Table Of Contenthttp://dx.doi.org/10.0000/00000.0000
© Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing Limited, 2016. All rights reserved.
Achieving sustainable
production of milk
Volume 2: Safety, quality and sustainability
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Related titles:
Achieving sustainable production of milk Volume 1: Milk composition, genetics and breeding
Print (ISBN 978-1-78676-044-9); Online (ISBN 978-1-78676-046-3, 978-1-78676-047-0)
Achieving sustainable production of milk Volume 3: Dairy herd management and welfare
Print (ISBN 978-1-78676-052-4); Online (ISBN 978-1-78676-054-8, 978-1-78676-055-5)
Ensuring safety and quality in the production of beef Volume 1: Safety
Print (ISBN 978-1-78676-056-2); Online (ISBN 978-1-78676-058-6, 978-1-78676-059-3)
Ensuring safety and quality in the production of beef Volume 2: Quality
Print (ISBN 978-1-78676-060-9); Online (ISBN 978-1-78676-062-3, 978-1-78676-063-0)
Chapters are available individually from our online bookshop: https://shop.bdspublishing.com
BURLEIGH DODDS SERIES IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE
NUMBER 09
Achieving sustainable
production of milk
Volume 2: Safety, quality and sustainability
Edited by Dr Nico van Belzen,
Director General of the International Dairy
Federation (IDF), Belgium
Published by Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing Limited
82 High Street, Sawston, Cambridge CB22 3HJ, UK
www.bdspublishing.com
Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, 1518 Walnut Street, Suite 900, Philadelphia, PA 19102-3406, USA
First published 2017 by Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing Limited
© Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, 2017. All rights reserved.
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ISBN 978-1-78676-048-7 (print)
ISBN 978-1-78676-050-0 (online)
ISBN 978-1-78676-051-7 (online)
ISSN 2059-6936 (print)
ISSN 2059-6944 (online)
Typeset by Deanta Global Publishing Services, Chennai, India
Printed by Lightning Source
Contents
Series list xi
Acknowledgements xv
Introduction xvi
Part 1 Ensuring the safety and quality of milk on the farm
1 Pathogens affecting raw milk from cows 3
Claire Verraes, Sabine Cardoen and Wendie Claeys, Federal Agency for the
Safety of the Food Chain, Belgium; and Lieve Herman, Institute for Agricultural
and Fisheries Research, Belgium
1 Introduction 3
2 Pathogenic microorganisms in raw milk 4
3 Sources of microbiological contamination of raw milk 6
4 The growth of bacteria in raw milk 8
5 Heat treatment and other techniques to prevent bacterial
contamination of milk 11
6 Occurrence of pathogenic microorganisms in raw milk
and cheese made from raw milk 13
7 Outbreaks related to the consumption of raw milk
and of cheese made from raw milk 15
8 Summary 18
9 Future trends 20
10 Where to look for further information 20
11 References 21
2 Detecting pathogens in milk on dairy farms: key issues
for developing countries 27
Delia Grace, Silvia Alonso, Johanna Lindahl, Sara Ahlberg and
Ram Pratim Deka, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Kenya
1 Introduction 27
2 Why test for pathogens on dairy farms? 27
3 Indirect and direct tests for detecting pathogens 30
4 Case study 1: controlling disease in dairy cattle and
zoonotic risks in Tanzania 34
5 Case study 2: improving milk quality in India 35
6 Conclusions and future trends 37
7 Where to look for further information 39
8 References 39
3 Mastitis, milk quality and yield 43
P. Moroni, Cornell University, USA and University of Milano, Italy; F. Welcome,
Cornell University, USA; and M. F. Addis, Porto Conte Ricerche, Italy
1 Introduction 43
2 Indicators of mastitis 44
3 Impact of mastitis on milk composition 46
© Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing Limited, 2017. All rights reserved.
vi Contents
4 Impact of mastitis on dairy product quality 49
5 Impact of mastitis on milk production yield 50
6 Conclusion and future trends 54
7 References 54
4 Chemical contaminants in milk 63
Bernadette O’Brien and Kieran Jordan, Teagasc, Ireland
1 Introduction 63
2 Cows’ diet as a source of iodine contamination 64
3 Case study: iodine concentrations in milk 65
4 Case study: veterinary medicines in milk 69
5 Case study: cleaning and disinfecting products containing chlorine 74
6 Future trends and conclusion 86
7 References 86
5 Detecting and preventing contamination of dairy cattle feed 95
Delia Grace, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Kenya;
Johanna Lindahl, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Kenya and
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden; Erastus Kang’ethe,
University of Nairobi, Kenya; and Jagger Harvey, Biosciences Eastern and
Central Africa Hub, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Kenya;
Feed the Future Innovation Lab for the Reduction of Post-Harvest Loss,
Kansas State University, USA
1 Introduction 95
2 Health and economic impacts of contaminants in dairy feed 98
3 Diagnosing contaminants and ensuring feed safety 100
4 Key hazards in dairy feeds: aflatoxins
and other mycotoxins 101
5 Key hazards in dairy feeds: Salmonella and other biological hazards 106
6 Key hazards in dairy feeds: chemical hazards, veterinary drug residues
and heavy metals 108
7 Conclusions 111
8 Where to look for further information 111
9 References 112
6 Minimizing the development of antimicrobial resistance on dairy farms:
appropriate use of antibiotics for the treatment of mastitis 117
Pamela L. Ruegg, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
1 Introduction 117
2 Use of antimicrobials on dairy farms 118
3 Clinical relevance of antimicrobial resistance data 121
4 Trends in the antimicrobial resistance of mastitis pathogens 122
5 Ensuring effective use of antibiotics in the treatment of mastitis:
diagnosis, antibiotic choice and duration of treatment 124
6 Ensuring effective use of antibiotics in the treatment of mastitis:
targeting treatment 126
7 Conclusions 129
8 Where to look for further information 129
9 References 130
© Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing Limited, 2017. All rights reserved.
Contents vii
7 Managing sustainable food safety on dairy farms 135
Réjean Bouchard, VIDO-InterVac/University of Saskatchewan, Canada; Helen
Dornom, Dairy Australia, Australia; Anne-Charlotte
Dockès, Institut de l’Élevage, France; Nicole Sillett, Dairy Farmers of Canada,
Canada; and Jamie Jonker, National Milk Producers Federation, USA
1 Introduction 136
2 The basis for food safety on Canadian dairy farms 136
3 On-farm sustainability programmes in Canada 138
4 On-farm sustainability programmes in the United States of America 142
5 The on-farm sustainability programme in France 145
6 Australia’s food safety system 149
7 Conclusion 153
8 Where to look for further information 153
Part 2 Sustainability
8 ‘Towards’ sustainability of dairy farming: an overview 157
Norman R. Scott and Curt Gooch, Cornell University, USA
1 Introduction 158
2 Defining sustainable dairy production 158
3 Current status of global dairy sustainability 161
4 The challenge of dairy sustainability 164
5 Future sustainable dairy farming 165
6 Future dairy farming beyond 2050 169
7 Conclusion 170
8 Where to look for further information 170
9 References 171
9 Setting environmental targets for dairy farming 173
Sophie Bertrand, French Dairy Inter-branch Organization, France
1 Introduction 173
2 A global typology of dairy production systems for use in environmental
assessments 174
3 Life cycle assessment (LCA): an overview 174
4 LCA: product carbon footprint 176
5 LCA: product water footprint 178
6 Assessing impacts on biodiversity 179
7 Setting environmental targets: challenges and limits 180
8 Conclusion 181
9 Where to look for further information 181
10 References 181
10 Grassland management to minimize the environmental impact of dairy farming 183
Margaret E. Graves, Dalhousie University, Canada; and Ralph C. Martin,
University of Guelph, Canada
1 Introduction: overview of the management of forage systems
for dairy farming 183
2 Minimizing environmental impacts in perennial forage systems
management: greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and climate change 185
© Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing Limited, 2017. All rights reserved.
viii Contents
3 Minimizing environmental impacts in perennial forage systems
management: soil quality, biodiversity and land use optimization 188
4 Case studies in management-intensive grazing (MIG) for dairy farming 194
5 Summary 196
6 Future trends in research 196
7 Where to look for further information 197
8 References 199
11 Improved energy and water management to minimize the environmental
impact of dairy farming 211
J. Upton, E. Murphy and L. Shalloo, Teagasc, Ireland; M. Murphy, Cork Institute
of Technology, Ireland; and I.J.M. De Boer and P.W.G. Groot Koerkamp,
Wageningen University, The Netherlands
1 Introduction 211
2 Understanding current energy use in dairy farming 212
3 Strategies to reduce energy use in dairy farming 214
4 Results, analysis and recommendations 218
5 Sustainable water use in dairy production 220
6 Conclusions: the relevance of energy reduction and water
management strategies to dairy farm sustainability 221
7 Where to look for further information 223
8 References 223
12 Ensuring biodiversity in dairy farming 227
Ben Tyson, Central Connecticut State University, USA; Liza Storey and
Nick Edgar, New Zealand Landcare Trust, New Zealand; Jonathan Draper,
Central Connecticut State University, USA; and Christine Unson, Southern
Connecticut State University, USA
1 Introduction 227
2 Impacts of dairy farming on biodiversity 228
3 Biodiversity enhancement 229
4 Strategies for engaging farmers in biodiversity enhancement 231
5 Case study 1: the effects of grazing on the bog
turtle (USA) 232
6 Case study 2: impacts of organic dairy farming on biodiversity (Ireland and
New Zealand) 234
7 Case study 3: riparian enhancement (New Zealand) 236
8 Case study 4: mixed methods for biodiversity enhancement (New Zealand) 236
9 Case study 5: three catchment case studies
(South Island, New Zealand) 237
10 Conclusion 241
11 Where to look for further information 242
12 References 244
13 Organic dairy farming and sustainability 247
Florian Leiber, Adrian Muller, Veronika Maurer, Christian Schader and
Anna Bieber, Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), Switzerland
1 Introduction 247
2 Local and global feed efficiency and ecological sustainability 248
© Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing Limited, 2017. All rights reserved.
Contents ix
3 Towards solutions 1: longevity and integrated dairy
and beef production 250
4 Towards solutions 2: developing roughage-based feeding strategies 251
5 Towards solutions 3: organic dairy breeding 252
6 Towards solutions 4: approaching animal health and welfare 255
7 Research into sustainable organic dairy production 256
8 Future trends and conclusion 258
9 Where to look for further information 259
10 References 259
14 Trends in dairy farming and milk production: the cases of the
United Kingdom and New Zealand 267
Alison Bailey, Lincoln University, New Zealand
1 Introduction 267
2 Global dairy production 267
3 EU dairy production 274
4 The dairy sector in the United Kingdom 278
5 The dairy sector in New Zealand 284
6 Summary and future trends 287
7 Where to look for further information 288
8 References 289
15 Assessing the overall impact of the dairy sector 291
J. P. Hill, Fonterra Cooperative Group, New Zealand
1 Introduction 291
2 Socio-economic impact of the dairy sector 294
3 Ecological impact of the dairy sector 300
4 Dairy within sustainable diets 304
5 Global frameworks for sustainable food and dairy production 305
6 Where to look for further information 309
7 Future trends and conclusion 309
8 Acknowledgements 310
9 References 310
Part 3 Improving quality, safety and sustainability in developing countries
16 Improving smallholder dairy farming in tropical Asia 317
John Moran, Profitable Dairy Systems, Australia
1 Introduction 317
2 Dairy farming in Asia 318
3 Supporting smallholder dairy farmers 320
4 Key constraints facing smallholder
dairy farmers in tropical Asia 323
5 Benchmarking performance 325
6 Case study: cow colonies 331
7 Summary and future trends 333
8 Where to look for further information 334
9 References and further reading 335
© Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing Limited, 2017. All rights reserved.
