogfhB tu kharainndh ipsr ediction
aboutth set atIeno. t hewro rdtsh,we h ole pers(ptehcSetc ihvaec htmanite
tradiitsid oene polbyl ivitoot uhsMe a rxiacnr itioqfpu oel iteiccoanlo my)
revolavreodu ntdh ec ounterpobsuirteiaounc racy/deamnodtc hrearcye -
79
AmadeBoo rdiga
forlei,k Ter otsskym,u ggledi na w holneo tioofn" tasokfst "h eb ourgeois
revolutthiaohtna dc repitn tSoe conandd ThirIdn ternatMiaornxiaslm .
ExcepfotBr o rdingoao ,n ei nt haen ti-Stalinist lreeftcv iotlteuhdte i onary
dritvoe" devetlhopepr oductivet hfeomrsceealsvs"pe rso otfh atth Seo viet
Uniowna sn oatw orkesrtsa'ot fse o mkei nwdi;t thhe T rotskyoifcs otusr,s e,
itt'hsde e finitipvreo oifnt, h fe ramewoorfnk a tiaolnizatainodpn lsa nning,
4 thaitit s .
1
0
2
er ButB ordiagdad eedv emno reE.n gineetrh ahtew asB,o rdidgisap layae d
b
m kinodf t heoretriicgiadliw thyi cwha sb otehx asperaatniden ffge ctiinv e
ce allowinhimg tos eet hindgsi ffereHnet elsys.e ntbieallilye tvheadtt h e
e
D "communpirsotgr amh"a db eesn edto wn oncaen df oarl bly M arxa nd
08 Engeilns1 847i nt hMea nifeasntdo confirnrt mhefedo llowyienabgry t he·
24 appearaonfct eh ec ommunicsutr reinntt h eF rencahn do thewro rkers'
0: movemenHtes e.s senttihaolulgyth htaM ta rxa ndE ngehlasd w orkeodu t
1
at an" invarmieatnhto"d olaongdty h a"ti nnovawteorraesl "w aysso oneorr
s] latcelre,v beoru rgeois phointl hireso taitdnoB e esr nsteionrsi osmme thing
e
ari likteh aBtu.t tthoiusc hsitnagn odnp rincispeldteo sw ni n1 84l8ehimd to
br astoundcionngc lusaiboonuast w holdei mensoifot nh eM arxisttr adition
y Li thaotn,c eag aihna,sl argbeeleynl osBto.r dibgeal ietvheadet v erything
ersit i1m8p82o31Tr. othw aaindtMtb :a e rexsn'a si adbc oourttrh eResu wpsiostntihdqha auPenneo cspetub ilyoiiM nsnat t hrsex1 'd8se7 a0tt'ihhsne ,
v
ni twoc ubimce teorfsn oteosnR ussiaagrni culthuelr eefta th idse at(hh e
U
e didnfi'nti sCha pibteacla uisnet hel asdte cadoef h isli feh eb ecame
at fascinabtyte hdae gr ariqaune stiRouns siinaa n)dt, h vea rionueswp refaces
St
o tot heM anifeasntdoo thewrr itifnrgostm h e1 878-1p8e8r3i tohda rte ­
hi flechist eidn volvewmietnRhtu ssi(aH.eh ade vecno nceatlheeed x teonft
O
y [ thifsr oEmn gelwsh,ob ecamfeu riowuhse nh er ealitzheadwt o rokn t he
b Russi3aune stihoandb eent her earle asofno rt he incomploeft eness
ed Capiit Tahlei mporttahnitn fgosBr o rdiwgear Mea rx'dsi scovoeftr hye
d
oa Russicaonm munaen,dt hbee liMeafr xe ntertabientewde 1e8n7 a8n d1 881
nl thaotn t heb asoifst hec ommunReu ssmiiag hlti tersaklitlphy ec apitalist
w
o phasoef hismtioghrtey v,e dno s oi nt haeb senocfae r evoluitnti hoWene st,
D
andt hatth ep easanptrsi,ot rot hec apitaliozfaa grtiicounl tmuirgehb,te
centtraotl h ep rocess.wr oMtaer( xit nh ef amoulse ttteoVr e rZaa sulich)
tha"tIR fu ssfioal ltohwpesa tthh aittt o oakf te1r8 6i1tw ilmli stsh gree atest
chancteol eaopv earl tlh ef ataallt ernatoiftv heesc apitarleigismtet hat
histhoarsey v eorf ferteoad p eoplLei.ka el olt hecro untriitwe islh,la vteo
23
submtiott hei nexoralbalwsoe f t hastys tem."Byh idse atMha,r xh ad
decidtehdaR tu sshiaad m isstehdce h ancaen,dt oltdh Reu ssiPaonp ulists
80
Criti2q3u e
soF.o rB orditghape,r ecedqiunogtw ea st he Marxisto nlt ehg"eaR cyu sns ia
questiaonnd"" ,t hweh olbel oodpyr oceosfsc apitaalcicsutm ulatai on"
prophefuclyf ilblyeS dt alTihni.ws h olsei doefM arx'rse lattioRo uns sia
largselliyp piendtd ou stayr chiavnedfs o otnoftoe8rs0 o r90 yeartsh,o ugh
iht asb eerne viveind r eceyneta rsfi gbuyr seusc ahs J acquCeasm atatned
24
TeodoSrh anin.
4
01 Onecan hardployr trBaoyr dihgoan eswtiltyh omuetn tionhiinasgt titude
2
er towardde mocraHcey p.r ouddleyf mehdi mseals"f a nti-demoacnrda tic"
b beliehviemds ealtof n ew itMha rxa ndE ngelosnt hi(sI.tr se lattioto hne
m
e agrariqaune stwiiolbnle comcel eaBro.r)d ighao'sst itloiwtaydr edm ocracy
c
De hadn othitnodg o w itSht alignainsgts teIrnidseme.hd e,s awf asciasnmd,
8 Stalinaisst mh ec ulminaotfib oonu rgedoeimso cra25c Dye!mocratcoy
0
4 Bordimgeaa natb ovet hamela ln ipulaotfsi oocni aesta yf ormlmeassssT .o
2
0: thihsec ounterptohs"ee ddi ctatoorfts hhpeir po letairmipalte"m,e nbtye d
1
at thceo mmunipsatrt y foinu 1n8d4eb7da ,s eodnt hper inciapnldpe rso gram
s] enunciaitnte hdem anifesHteo o.ft enr efertroet dh es piroifEt n gels'
arie remartkh a"to nt hee veo ft hre evoluatlitloh nfe o rcoefrs e actwililo bne
br amassaegda inussut n der the obf'a pnunredere mocracy'("A.si ,n deed,
Li everfya ctioopnpaoln eonftt h Beo lsheinv i1k9s2f 1r otmh meo narchtios ts
sity thea narchciasltlsfe od"r s oviewtist hoBuotl sheviBkosr"d.ia)gb as olutely
er oppostehdei deoaf r evoluticoonnatrebyne ti ntgh ep roduocfta demo­
v
ni cratpirco ceosfps l uravliieswwtsh ;a teivtepsrr obleimnls i,g ohftt h hei story
U oft hpea s7t0y eartsh,ip se rspectitvheme ehraiostfu nderscotrhifena gc t
e
at thacto mmuni(slmi aklesl o cifaolr matiiosan bso)v ael alb ouptr ogram­
St maticco nteenxtp restsherdo ufgohr msI.tu ndersctohrefe asc tth afto r
o
hi Marx, communiissnm o atn i detaolb ea chiebvueatd" real movement" born
O 26
from otlhdes ociewtiyta h s eotf p rogrammattaisck sI.nt hNe ewL eft
by [ atmosphoefrt eh e1 960i'nsw ,h ic"he conomqiuce stiwoenrse" virtually
d assumteodh avbee eonb viabtyet dh "ea fflsuoecnite tthyde"e ,b arteev olved
e
d
a arountdh ae lmoesxtc lusciovuen terpobsuirteiaounc racy/demaoncdr acy,
o 27
nl "foromfso rganiioznat"I,eaditnoag m ethodolofgiocramla ltihsamwt a s
w
o ofl itutsleweh ena,f t1e9r7 w3o,r ledc onomcirci sis cahlatlnh greeu dl oefs
D
struggIlnea .n othceorn teBxotr,d iwghae,np ressteoid d enttihfyce a pitalist
claisnsh iRsu ssicaanp italsiasitmdh, ai tte xisteidnt hei ntersotfit chees
Russieacno nomays,a clasisnf ormatioFno.rhim , thei deoaf " state
capitalwiassnm o"n -senbseiccaaults hee sctoautloedn lbye a m ediufmo r
thei nteroefsa tc sl asfso;"r t hset atteod" o,a nythliinkgee s tabalm iosdhe
ofp roductwiaosan n a bandonmoefnM ta rxismF.o rB orditghae,S oviet
28
Uniowna sa s ociientt yra nsittiooc na pitalism.
81
AmadeoB ordiga
Thicsr itioqffu oer malaigsamih na dp olitciocnasle quenItcw easst. i etdo
Bordignao'tsi oofnt her oloef t hec ommunipsatr tByo.r dirgeas olutely
oppostehdCe o mintetrnurn' st ot hrei gihnt1 921a;sG enerSaelc retoafr y
the PCIr,e fuhseet doi mplemtehnte" unitferdo nstt"r atoeftg yh Teh ird
CongresHse. r efuseidn,o thewro rdst,of usteh en ewlfyo rmePdC I,
dominabtey"d B ordigiwsimt"th,h el eftw inogf t heP SIf rowmh icihth ad
4 jusbtr okaewna yB.o rdihgaada c ompletdeilffye rveinetow ft hpea rtfyr om
01 thCeo mintewrnh,i cwha sa dapttiont gh ree volutieobnbaa nrnyo unciend ,
2
r 1921by,t hAen glo-Rustsriaadanegr eemenKtr,o nsttahdietm, p lementa­
e
b tioonft hNeE P,t hbea nnionffg a ctiaonndts h dee feoaftt h Mea rcahc tion
m
e inG ermanFyo.rB orditghaWe,e steErnu ropeCaPns s't ratoeffig gyh ting
c
De thiesb bb ya bsorbai mnags so fl eft-wSioncgiD aelm ocratthsr outghhe
8 "united wfarsao c notm"p lectaep itultaott ihoen peorfic oodu nter-revol­
0
4 utioneabrbhy e s aws ettiinnT.gh iwsa st hneu b hoifcs r itioqfdu eem ocrya.c
2
0: Fori tw asi nt hen ameo f" conquetrhien g mastsheastt"h e C omintern
1
at seemetdob em akinalglk indosfp rogrammactoincc esstiool nesf t-wing
] SociDaelm ocraFtosrB. o rdigpar,o grawm ase verythai gnagt,e -receipt
s
rie notioofnn umbewrass n othiTnhge.r o loef t hpea rtiynt hpee rioofde bb
a
r wast op resetrvhepe r ograamn dt oc arornyt haegi tatiaonndpa rlo paganda
b
Li worpko ssiubnlteti hlen exttu ronft het idneo,tt od iluittwe h ilceh asing
rsity teopt hheceml eoprsowaepoldur lloadftOr hinetecan y s.aae srtc ghtuBe,weo i rttdhhi icgisios nntdcsie spptwuihbtoieanccbc,hala mnylBe eu.at d
e
niv ith ast hmee riotfu nderscoarniontght erru ttohw hicthh Ter otskwyiinsgt
U oft hei nternatiloenfoatpl p osiatnidoi nth se ihrasv bee ebnl inwdh:e nt he
e
at "maspsa"r ties Rouustsssiiwada el loSwtealdi niwshmo lient hmei d-1920's,
St thef oundathiaodnb se elna ibdy t he1 92t1u rInt.i sh ardnleyc esstaor y
o
hi acceBpotr digaan'tsi -democvriaetwipcot ions te et hihse:c ompletely
O misseadn,dd ismistsheerd o,l oefs oviaentdsw orkecrosu'n ciinRl uss sia,
[
y Germanayn,d I talByu.to nt he" sociolocgoincsaelq"u eonfct ehse1 921
b
d "uniftreodn ftot"rh feu tuorfte h We esteCrnP s-t he"iBro lsheviazfatteiro n"
e
ad 192-4B ordiwgaasr igahntd t hCeo mintewrna sw ronBge.c auhsies tori­
o
nl calltyh,se oc iabla soefm uchp ost-1S9t2a4l inbiasdme ntertehdWe e stern
w 29
CPst hroutghh e" unitferdo ntta"c toif1c 9 21.Bordipgrao vidawe ady o f
o
D
seeian fgu ndamednetgale neraitnti hoewn o rlcdo mmunimsotv emeinnt
192(1i nstoefai dn1 92w7i tthh ed efeoaftT rotswkyi)t hosuitn kiinngt o
meree mptcya lflos"r m ordee mocraTcyh"e.a bstrfaocrtm paelr spective
ofb ureaucracy/dewmiotcwhrh aiccthyh ,Te r otsktyriasdti ttrieoant thsi s
crucpiearli iondC omintehrins tobreyc,a msee paraftreodam n yp rogram­
matic contentt.h rBoourgdhhioigulsati fcea llheidm sealL fe ninainsdt
nevepro lemicaigzaeidLn esnt idni recbtulthy i,s todtiaflfleyar pepnrte ci-
82