Affective information processing and anxiety : attentional bias and short-lead interval startle modification

2005·6.9 MB·English

by  Duley, Aaron R

AFFECTIVEINFORMATIONPROCESSING
ANDANXIETY:ATTENTIONALBIASAND
SHORT-LEADINTERVALSTARTLEMODIFICATION
By
AARONR.DULEY
ADISSERTATIONPRESENTEDTOTHEGRADUATESCHOOL
OFTHEUNIVERSITYOFFLORIDAINPARTIALFULFILLMENT
OFTHEREQUIREMENTSFORTHEDEGREEOF
DOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY
UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDA
2005
Copyright2005
by
AaronR.Duley
ForSusie,Monty,&Dozer.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Mysincerestappreciationgoesouttonumerousindividualsthathavesupported
myeffortstocompletemydoctoralstudiesandthisdissertation.Iwouldliketofirst
thankDr.ChristopherJanelleforhisencouragement,willingadvice,andsupreme
mentorshipthroughoutmyacademictenure.Iwouldalsoliketothankmycommittee
members,Drs.JamesCauraughandHeatherHausenblas,fortheirtime,assistance,and
eagersupport.Also,aspecialthankstomyexternalcommitteemember.Dr.Margaret
Bradley,forherassistancewiththisproject.
Icouldnothavecompletedthisdissertationwithouttheloveandsupportofmy
wifeanddearestfriendSusie,whohasbeenfartoomanythingswonderfultoarticulatein
apage.Itrulyamblessedtohaveherasmywifeandbiggestcheerleader.Tomyfamily
andfriends,Icannotthankyouenoughforyourencouragementandunwaveringsupport.
TomycolleagueSteveCoombes,Iappreciateandhavebenefitedagreatdeal
academicallyandpersonallyfromourmanybanteringaboutscience,computers,and
code-getin!ToCurtisWeldon,whoIamforeverindebtedforhistechnological
expertiseandwillingnesstofuelmyinterestinmanyareasIwouldneverhadthe
—
opportunitytoexplorewithouthisinvolvementinthedepartment Isincerelythank
you.
Further,thereareanumberofgraduatestudents,undergraduateassistants,and
colleaguesthathavebeeninspirational,hard-working,andhavewillinglycopedwithmy
insanityformanyyears(innoparticularorder):Dr.CharlesHillman,Dr.DavidConroy,
IV
CaitlinDuffy,DerekMann,MelanieMousseau,RobBarnes,JessicaPassero,Lindsay
McManus,Dr.BethFallon,Dr.AmyHagen,MikePasvantis,LisetteDavidson,Alex
Scovil,Dr.PaulWard,Dr.RobHorn,Shivaugn,Adrian,SarahDay.
Iwouldalsoliketothankfullyacknowledgethefollowingexcellentdepartment
andCenterstaffwho’s’professionalismandskillhasmademygraduatelifealittle
easier:LoriGibbs,SusieWeldon,JamesMilford,DianeWilliams,KimHatch,Louise
Perras.
V
TABLEOFCONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IV
LISTOFTABLES IX
LISTOFFIGURES X
ABSTRACT XII
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION I
AnxietySubtypes 2
AnxietyandAttentionalBiastoThreat 3
StartleEyeblinkModificationandAttentionalBias 5
TheStartleReflex 5
Startlestimulusparameters 6
Electrodeplacement 7
Signalacquisition,conditioning,andprocessingguidelines 8
Responsedefinitionandscoring 9
Primaiyacousticstartlecircuit 10
ModificationoftheStartleEyeblinkReflex 10
PrepulseInhibition 12
Protectionofprocessing 13
Sensorimotorgating 14
Automaticandcontrolledattentionalprocessing 15
PrepulseFacilitation 16
ApplicationofStartleModificationtoExamineAnxiety 16
ApplicationofStartleModificationtoExamineAttentionalBias 17
Limitations 18
ExperimentalObjectives,Description,andHypotheses 19
Hypotheses 20
2 REVIEWOFATTENTIONALBIASESLITERATURE:CONCEPTUAL
FRAMEWORK.METHODOLOGY,ANDTHEORETICALACCOUNTS 21
TimingIsEverything 21
OverviewofAttention 30
SelectiveAttention 30
VI
It’saparty 31
Earlyfiltermodelsofselectiveattention 31
ResourceTheories 36
Singleresourceviews 36
Multiple-resourceviews 39
Visualattention 40
MetaphorsofVisualAttention 43
VisualAttentionParadigmsandFeatureIntegrationTheory 45
Feature-IntegrationTheory 47
Locationcueingparadigms 49
Summary 51
ReviewofCognitiveAccountsofAnxiety:MethodologicalConsiderations 52
StroopParadigm 52
Dot-ProbeParadigm 57
VisualSearchTasks 59
ExogenousCueingandInhibitionofReturnTasks 67
TheoreticalAccountsofAnxietyandCorrespondingModels .70
BiasedAttentionalDirectionAccount 71
ConnectionistsNetworksinAnxiety 72
StrategicMonitoringforThreatAccount 75
Cognitive-Motivational(VigilancetoThreat)Account 78
EnhancedDwell-Time(DifficultytoDisengage) 80
EvolutionaryPreparednessAccount 83
DiphasicTheoryandNaturalSelectiveAttention 85
SummaryofTheoriesandDiscussion 89
3 STARTLEEYEBLINKMODIFICATIONANDANXIETY:SHORTLEAD
INTERVALSTARTLEINDEXESEARLYAFFECTIVEPROCESSINGOF
LEXICALSTIMULI 93
Method 93
Participants 93
Materials,Apparatus,andProcedure 94
State-TraitAnxietyInventory 94
PositiveAffect-NegativeAffectSchedule 95
Leadstimuli 95
Apparatus 98
PhysiologicalDataCollectionandReduction 98
Procedure 100
4 RESULTS 104
MultivariateTests 104
BlinkMagnitudeUnivariateTests 107
OnsetLatencyUnivariateTests 109
vii
1
5 DISCUSSION 111
InstrumentationDiagnostics 113
Limitations 118
DirectionsforFutureResearch,Summary,andConclusions 11
APPENDIX
A INSTITUTIONALREVIEWBOARDAPPROVAL 122
B INFORMEDCONSENT 123
C POWERCALCULATIONFORMULTI-FACTORMIXEDDESIGNS 126
LISTOFREFERENCES 128
BIOGRAPHICALSKETCH 146
viii
3- LISTOFTABLES
4-
Table
3-1.Participantcharacteristicslistedbygroup 94
2.Thetablepresentsaprototypicaltrialblock 102
1.QuestionnairecomparisonsbyGroup 105
4-2.Meansandstandarddeviationsforstartleeyeblinkresponseprobabilitieslistedby
GroupandLeadIntervalasafunctionofWordCategory 106
4-3.Meansandstandarddeviationsforstartleeyeblinkresponsemagnitudelistedby
GroupandLeadIntervalasafunctionofWordCategory 106
4-4.MeansandstandarderrorsforstartleblinkmagnitudevalueslistedbyLeadInterval
andCategoryadjustedbyStateAnxiety 109
IX
LISTOFFIGURES
Figure
11--1.Prevalenceratesofcommonanxietydisorders.Percentagesreflectdatabasedon
2- UnitedStatesCensusresidentpopulationestimateof143.3million,age18to54...1
1-2.RawblinkEMGwaveformandthetransformationateachprocessingstepusingthe
recommendedprocedurebyVanBoxtelandBlumenthal(2003) 8
1-3.Commontermsusedinstartlemodificationresearch 11
4.Majordivisionsofstartleeyeblinkmodificationparadigms 12
1.TheEvaluativeSpaceModel(depicted)isusefultoillustratehowvariouslocal
conditionsmayinfluencethedispositionalattributesofanorganism 26
2-2.TheDefenseCascadeModelbyLang,Bradley,&Cuthbert(1997) 29
2-3.Broadbent’information-processingmodelofselectiveattention 33
2-4.Norman’spertinencemodelofattentionalselection 35
2-5.Kahneman’sresourcemodelofattention 37
2-6.HypotheticalPOCcurve 38
2-7.Athree-dimensionalillustrationofWickens’MultipleResourceTheory 40
2-8.Showsscanpathandfixationsfortwoimagesbyasingleparticipant 44
2-9.Exampleofsimplevisualsearchtask 46
2-10.Feature-integrationmodelbyTreisman&Gormican(1988) 48
2-11.Originalcost/benefitparadigmusedinPosneretal.(1978) 51
2-12.VariantsoftheStrooptask.A)TraditionalStroop,B)EmotionalStroop,C)
DirectionalandEmotionalCountingStroop 54
2-14.FacialstimuliusedbyOhmanetal.(2001a) 62
x