Advanced Wireless Communications: 4G Cognitive and Cooperative Broadband Technology, Second Edition

875 Pages·2007·31.068 MB·English

by  Savo G. Glisic(auth.)

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Advanced Wireless
Communications
Advanced Wireless Communications: 4G Cognitive and Cooperative Broadband Technology, Second Edition Savo G. Glisic
© 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-05977-7
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Advanced Wireless
Communications
4G Cognitive and Cooperative
Broadband Technology
Second Edition
Savo G. Glisic
University of Oulu, Finland
iii
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Glisic,SavoG.
Advancedwirelesscommunications:4Gcognitivebroadbandtechnology/SavoG.Glisic,2nded.
p.cm.
ISBN978-0-470-05977-7(cloth)
1.Wirelesscommunicationsystems. I.Title.
TK5103.2.G552007
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2007008848
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Tomyfamily
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Contents
PrefacetotheSecondEdition xxi
1 Fundamentals 1
1.1 4Gandthebooklayout 1
1.2 GeneralStructureof4GSignals 4
1.2.1 Advancedtimedivisionmultipleaccess(ATDMA) 5
1.2.2 Codedivisionmultipleaccess(CDMA) 5
1.2.3 Orthogonalfrequencydivisionmultiplexing(OFDM) 6
1.2.4 MulticarrierCDMA(MCCDMA) 8
1.2.5 Ultrawideband(UWB)signals 11
References 16
2 AdaptiveCoding 21
2.1 Adaptiveandreconfigurableblockcoding 21
2.2 Adaptiveandreconfigurableconvolutionalcodes 26
2.2.1 Puncturedconvolutionalcodes/codereconfigurability 31
2.2.2 Maximumlikelihooddecoding/Viterbialgorithm 32
2.2.3 Systematicrecursiveconvolutionalcodes 33
2.3 Concatenatedcodeswithinterleavers 36
2.3.1 Theiterativedecodingalgorithm 37
2.4 Adaptivecoding,practiceandprospects 43
2.5 Distributedsourcecoding 44
2.5.1 Continuousvaluedsource 46
2.5.2 Scalarquantizationandtrellis-basedcosetconstruction 48
2.5.3 Trellis-basedquantizationandmemoryless 50
2.5.4 Performanceexamples 50
Appendix2.1 Maximumaposterioridetection 53
References 56
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viii CONTENTS
3 AdaptiveandReconfigurableModulation 63
3.1 Codedmodulation 63
3.1.1 Euclideandistance 64
3.1.2 ExamplesofTCMschemes 65
3.1.3 Setpartitioning 68
3.1.4 RepresentationofTCM 70
3.1.5 TCMwithmultidimensionalconstellation 70
3.2 Adaptivecodedmodulationforfadingchannels 72
3.2.1 Maintainingafixeddistance 73
3.2.2 Informationrate 74
References 75
4 Space–TimeCoding 79
4.1 Diversitygain 79
4.1.1 Two-branchtransmitdiversityschemewith
onereceiver 80
4.1.2 TwotransmittersandMreceivers 82
4.2 Space–timecoding 84
4.2.1 Thesystemmodel 84
4.2.2 Thecaseofindependentfadecoefficients 85
4.2.3 Rayleighfading 86
4.2.4 DesigncriteriaforRayleighspace–timecodes 86
4.2.5 Codeconstruction 87
4.2.6 Reconfigurationefficiencyofspace–timecoding 91
4.2.7 Delaydiversity 94
4.3 space–timeblockcodesfromorthogonaldesigns 96
4.3.1 Thechannelmodelandthediversitycriterion 96
4.3.2 Realorthogonaldesigns 97
4.3.3 Space–timeencoder 97
4.3.4 Thediversityorder 97
4.3.5 Thedecodingalgorithm 98
4.3.6 inearprocessingorthogonaldesigns 98
4.3.7 Generalizedrealorthogonaldesigns 99
4.3.8 Encoding 99
4.3.9 TheAlamoutischeme 100
4.3.10 Complexorthogonaldesigns 100
4.3.11 Generalizedcomplexorthogonaldesigns 100
4.3.12 Specialcodes 101
4.3.13 Performanceresults 102
4.4 Channelestimationimperfections 102
4.4.1 Channelestimator 106
4.5 Quasi-orthogonalspace–timeblockcodes 107
4.5.1 Decoding 108
4.5.2 Decisionmetric 108
4.6 Space–timeconvolutionalcodes 109
4.7 Algebraicspace–timecodes 111
4.7.1 Fullspatialdiversity 116
4.7.2 QPSKmodulation 116
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CONTENTS ix
4.8 Differentialspace–timemodulation 116
4.8.1 Theencodingalgorithm 122
4.8.2 Differentialdecoding 123
4.9 Multipletransmitantennadifferentialdetectionfromgeneralized
orthogonaldesigns 125
4.9.1 Differentialencoding 126
4.9.2 Receivedsignal 126
4.9.3 Orthogonality 127
4.9.4 Encoding 127
4.9.5 Differentialdecoding 128
4.9.6 Receivedsignal 129
4.9.7 Demodulation 130
4.9.8 Multiplereceiveantennas 130
4.9.9 Thenumberoftransmitantennaslowerthanthenumber
ofsymbols 130
4.9.10 Finalresult 131
4.9.11 Realconstellationset 131
4.10 Layeredspace–timecoding 133
4.10.1 Receivercomplexity 134
4.10.2 Groupinterferencesuppression 134
4.10.3 Suppressionmethod 134
4.10.4 Thenullspace 134
4.10.5 Receiver 135
4.10.6 Decisionmetric 135
4.10.7 Multilayeredspace–timecodedmodulation 135
4.10.8 Diversitygain 136
4.10.9 Adaptivereconfigurabletransmitpowerallocation 136
4.11 Concatenatedspace–timeblockcoding 140
4.11.1 Systemmodel 140
4.11.2 Productsumdistance 141
4.11.3 Errorratebound 141
4.11.4 ThecaseoflowSNR 142
4.11.5 Codedesign 142
4.12 EstimationofMIMOchannel 145
4.12.1 Systemmodel 146
4.12.2 Training 148
4.12.3 Performancemeasure 148
4.12.4 Definitions 148
4.12.5 Channelestimationerror 148
4.12.6 Errorstatistic 149
4.12.7 Results 149
4.13 Space–timecodesforfrequencyselectivechannels 151
4.13.1 Diversitygainproperties 153
4.13.2 Codinggainproperties 154
4.13.3 Space–timetrelliscodedesign 155
4.14 OptimizationofaMIMOsystem 157
4.14.1 Thechannelmodel 157
4.14.2 Gainoptimizationbysingularvaluedecomposition(SVD) 158
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4.14.3 Thegeneral(M,N)case 159
4.14.4 Gainoptimizationbyiterationforareciprocalchannel 161
4.14.5 Spectralefficiencyofparallelchannels 162
4.14.6 Capacityofthe(M,N)array 163
4.15 MIMOsystemswithconstellationrotation 163
4.15.1 Systemmodel 163
4.15.2 PerformanceinaRayleighfadingchannel 165
4.16 Diagonalalgebraicspace–timeblockcodes 167
4.16.1 Systemmodel 167
4.16.2 TheDASTcodingalgorithm 169
4.16.3 TheDASTdecodingalgorithm 170
Appendix4.1 QRFactorization 173
Appendix4.2 Latticecodedecoderforspace–timecodes 175
Appendix4.3 MIMOchannelcapacity 176
References 180
5 MultiuserCommunication 191
5.1 Pseudorandomsequences 191
5.1.1 Binaryshiftregistersequences 191
5.1.2 Propertiesofbinarymaximallengthsequences 193
5.1.3 Crosscorrelationspectra 193
5.1.4 Maximalconnectedsetsofm-sequences 194
5.1.5 Goldsequences 194
5.1.6 Gold-likeanddual-BCHsequences 195
5.1.7 Kasamisequences 196
5.1.8 JPLsequences 197
5.1.9 Kroneckersequences 197
5.1.10 Walshfunctions 198
5.1.11 OptimumPNsequences 199
5.1.12 Golaycode 199
5.2 MultiuserCDMAreceivers 201
5.2.1 SynchronousCDMAchannels 202
5.2.2 Thedecorrelatingdetector 202
5.2.3 Theoptimumlinearmultiuserdetector 202
5.2.4 MultistagedetectioninasynchronousCDMA[43] 203
5.2.5 Non-coherentdetector 205
5.2.6 Non-coherentdetectioninasynchronousmultiuser
channels[45] 205
5.2.7 Multiuserdetectioninfrequencynon-selectiveRayleigh
fadingchannels 207
5.2.8 MultiuserdetectioninfrequencyselectiveRayleigh
fadingchannels 210
5.3 Minimummeansquareerror(MMSE)linear
multiuserdetection 216
5.3.1 Systemmodelinmultipathfadingchannels 217
5.3.2 MMSEdetectorstructures 220
5.3.3 Spatialprocessing 221
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CONTENTS xi
5.4 SingleuserLMMSEreceiversforfrequencyselective
fadingchannels 225
5.4.1 AdaptiveprecombiningLMMSEreceivers 225
5.4.2 Blindleastsquaresreceivers 230
5.4.3 Leastsquares(LS)receiver 230
5.4.4 Methodbasedonthematrixinversionlemma 231
5.5 Signalsubspace-basedchannelestimationfor
CDMAsystems 232
5.5.1 Estimatingthesignalsubspace 234
5.5.2 Channelestimation 235
5.6 Iterativereceiversforlayeredspace–timecoding 236
5.6.1 LSTarchitectures 237
5.6.2 LSTreceivers 241
5.6.3 QRdecomposition/SICdetecor 242
5.6.4 MMSE/SICdetector 244
5.6.5 IterativeLSTreceivers 246
Appendix5.1 Linearandmatrixalgebra 253
Definitions 253
Specialmatrices 254
Matrixmanipulationandformulas 255
Theorems 257
Eigendecompostionofmatrices 257
Calculationofeigenvaluesandeigenvectors 258
References 259
6 ChannelEstimationandEqualization 269
6.1 Equalizationinthedigitaldatatransmissionsystem 269
6.1.1 Zero-forcingequalizers 269
6.2 LMSequalizer 275
6.2.1 Signalmodel 275
6.2.2 Adaptiveweightadjustment 276
6.2.3 Automaticsystems 276
6.2.4 Iterativealgorithm 277
6.2.5 TheLMSalgorithm 277
6.2.6 Decisionfeedbackequalizer(DFE) 277
6.2.7 Blindequalizers 278
6.3 Detectionforastatisticallyknown,timevaryingchannel 279
6.3.1 Signalmodel 279
6.3.2 Channelmodel 279
6.3.3 Statisticaldescriptionofthereceivedsequence 281
6.3.4 TheMLsequence(block)estimatorforastatistically
knownchannel 281
6.4 LMS-adaptiveMLSEequalizationonmultipath
fadingchannels 284
6.4.1 Systemandchannelmodels 284
6.4.2 AdaptivechannelestimatorandLMSestimatormodel 285
6.4.3 Thechannelpredictionalgorithm 285
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xii CONTENTS
6.5 Adaptivechannelidentificationanddatademodulation 288
6.5.1 Systemmodel 288
6.5.2 Jointchannelanddataestimation 288
6.5.3 Dataestimationandtrackingforafadingchannel 292
6.5.4 Thestaticchannelenvironment 293
6.5.5 Thetimevaryingchannelenvironment 296
6.6 Turboequalization 301
6.6.1 Signalformat 301
6.6.2 Equivalentdiscretetimechannelmodel 302
6.6.3 Equivalentsystemstaterepresentations 302
6.6.4 Turboequalization 302
6.6.5 Viterbialgorithm 303
6.6.6 Iterativeimplementationofturboequalization 304
6.6.7 Performance 304
6.7 KalmanFilterbasedjointchannelestimationanddata
detectionoverfadingchannels 305
6.7.1 Channelmodel 308
6.7.2 Thereceivedsignal 308
6.7.3 Channelestimationalternatives 308
6.7.4 Implementingtheestimator 309
6.7.5 TheKalmanfilter 310
6.7.6 Implementationissues 310
6.8 Equalizationusinghigherordersignalstatistics 311
6.8.1 Problemstatement 311
6.8.2 Signalmodel 313
6.8.3 DerivationofalgorithmsforDFE 313
6.8.4 Theequalizercoefficients 314
6.8.5 StochasticgradientDFEadaptivealgorithms 315
6.8.6 Convergenceanalysis 316
6.8.7 Kurtosis-basedalgorithm 318
6.8.8 Performanceresults 321
References 321
7 OrthogonalFrequencyDivisionMultiplexing—OFDM
andMulticarrierCDMA 329
7.1 TimingandfrequencyoffsetinOFDM 329
7.1.1 Robustfrequencyandtimingsynchronization
forOFDM 331
7.2 FadingchannelestimationforOFDMsystems 334
7.2.1 Statisticsofmobileradiochannels 334
7.2.2 Diversityreceiver 335
7.2.3 MMSEchannelestimation 335
7.2.4 FIRchannelestimator 337
7.2.5 Systemperformance 338
7.2.6 Referencegeneration 339
7.3 64DAPSKand64QAMmodulatedOFDMsignals 339