Advanced fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for structural applications

921 Pages·2013·56.522 MB·English

by  Jiping Bai

Advanced fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for
structural applications
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural Engineering:
Number 46
Advanced fibre-
reinforced polymer
(FRP) composites
for structural
applications
Edited by
Jiping Bai
Oxford Cambridge Philadelphia New Delhi
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited,
80 High Street, Sawston, Cambridge CB22 3HJ, UK
www.woodheadpublishing.com
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ISBN 978-0-85709-418-6 (print)
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ISSN 2052-4714 Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural Engineering (print)
ISSN 2052-4722 Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural Engineering (online)
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© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
Contents
Contributor contact details xv
Woodhead Publishing Series in Civil and Structural
Engineering xix
1 Introduction 1
J. Bai, University of South Wales, UK
1.1 References 3
Part I Materials 5
2 Phenolic resins as a matrix material in advanced
fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites 7
E. Frollini, C. G. Silva and E. C. ramireS, University of São
Paulo, Brazil
2.1 Introduction to phenolic resins 7
2.2 Synthesis of phenolic-type matrices 9
2.3 Phenols, aldehydes and other reagents 13
2.4 Bio-based resins 14
2.5 Composites from phenolic-type matrices 19
2.6 Reinforcements 21
2.7 Interfaces and voids 26
2.8 Mechanical properties 29
2.9 Thermal properties 31
2.10 Other properties: electrical conductivity, fire safety and
recycling 35
2.11 Conclusion and future trends 36
2.12 Acknowledgements 36
2.13 References 37
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
vi Contents
3 Polyester resins as a matrix material in advanced
fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites 44
N. miSkolczi, University of Pannonia, Hungary
3.1 Introduction 44
3.2 Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites 45
3.3 Polyesters as matrix materials 47
3.4 Manufacture of polyester-based composites 51
3.5 Reinforcements for polyester-based composites 55
3.6 Applications of polymer-based composites 59
3.7 Conclusion and future trends 63
3.8 Acknowledgements 64
3.9 References 65
4 Vinylester resins as a matrix material in advanced
fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites 69
F. SaraSini and C. Santulli, University of Rome ‘La Sapienza,’
Italy
4.1 Introduction 69
4.2 Vinylester and other resins as matrix materials 71
4.3 Fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites as structural
materials 72
4.4 Fatigue, creep and other properties of structural
composites 73
4.5 Chemistry and properties of vinylester resins as matrix
materials 78
4.6 Applications of vinylester-based composites in civil
engineering 81
4.7 Conclusion and future trends 84
4.8 Sources of further information and advice 85
4.9 References 86
5 Epoxy resins as a matrix material in advanced fiber-
reinforced polymer (FRP) composites 88
V. Fiore and A. valenza, University of Palermo, Italy
5.1 Introduction 88
5.2 Curing reactions of epoxy resins 90
5.3 Common epoxy resins 92
5.4 Curing agents 96
5.5 Bio-derived epoxy resins 97
5.6 Mechanical properties 100
5.7 Chemical properties 101
5.8 Thermal and electrical properties 103
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
Contents vii
5.9 Optical properties 105
5.10 Applications 106
5.11 Toxicity, hazard and safe handling 114
5.12 Future trends 116
5.13 Conclusion 116
5.14 References 117
Part II Processing and fabrication 123
6 Prepreg processing of advanced fibre-reinforced
polymer (FRP) composites 125
S. PanSart, Germanischer Lloyd Industrial Services GmbH,
Germany
6.1 Introduction 125
6.2 Prepreg semi-finished products 127
6.3 Manufacturing processes 131
6.4 Quality issues 149
6.5 Conclusion and future trends 152
6.6 References 153
7 Resin infusion/liquid composite moulding (LCM) of
advanced fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) 155
S. Bickerton, Q. GoviGnon and P. kelly, The University of
Auckland, New Zealand
7.1 Introduction 155
7.2 Process description 156
7.3 Simulation and experimental observations 161
7.4 Rigid moulds 165
7.5 Flexible moulds 169
7.6 Current usage 172
7.7 Case studies 173
7.8 Future trends 174
7.9 Conclusion 174
7.10 Sources of further information and advice 175
7.11 References 175
8 Filament winding processes in the manufacture of
advanced fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites 187
A. khennane, University of New South Wales at the Australian
Defence Force Academy, Australia
8.1 Introduction 187
8.2 Filament winding 188
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
viii Contents
8.3 Filament-wound structures for infrastructure applications 191
8.4 New beam design using filament winding 194
8.5 Conclusion 204
8.6 References 204
9 Pultrusion of advanced fibre-reinforced polymer
(FRP) composites 207
J. ramôa correia, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal
9.1 Introduction 207
9.2 Overview of the pultrusion process 209
9.3 Fibre reinforcements and matrices used in the pultrusion
of advanced composites 210
9.4 Pultrusion line equipment and manufacturing processes 216
9.5 Technical specifications 220
9.6 Quality control 221
9.7 Joining technologies 223
9.8 Types of pultruded advanced composites 225
9.9 Properties of pultruded advanced composites 230
9.10 Applications of pultruded advanced composites 235
9.11 Sustainability of pultruded advanced composites 241
9.12 Conclusion and future trends 243
9.13 Sources of further information and advice 245
9.14 References 247
Part III Properties, performance and testing 253
10 Understanding and predicting interfacial stresses in
advanced fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites
for structural applications 255
A. Al-ShawaF, Monash University, Australia
10.1 Introduction 255
10.2 Interfacial stresses in fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP)
composites 256
10.3 Mechanical properties of matrices and fibre
reinforcements 258
10.4 Structural concrete and steel adherends in civil
infrastructure 259
10.5 Measuring stresses in FRP composite bonded joints 266
10.6 Theoretical methods for predicting stress in FRP
composite bonded joints 271
10.7 Finite element method (FEM) and finite difference
method (FDM) models of stress in FRP composite joints 281
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013
Contents ix
10.8 Implications for the design of FRP composite joints 287
10.9 Conclusion and future trends 289
10.10 Sources of further information and advice 290
10.11 References 290
11 Understanding and predicting stiffness in advanced
fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for
structural applications 298
R. M. GuedeS, University of Porto, Portugal and J. Xavier,
CITAB/UTAD, Portugal
11.1 Introduction 298
11.2 General aspects of composite stiffness 299
11.3 Understanding lamina stiffness 301
11.4 Micromechanical analysis of a lamina 310
11.5 Comparing micromechanical models with experimental
data 322
11.6 Stiffness and compliance transformations 325
11.7 Laminate plate and shell stiffness: classical lamination
theory (CLT) 330
11.8 Properties of different types of laminate 340
11.9 In-plane and flexural engineering constants of a laminate 342
11.10 New optical methods for measuring laminate stiffness 348
11.11 Conclusion 355
11.12 Software available 357
11.13 References 357
12 Understanding the durability of advanced fibre-
reinforced polymer (FRP) composites for structural
applications 361
K. Benzarti, Université Paris-Est/IFSTTAR, France and X. colin,
Arts et Métiers ParisTech, France
12.1 Introduction 361
12.2 Structure and processing of fibre-reinforced polymer
(FRP) composites 363
12.3 Applications of FRP composites in civil engineering 366
12.4 Physical ageing: mechanisms and stabilization
techniques 371
12.5 Mechanisms of chemical ageing: introduction 379
12.6 Mechanisms of chemical ageing: reaction–diffusion
coupling 393
12.7 Mechanisms of chemical ageing: hydrolytic processes 399
12.8 Mechanisms of chemical ageing: oxidation processes 402
12.9 Chemical ageing: stabilization techniques 411
© Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2013