ADHESIVE JOINTS AGEING AND DURABILITY OF EPOXIES AND POLYURETHANES.

526 Pages·2018·18.873 MB·English

by  POSSART, WULFF. BREDE MARKUS

AdhesiveJoints
Adhesive Joints
AgeingandDurabilityofEpoxiesandPolyurethanes
EditedbyWulffPossartandMarkusBrede
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v
Contents
Preface xv
SectionA InitialStateofAdhesiveJoints 1
A.1 AdhesionandInterphases:TheBasicIdeasinBrief 3
WulffPossart
A.1.1 IntroductoryRemarksandGeneralConcepts 3
A.1.2 FundamentalAdhesiveInteractions–theMicroscopicOrigin
andFurtherConcepts 4
A.1.2.1 PhysicalIntermolecularForces 4
A.1.2.1.1 Bi-MolecularInteractions 5
A.1.2.1.2 PhysicalInteractionsBetweenCondensedPhases 9
A.1.2.2 ChemicalAdhesionMechanisms 11
A.1.2.2.1 ABriefSketchofMOTheory 12
A.1.2.2.2 AnExtensiontoMacromoleculesandSolids–theElectronBand
Structure 13
A.1.2.2.3 ChemicalReactions–GeneralAspects 14
A.1.2.2.4 ChemicalAdhesionMechanismsinReactiveEpoxiesonInorganic
Solids 16
A.1.2.2.5 ChemicalAdhesionMechanismsinReactivePolyurethaneson
InorganicSolids 18
A.1.2.3 TheElectrostaticComponentofAdhesion 21
A.1.2.3.1 MobileChargeCarriersandtheElectricDoubleLayer 22
A.1.2.3.2 ContinuumModelfortheElectricDoubleLayerBuiltofMobile
Electrons 23
A.1.2.4 MicroscopicAdhesionMechanisms–Co-actionatthePhase
Boundary 26
A.1.2.5 MechanicalInterlocking 27
A.1.3 TheInterphase–ElementalStateoftheAdhesive–AdherendPhase
Boundary 28
A.1.3.1 PolymerAdhesivesonImpenetrableSolids 28
A.1.3.2 PolymerisationonSolids 32
A.1.3.3 TheContactBetweenViscoelasticPolymers 34
A.1.4 ClosingRemarks:Fundamentalvs.PracticalAdhesion 35
References 36
FurtherReadings 41
vi Contents
A.2 AdhesiveNetworkFormation:ContinuumMechanical
ModellingandSimulation 43
GunnarPossartandPaulSteinmann
A.2.1 Introduction 43
A.2.2 PhenomenologicalObservationsinPolymerCuring 44
A.2.3 One-dimensionalLinearViscoelasticCuringatSmallStrains 45
A.2.4 Three-dimensionalLinearViscoelasticCuringatSmallStrains 52
A.2.5 Three-dimensionalCuringatLargeStrains 55
A.2.5.1 ElasticSimulationFrameworkandThermodynamic
Consistency 55
A.2.5.2 ElasticNeo-HookeanCuringModel 58
A.2.5.3 ViscoelasticSimulationFramework 59
A.2.5.4 ViscoelasticNeo-HookeanCuringModel 59
A.2.5.5 TheConsiderationofCuringShrinkage 64
A.2.6 MaterialParameterEvolutionsDuringCuring 65
A.2.6.1 ShearModulus/SecondLaméParameter𝜇 66
A.2.6.2 Poisson’sRatio𝜈 67
A.2.6.3 BulkModulus𝜅andFirstLaméParameter𝜆 67
A.2.6.4 RelaxationTimeT 68
A.2.6.5 CuringShrinkages 68
A.2.6.6 DegreeofCure 68
A.2.7 Epoxy–CeramicsComposite:PhotoelasticityandCuring
Shrinkage 69
Bibliography 73
A.3 MechanicalInterphasesinAdhesiveJoints:
CharacterisationMethodsandFE-Simulations 79
GunnarPossartandPaulSteinmann
A.3.1 Introduction 79
A.3.2 High-ResolutionShearTestingbyScanningElectron
Microscopy 84
A.3.2.1 SpecimenPreparationandExperimentalSet-up 84
A.3.2.2 ResultsandDiscussion 88
A.3.2.3 FE-SimulationsofAdhesiveLayerswithInterphases 91
A.3.2.3.1 SimulationSet-upandMeshDependencyStudy 92
A.3.2.3.2 ElasticInterphases 97
A.3.2.3.3 ElastoplasticInterphases 101
A.3.2.4 CanCuringShrinkageFakeInterphases? 106
A.3.3 NanoindentationsAcrossAdhesiveJoints 110
A.3.3.1 IntroductionandExperimentalData 110
A.3.3.2 DeterminationofStiffnessandHardnessAccordingto
Oliver&Pharr 113
A.3.3.3 FE-SimulationsofNanoindentationsAcrossAdhesiveJoints 114
A.3.3.3.1 SimulationSet-up 114
A.3.3.3.2 ResultsandDiscussion 117
A.3.4 ScanningBrillouinMicroscopy 120
A.3.4.1 IntroductionandExperimentalSet-up 120
Contents vii
A.3.4.2 ResultsandDiscussion 123
A.3.5 ConclusionsandOutlook 126
Acknowledgements 128
Bibliography 128
A.4 FractureMechanicsofAdhesiveJoints 135
MarkusBrede
A.4.1 Introduction 135
A.4.2 Linear-elasticFractureMechanics 137
A.4.3 FractureinMaterialswithEnergyDissipation 143
A.4.4 TheCohesiveZoneModelandFractureofJointswithToughened
Adhesives 145
A.4.5 TheMicro-structureofToughenedAdhesives 156
A.4.6 Conclusions 161
Acknowledgements 162
References 162
SectionB ArtificialAgeingandFailureofAdhesive
Joints 167
B.1 AgeingPhenomenainPolymers:AShortSurvey 169
AlexanderHerzig,MichaelJohlitzandAlexanderLion
B.1.1 WhatIsAgeing?ABriefIntroductiontotheDeterioration
ofPolymers 169
B.1.2 DifferentTypesofPolymerAgeing 171
B.1.3 ExperimentalInvestigationsontheAgeingBehaviourof
Polymers 181
B.1.4 InfluenceofAgeingonthePropertiesofPolymers 191
References 200
B.2 ContinuumModellingofAgeingAdhesiveJoints 205
StefanDiebels,FlorianGoldschmidtandFrederikScherff
B.2.1 Outline 205
B.2.2 ContinuumMechanicsofSingle-phaseMaterials 206
B.2.2.1 Kinematics 206
B.2.2.2 BalanceEquations 211
B.2.2.3 ConstitutiveEquations 214
B.2.2.4 Viscoelasticity 217
B.2.2.5 Example 220
B.2.3 AdditionalFields 222
B.2.3.1 DiffusionofTracers 223
B.2.3.2 FormationofInterphases 225
B.2.4 Summary 226
References 226
viii Contents
B.3 CrackGrowthinAdhesiveJoints:BalanceofEnergyfor
ModeICrackPropagation 229
OlafHesebeck,UdoMeyer,AndreaSondagandMarkusBrede
B.3.1 Introduction 229
B.3.1.1 DissipationinTDCBTests 230
B.3.1.2 NewApproach 232
B.3.2 EstimateofPlasticWorkUsingFiniteElementSimulation 233
B.3.2.1 Aim 233
B.3.2.2 TensileTestsandMaterialModel 234
B.3.2.3 ChoiceofModellingMethod 237
B.3.2.4 SimulationandEvaluationofPlasticStrainEnergy 238
B.3.2.5 EvaluationofTDCBTestResultsUsingtheSimulation 244
B.3.3 TDCBTestswithInfraredCamera 248
B.3.3.1 AimandMeasurementPrinciple 248
B.3.3.2 ExperimentalObservations 249
B.3.3.3 Thermo-ElasticEffect 254
B.3.3.4 EstimateofGeneratedHeat 256
B.3.4 Discussion 258
B.3.4.1 EstimateofEnergyBalance 258
B.3.4.2 LimitsofMethodandPossibleExtensions 259
B.3.5 Summary 262
Acknowledgement 262
References 262
B.4 JointswithaBasicEpoxyAdhesive:AgeingProcesses 265
LéoDepollier,JesusErnestoHuacuja-SánchezandWulffPossart
B.4.1 Introduction 265
B.4.2 ExperimentalStrategy 266
B.4.2.1 BasicEpoxyAdhesive 266
B.4.2.2 MetalSubstrates 268
B.4.2.3 SamplePreparation 268
B.4.2.3.1 BulkSpecimens 268
B.4.2.3.2 AdhesiveJoints 268
B.4.2.3.3 EpoxyCuringProtocol 269
B.4.2.3.4 CaloricGlassTransitioninCuredEP65:35 270
B.4.2.4 ConditionsofArtificialAgeing 271
B.4.3 WaterDiffusioninEPBulkandAdhesiveJoints 273
B.4.3.1 DiffusioninBasicEpoxyEP65:35 273
B.4.3.2 WaterConcentrationProfilesinAdhesiveJoints 278
B.4.4 MechanicalPropertiesofFreshandAgedAdhesiveJoints 279
B.4.4.1 TensileTestsforDryEpoxyBulkSamples 279
B.4.4.2 ShearTestsforFreshlyBondedJoints 280
B.4.4.3 BondedSampleStiffnessandGlassTransitionDuringAgeing 286
B.4.5 ChemicalAgeingProcesses 288
B.4.5.1 De-bondingduetoCorrosionoftheMetalSubstrates 288
B.4.5.2 ChemicalAgeinginMetalJointsBondedwithBasicAdhesive
EP65:35 291
Contents ix
B.4.5.3 ChemicalAgeinginEP65:35BondedJoints–LiquidWaterVersus
MoistAir 297
B.4.5.4 TheRoleoftheMetalSurface 298
B.4.6 ChemicalAgeingVersusPhysicalPlasticisation 299
B.4.7 BasicEpoxyVersusCommercialEpoxyAdhesives 300
B.4.8 SummaryandConclusions 304
Acknowledgement 306
References 306
B.5 SteelJointswithaBasicPolyurethaneAdhesive–Ageing
Processes 309
JesusE.Huacuja-Sánchez,PhilippEngelandWulffPossart
B.5.1 Introduction 309
B.5.2 PUAdhesiveandSamplePreparation 313
B.5.2.1 MonomerMixfortheBasicPUAdhesive 313
B.5.2.2 PUBulkSamplesandPU–SteelAdhesiveJoints 314
B.5.3 ArtificialAgeingConditions 314
B.5.4 AgeingofBulkPolyurethaneAdhesivePU9010inWater 315
B.5.4.1 ChemicalAgeing 315
B.5.4.1.1 TheVirginPU9010Network 316
B.5.4.1.2 TheAgeingPU9010Bulk 323
B.5.4.1.3 Summary:ChemicalAgeinginPU9010BulkatModerate
Conditions 329
B.5.4.2 PhysicalAgeingofPU9010BulkSamples 330
B.5.5 AgeinginAdhesiveJointsPU9010–CorundumBlastedMildSteel
S235 331
B.5.5.1 WaterDiffusionintheAdhesiveJoint 331
B.5.5.2 ChemicalAgeingintheAdhesiveJoint 331
B.5.5.2.1 CorrosiveAttackontheCorundumBlastedSteelintheAdhesive
Joint 333
B.5.5.2.2 ChemicalAgeingofPU9010intheAdhesiveJointwithSteel
S235 335
B.5.5.3 PhysicalAgeingintheAdhesiveJointPU9010–CorundumBlasted
SteelS235 336
B.5.5.3.1 CaloricGlassTransitionintheAdhesiveJoint 337
B.5.5.3.2 MechanicalModulusintheAdhesiveJoint–EvolutionDuring
ArtificialAgeing 338
B.5.6 Conclusions 346
Acknowledgement 348
References 348
B.6 ViscoelasticityinAgeingJoints–Experimentsand
Simulation 355
FlorianGoldschmidt,StefanDiebels,FrederikScherff,LéoDepollier,
JesusErnestoHuacuja-SanchezandWulffPossart
B.6.1 Motivation 355
x Contents
B.6.2 TransportProcessesinAdhesives 355
B.6.2.1 Fick’sLawofDiffusion 356
B.6.2.2 Langmuir-typeofDiffusion 356
B.6.3 ConstitutiveEquations 358
B.6.3.1 Temperature 359
B.6.3.2 WaterintheAdhesive 360
B.6.3.3 ChemicalAgeing 361
B.6.3.4 SizeEffects 362
B.6.3.5 DamageEvolutionModel 363
B.6.4 DataEvaluationandResults 364
B.6.4.1 DataEvaluation 365
B.6.4.2 Results–PolyurethaneAdhesive 366
B.6.4.2.1 BasicElasticity 366
B.6.4.2.2 Viscoelasticity 367
B.6.4.3 Results–EpoxyAdhesive 371
B.6.5 Summary 372
References 373
B.7 OntheEnergyReleaseRateofAgedAdhesiveJoints 375
MarkusBrede,AndreaSondag,OlafHesebeckandBarbaraSchneider
B.7.1 Introduction 375
B.7.2 ExperimentalandDefinitions 376
B.7.3 AgeingofPolyurethaneAdhesiveJoints 385
B.7.4 AgeingofEpoxyAdhesiveJoints 394
B.7.5 SummaryandConclusions 403
Acknowledgements 404
References 404
B.8 CohesiveZoneModelforMoistAdhesiveJoints 405
OlafHesebeck,FlorianGoldschmidtandStefanDiebels
B.8.1 Introduction 405
B.8.2 TransferfromContinuumtoCohesiveZoneModel 406
B.8.2.1 Viscoelasticity 407
B.8.2.2 DamageBehaviour 409
B.8.2.3 Validation 411
B.8.2.3.1 TensileTestsofButtJoints 411
B.8.2.3.2 ValidationoftheViscoelasticModel 413
B.8.2.3.3 ValidationofTransfertoCohesiveZoneModelandDamage
Model 416
B.8.3 SimulationofDiffusion 418
B.8.3.1 FiniteElementSimulationofDiffusion 418
B.8.3.2 Closed-FormSolutionsofDiffusion 419
B.8.4 AutomationofModelExtension 420
B.8.4.1 Procedure 420
B.8.4.2 ApplicationTests 422
Contents xi
B.8.4.3 Extensibility 423
B.8.5 Summary 424
Acknowlegdement 425
References 425
SectionC WeatheringofAdhesiveJointsandLifeTime
Prediction 427
C.1 AdhesiveApplicationUnderHigh-powerUltrasound:
EffectsonDurability 429
BarbaraSchneider,JensHoltmannspötter,MarkusSpallek
andJürgenvonCzarnecki
C.1.1 APowerUltrasoundProcessforContamination-tolerantAdhesive
ApplicationonCriticalSurfaces 429
C.1.2 EffectsofPowerUltrasound 431
C.1.2.1 Cavitation 431
C.1.2.2 ViscosityChanges 432
C.1.3 DeterminationoftheCleaningBehaviourbyPower
Ultrasound 433
C.1.3.1 Experimental 433
C.1.3.2 WeakeningofAdhesionbyanAppliedContamination 433
C.1.3.3 EffectoftheContaminationontheSurfaceFreeEnergy 434
C.1.3.4 AdjustmentoftheUltrasonicProcess 436
C.1.3.5 ResultsofMechanicalTesting(SingleLapShearTest) 437
C.1.3.6 CleaningandImprovementoftheAgeingResistancebyUsingPower
Ultrasound 438
C.1.3.7 EffectsofUltrasonicTreatmentontheAdhesiveAssessedby
EIS 439
C.1.4 Application 442
C.1.4.1 Ultrasound-AssistedPrimerApplication 442
C.1.4.2 AutomatedRemovalofReleaseAgentsfromReinforcedPlasticsby
PowerUltrasound 444
C.1.5 Summary 446
References 447
C.2 Long-termBehaviourofAdhesivelyBonded
Timber–ConcreteComposites 449
WernerSeimandLarsEisenhut
C.2.1 Introduction 449
C.2.2 Hygro-thermalImpact 450
C.2.3 NumericalDescriptionofHygro-thermalPhenomena 452
C.2.3.1 MaterialModels 453
C.2.3.2 MechanicalMaterialProperties 454
C.2.3.3 MoistureTransportinWood 457