Table Of ContentTEAM LinG
Advances in Mobile
Radio Access Networks
TEAM LinG
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TEAM LinG
Advances in Mobile
Radio Access Networks
Y. Jay Guo
Artech House
Boston • London
www.artechhouse.com
TEAM LinG
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Guo, Y. Jay
Advances in mobile radio access networks—(Artech House mobile communications library)
1. Mobile communications systems
I. Title
621.3’845
ISBN 1-58053-727-8
Cover design by Yekaterina Ratner
© 2004 ARTECH HOUSE, INC.
685 Canton Street
Norwood, MA 02062
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appropriatelycapitalized.ArtechHousecannotattesttotheaccuracyofthisinformation.Useof
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mark.
International Standard Book Number: 1-58053-727-8
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Contents
Acknowledgments ix
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Future Evolution of Mobile Radio Access Networks 2
1.2 Outline of the Book 5
References 10
Chapter 2 Emerging Radio Technologies 11
2.1 Linearized Transmitters 12
2.2 Superconducting Filters and Cryogenic Receiver Front End 14
2.2.1 Superconducting Filters 15
2.2.2 Cryogenic Receiver Front End 17
2.2.3 Application in CDMA Systems 17
2.3 Remote Radio Head and Radio over Fiber 18
2.4 Software Radio Base Stations 22
2.4.1 Hardware Architecture 23
2.4.2 Software Architecture 26
2.5 Concluding Remarks 29
References 30
Chapter 3 Mobile Terminal Positioning 33
3.1 Overview of Positioning Techniques 34
3.1.1 Cell ID 34
3.1.2 Angle of Arrival Measurement 35
3.1.3 Time of Arrival Measurement 36
3.1.4 Time Difference of Arrival Measurement 36
3.1.5 Assisted GPS 38
3.2 Positioning Techniques in UTRAN 40
3.2.1 Assisted GPS 40
3.2.2 OTDOA 41
3.2.3 Hearability Problem and Countermeasures 43
3.2.4 Uplink TDOA 47
3.3 UTRAN LCS Architecture 48
3.3.1 LCS Operations 48
3.3.2 Location Measurement Unit 49
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3.3.3 Functions of Terminals 52
3.3.4 Stand-Alone SMLC 52
3.4 Concluding Remarks 52
References 53
Appendix 3A: OTDOA Using Circular Variant 54
Chapter 4 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 57
4.1 Fundamental Principles 58
4.1.1 Adaptive Modulation and Coding 58
4.1.2 Hybrid ARQ 60
4.1.3 Fast Scheduler 66
4.2 HS-DSCH and Associated Channels 69
4.2.1 Coding for HS-DSCH Data Block 73
4.2.2 HS-SCCH 76
4.2.3 Channel Coding for HS-DPCCH 77
4.3 MAC-hs 78
4.3.1 Scheduler 81
4.3.2 HARQ Unit 81
4.3.3 Interworking within MAC-hs 82
4.4 Radio Resource Management 82
4.5 Mobility Procedures 84
4.5.1 Intranode B Serving HS-DSCH Cell Change 85
4.5.2 Internode B Serving HS-DSCH Cell Change 87
4.6 HSDPA Impact on Mobile Terminals 89
4.6.1 Terminal Operation 89
4.6.2 Buffering Complexity 93
4.6.3 Signal Processing Required 93
4.7 HSDPA Protocol Architecture 95
4.8 HSDPA Deployment 96
4.9 Concluding Remarks 98
References 99
Chapter 5 Multiple Antennas 101
5.1 Smart Antennas 102
5.1.1 RF Beamforming: Adaptive Sectorization 103
5.1.2 Adaptive Digital Beamforming 107
5.1.3 Antenna Configuration 121
5.1.4 Practical Issues 124
5.2 Transmit Diversity Antennas 126
5.2.1 Space Time Block Coding 127
5.2.2 Space Time Transmit Diversity 129
5.2.3 Comparison of Smart Antennas and Transmit Diversity 130
5.3 Multiple Input Multiple Output Systems 131
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Contents vii
5.4 Concluding Remarks 135
References 136
Appendix 5A: Proof of the Convergence of IBS 138
Chapter 6 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Systems 141
6.1 Multipath and OFDM 141
6.2 Basic OFDM Transmitters and Receivers 144
6.3 Practical Issues 146
6.3.1 Peak-to-Average Power Ratio 147
6.3.2 Guard Interval 149
6.3.3 Frequency Offset 150
6.3.4 Phase Noise 151
6.4 OFDM/IOTA 151
6.5 OFDMA for Mobile Radio Access Systems 156
6.5.1 IEEE 802 Systems 156
6.5.2 NTT DoCoMo’s 4G System 158
6.5.3 OFDM/IOTA for HSDPA in UTRAN 159
6.6 Concluding Remarks 161
References 162
Chapter 7 RAN Architecture Evolution 163
7.1 Mobile IP 164
7.2 Fast Handover in Mobile IPv6 167
7.2.1 Fast Handover Protocol 168
7.2.2 Three-Party Handover 171
7.3 HMIPv6 171
7.3.1 Mobile Node Operation 175
7.3.2 MAP Operations 175
7.4 IP Transport in UTRAN 176
7.5 IP in UMTS Core Networks 177
7.5.1 UTRA Core Network 177
7.5.2 CDMA2000 1x Core Network 180
7.6 IP-Based RAN 180
7.6.1 Architecture Changes 181
7.6.2 Potential Benefits of the IP-Based RAN 183
7.7 Industrial Proposals 185
7.8 Software-Defined Network Node (SDNN) 188
7.9 Concluding Remarks 190
References 190
Chapter 8 Autonomic Networks 193
8.1 O&M of Mobile Radio Networks 194
8.1.1 Configuration Management 194
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8.1.2 Performance Management 194
8.1.3 Fault Management 195
8.1.4 State Management 196
8.1.5 Software Management 197
8.1.6 Inventory Management 197
8.1.7 Security Management 197
8.1.8 3GPP Architecture of Network Management 197
8.2 Fundamentals of Autonomic Networks 200
8.3 Self-Optimization 200
8.4 Fault Management and Self-Healing 203
8.5 Application of Artificial Intelligence 205
8.5.1 Alarm Filtering and Correlation 206
8.5.2 Neural Networks for Alarm Correlation 206
8.5.3 Bayesian Belief Networks for Alarm Correlation 207
8.5.4 Fault Identification with Cased-Based Reasoning 210
8.6 A Hybrid AI Approach to Self-Healing Networks 211
8.7 Distributed Network Management 213
8.8 Simple Network Management Protocol 216
8.9 Concluding Remarks 219
References 219
Chapter 9 Ubiquitous Networks 221
9.1 Requirement on the Network 222
9.2 The Convergence of Mobile Networks 223
9.2.1 The 3G Path 224
9.2.2 The IEEE 802 Path 227
9.3 Concluding Remarks 234
References 235
About the Author 237
Index 239
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Acknowledgments
I would like to thank Mobisphere Ltd. for giving me the privilege to work in the
forefront of mobile communications technology, together with 3G industry leaders
Siemens and NEC. I would like to express my gratitude to the following R&D
leaders and experts for the valuable discussions I had with them on many of the
topics presented in the book: Dr. H. Dressler, Dr. N. Endo, Mr. L. Travaglini, Dr.
J. Sokat, Dr. M. Schwab, Dr. W. Mohr, Dr. J. Schindler, Dr. M. Kottkamp, Dr. A.
Seeger, Dr. M. Breitbach, Mr. M. Wiesen, Dr. H. Kroener, Dr. G. Schnabl, Dr. A.
Splett, Dr. J. Mayer, Mr. T. Shimizu, Mr. T. Sato, Mr. K. Tsuji, Mr. K. Tanoue,
Dr. Ng Cheng Hock, Dr. G. Hertel, and Mr. H. Singh. It should be pointed out,
however, that the material presented in the book represents only my view, not that
of any of the three companies.
I am also grateful to some of my former colleagues with whom I worked at
Fujitsu on advanced 3G base stations: Mr. S. Vadgama, Mr. Fukuda, Mr. M.
Shearme, Dr. M. Davies, Mr. M. Zarri, and Mr. Y. Tanaka. Further, I am indebted
to some leading academics whose insight I have benefited from: Professor S. K.
Barton, University of Manchester, England; Professor J. Gardiner, University of
Bradford, England; and Professor L. Hanzo, University of Southampton, England.
I would like to thank Professor F. C. Zheng, Victoria University of Technology,
Australia, for his contribution to Chapter 5. Moreover, on behalf of Professor
Zheng, I would like to thank Mr. J. C. Campbell of Telstra Research Laboratories,
Melbourne, Australia, for his helpful comments on some of the material presented
in Chapter 5. My special thanks go to the anonymous reviewers and Artech House
for their constructive comments and valuable suggestions that I received in the
process of preparing the manuscript.
Last, but not least, I would like to express my gratitude to Clare, Stella, and
Charl Guo for their love, inspiration, understanding, and kind support.
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