Allium crop science : recent advances

540 Pages·2002·26.354 MB·English

by  Haim D Rabinowitch, Lesley Currah

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Allium Crop Science: Recent Advances
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Haim D. Rabinowitch would like to dedicate this book to the memory of his mother, Sara
Rabinowitch.
Lesley Currah dedicates this book to the memory of Allan Jackson (Wye College staff,
1946–1973), an inspiring teacher of Vegetable Science for many generations of students.
To my wife Shoshie
HDR
To my husband Ian
LC
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Allium Crop Science:
Recent Advances
Edited by
H.D. Rabinowitch
Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environment Quality Sciences
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Israel
and
L. Currah
Currah Consultancy
Stratford-upon-Avon
UK
CABI Publishing
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CABI Publishingis a division of CAB International
CABI Publishing CABI Publishing
CAB International 10 E 40th Street
Wallingford Suite 3203
Oxon OX10 8DE New York, NY 10016
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Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]
Web site: www.cabi-publishing.org
© CAB International2002. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced
in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or
otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Allium crop science:recent advances/edited by H.D. Rabinowitch and L. Currah.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. ).
ISBN 0-85199-510-1 (alk. paper)
1. Allium I. Rabinowitch, Haim D. II. Currah, Lesley
SB413.A45 A44 2002
635(cid:2).25--dc21
2002025904
ISBN 0 85199 510 1
Typeset by ColumnsDesign Ltd, Reading.
Printed and bound in the UK by Biddles Ltd, Guildford and King’s Lynn.
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Contents
Contributors vii
Abbreviations ix
Introduction 1
1. Evolution, Domestication and Taxonomy 5
R.M. Fritsch and N. Friesen
2. Florogenesis 31
R. Kamenetsky and H.D. Rabinowitch
3. Genome Organization in Allium 59
M.J. Havey
4. Exploitation of Wild Relatives for the Breeding of Cultivated AlliumSpecies 81
C. Kik
5. Diversity, Fertility and Seed Production of Garlic 101
T. Etoh and P.W. Simon
6. Genetic Transformation of Onions 119
C.C. Eady
7. Doubled-haploid Onions 145
B. Bohanec
8. Molecular Markers in Allium 159
M. Klaas and N. Friesen
9. Agronomy of Onions 187
A.-D. Bosch Serra and L. Currah
10. Onion Pre- and Postharvest Considerations 233
I.R. Gubb and H.S. MacTavish
11. Bacterial Diseases of Onion 267
G.L. Mark, R.D. Gitaitis and J.W. Lorbeer
12. Monitoring and Forecasting for Disease and Insect Attack in Onions and 293
Allium Crops Within IPM Strategies
J.W. Lorbeer, T.P. Kuhar and M.P. Hoffmann
13. Virus Diseases in Garlic and the Propagation of Virus-free Plants 311
R. Salomon
14. Sulphur Compounds in Alliums in Relation to Flavour Quality 329
W.M. Randle and J.E. Lancaster
v
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vi Contents
15. Health and Alliums 357
M. Keusgen
16. Onions in the Tropics: Cultivars and Country Reports 379
L. Currah
17. Shallot (Allium cepa, Aggregatum Group) 409
H.D. Rabinowitch and R. Kamenetsky
18. Leek: Advances in Agronomy and Breeding 431
H. De Clercq and E. Van Bockstaele
19. Ornamental Alliums 459
R. Kamenetsky and R.M. Fritsch
Index 493
The colour section can be found following page 4.
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Contributors
B. Bohanec, Biotechnical Faculty, Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Breeding, University
of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
A.-D. Bosch Serra, Departament de Medi Ambient i Ciències del Sòl, Universitat de Lleida,
Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 177, E-25198 Lleida, Spain
L. Currah, Currah Consultancy, 14 Eton Road, Stratford-upon-Avon CV37 7EJ, UK
H. De Clercq, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding (DvP), Centre for Agricultural
Research-Ghent (CLO-Gent), Caritasstraat 21, 9090 Melle, Belgium
C.C. Eady, New Zealand Institute for Crop & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 4704,
Christchurch, New Zealand
T. Etoh, Laboratory of Vegetable Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University,
21–24 Korimoto 1, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
N. Friesen, Botanical Garden of the University of Osnabrück, Albrechtstraße 29, D-49076,
Osnabrück, Germany
R.M. Fritsch, Institut für Pflanzengenetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, D-06466
Gatersleben, Germany
R.D. Gitaitis, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Georgia, Coastal Plain
Experiment Station, Tifton, GA 31793-0748, USA
I.R. Gubb, Fresh Produce Consultancy, Mulberry Lodge, Culmstock, Cullompton, Devon
EX15 3JB, UK
M.J. Havey, Agricultural Research Service – USDA, Department of Horticulture, 1575
Linden Drive, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
M.P. Hoffmann, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
R. Kamenetsky, Department of Ornamental Horticulture, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan
50250, Israel
M. Keusgen, Institute for Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, Nußallee 6, D-53115
Bonn, Germany
C. Kik, Plant Research International, Wageningen University and Research Center, PO Box
16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
M. Klaas, Gotthard Müller Straße 57, D-70794 Filderstadt-Bernhausen, Germany
T.P. Kuhar, Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
J.E. Lancaster, AgriFood Solutions Ltd., Voss Road, RD4, Christchurch, New Zealand
J.W. Lorbeer, Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
H.S. MacTavish, ADAS Arthur Rickwood, Mepal, Ely CB6 2AB, UK
vii
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viii Contributors
G.L. Mark, Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
H.D. Rabinowitch, Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew
University of Jerusalem, Faculty of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Quality
Sciences, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
W.M. Randle, Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, 1111 Plant Sciences
Building, Athens, GA 30602-7273, USA
R. Salomon, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Department of
Virology, PO Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
P.W. Simon, USDA/ARS, Department of Horticulture, 1575 Linden Drive, University of
Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
E. Van Bockstaele, Department of Plant Genetics and Breeding (DvP), Centre for
Agricultural Research-Ghent (CLO-Gent), Caritasstraat 21, 9090 Melle, Belgium
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Abbreviations
A Azotobacter
ABA Abscisic acid
ACSO S-alk(en)yl-L-cysteine sulphoxide
ADP Adenosine diphosphate
AFLP Amplified fragment length polymorphism
6-AG 6-Azoguanine
AMP Adenosine monophosphate
AP Ammonium phosphate
API Analytical profile index
APS Adenosine phosphosulphate
Asn Asparagine
AT Adenine–thymine (base pair)
ATP Adenosine triphosphate
AVRDC Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (Taiwan)
BAP Benzylaminopurine
BLASTN Software used for sequence resemblance analysis
BLASTP Software used for sequence resemblance analysis
bp Base pair
BSA Bulked segregant analysis
Bt Bacillus thuringiensis
CA Controlled-atmosphere (storage)
cAMP Cyclic AMP
CAPS Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence
CDL Critical disease level
cDNA Complementary DNA
CI Consistency index
cM Centimorgan
CMS Cytoplasmic male sterility
CoA Coenzyme A
CP Coat protein
cpDNA Chloroplast DNA
CPE Cumulative Class A pan evaporation
CULTAN Controlled-uptake long-term ammonia nutrition
2,4-D 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
Da Dalton
ix
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x Abbreviations
DCPA Dimethyl-2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate
DD Day-degrees/degree-days
DH Doubled haploid
DM Dry matter
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
DP Degree of polymerization
DRIS Diagnosis and recommendation integrated system
dS Decisiemens
EBDC Ethylene bis-dithiocarbamate
EC Electrical conductivity
ELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
EM Electron microscope
EMB Eosin methylene blue
EMBL European Molecular Biology Laboratory
EPSPS 5-Enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase
EPY Enzymatically determined pyruvic acid
EST Esterase
ETc Crop evapotranspiration
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FFT Fructan:fructan-fructosyl transferase
FISH Fluorescent in situhybridization
5-FU 5 Fluorouracil
FYM Farmyard manure
GA, GA Gibberellic acid
3
GAL Galactosidase
Gar V Garlic virus V
GC Guanine–cytosine (base pair)
GCLV Garlic common latent virus
GFP Green fluorescent protein
GISH Genomic in situhybridization
GLV Garlic latent virus
GM Genetically modified
GMS Genic male sterility
GMV Garlic mosaic virus
Gna Galanthus nivalis(snowdrop) agglutinin
GPS Global positioning (satellite) system
GV2 Garlic virus 2
GVA Garlic virus A
GVC Garlic virus C
HMG-CoA Hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A (reductase)
HPLC High-performance liquid chromatography
IBA Indolebutyric acid
ICM Integrated crop management
IC-RT-PCR Immunocapture-reverse transcriptase PCR
ID Intermediate-day (type onion)
IEF Isoelectric focusing
IGS Intergenic spacer
IIHR Indian Institute of Horticultural Research
INRA Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (France)
INTA Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (Argentina)
2iP N-6-(2-isopentenyl)-adenine
IPA Empresa Pernambucana de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Brazil)
IPM Integrated pest management
IS Insertion sequence
ITS Intergenic transcribed spacer or Internal transcribed spacer