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reproducceodu rteosfMy r sD .M .T homsoann dM useumV ictoria).
Acknowledgments
Spouosfetsae pnp elaaris ntt haec knowledsgofm ierInts thtsa ;Ln ikb bKye efnor
hecro mpaniaonnidsn htiepl lseucptpuoarlt .
ManYyol ngpue ophlaevi en strmuec taebdto huethi orm elaanndcd u ltIu re;
thaenskp lelctyih a!ea tB�a rityhale,a Dtjea :wtah,e Dlhaat:et haannJdgi um,m y
Wululfuor shar�jirnk gn owtlheIdl geea.r mnuecdh anbionuett eenth-century
Gippselcaonndyo a mnsqo ciwehtiycl oen ductingo nbr eehsaoeflMa fir rcihm biak
NatiAobnosr igCionraplo raIa tmig ornau;tl te omf any Gunnai/Kuforr nai people
thehiors pyi,et saplleilctSyia andMrual lwehtotg ,u idmeed rounrde gtihoen .
Thep ublicoaft itbohonioi skis n n os mamlela setu hrree soufel ntcu oragement
angde nptrloem potnit nhge opfaJrHitel rnlyt ,h eonfO xofrUdn ivePrrseiwsthsyo,
satwh per optohsraoliu tgishn isttiaaTglhe eps u.b lictaetaimOo xnfaor tdU niversity
Prehsasv e beenh epluaplatf,ni edeffi ncti,eI t nhta;Dn ekb rJaa mewsh,os hepherded
the btohorko tuhgpehu blicpahtaisoen,W ynCehsfrorsih si asd viTciemC, a mpbell
forh imse ticueldoiutsit nhgte e oxaftn ,Rd a chSetailan neKdse rCroy okfeor the
exceldleesniatgn ntd y pesetting.
TheF aculRteiseesaF rucnhod f tAhuesl tiraNana tioUnnailv er(usfnidtebydy
thAeu strRaelsieaa Crocuhn cpirlo)v iedsesde nfutnidastl os upptorratav enld
reseawricthh in ASuusetFr raalsoiefatr .h e D epartomefAn rtc hoageyoa lnd
Anthropwoalasol gwyag yesn erwoiuthshe tri miena dministtheofrsuniedn sg and
ins upportthirene gs eairnc ho wtahye.Tsr h eN atioMnuasle uomf Etohgnyo l
(MinpaiknOu s)a kaan d Jtahpea nMeisnteir soyf E ducaptrioovni gdeende rous
finasnucpiapalon rhdto stpaildiutryim nytg i maes V ias iPtrieonsfgs ion2r 0 00.- 01
It haSnhku zKooy amaan Mda satKousbhfoior s ponsomry invgai snNidot b, uihro
Kishifgoral moio kaitfnemgre .
HeatMhceDrno alads'ssi dsueoaufrsorcm ha terpiraolvsit dhbeead c kboofn et he
prjoecIt .at lhsaoVn ikr gBirnaine cahnuFdte liCcairftrorar eseaasrscihs atnadn ce,
TraceDya lfiortc zh ecktihrneege f rences.
Thes taofffa n umboefr musaenuadmr sc hiinAv uesst rhaalvbieea ev ne rgye n
erowuistt hh etiirma en edx pertthAieus set:r IanlsitaoinfAt buotrei gainTndora rle s
StrIasilta nMduesresuV,mi ctotrhiWeae s,t eAruns traMluisaenut mh,eS outh
AustrMaulsieauntm h,Se t aLtieb roafAr uys trtahlleii ab,ro aftr hyUe n iverosfi ty
WesteAruns traanltdih Jae., B aSt.t Lyieb rianPr eyr th. Ptahratnaikrcdseuu lteao r
LindAyl ieMna,r Myo rrRioss,e mWarreyn cahn,d tchoelilre aatgM uuesse um
iii
iv Acknowledgments
Victoarntidoa S ,a nTdoyu ssafoiran dtv iacbeor uets ouirWnce setse Aruns ltirFaao.r
givimnega ccteos s tPhheDit rh esIae msg rautlte ofL aurDeonuts sAnente,t te
HamiltoMni,k Pei ckeTroniynR ge,drn onda,nF dr edVriiecs ner.
Duringt immiyeJn a pmaann cyo lleaattg huNeea st ioMnuasle um of yE thnolog
(Minp,a kaus)a smw eemlble orfts h Aeu stralian Sfotrmuo dtiheuesnr i Gvreoruspi
tiaensdo rganispartoivoiindnset,de llsetcitmuuaalln udhs o stpatilyTi.h em useum
adminriasttsitvapeffr ovisduepdpw oirttuh na filpionlgi taenncdeh sefsue lrneMsy s.
neighbionIu nrosk oMdraa nnid, AMnrnswo e,r eex traorhdeilunplaif rngi uliyd ing
ani lliteforreaitgetn herro tuhgJhea panese pboasntakanilrdn,e g ts,ay islt aenmds ,
wergee neriontu hseh iors pyi,at saw leirteth Kei shifgmaaimlTiyh .a naklsts oot he
Yoshigfomasihliiyn N agasfaork miae moarblCeh ristmas.
Att hUen iverosfQi uteye nsLleaonnSdna, t teratnhJdwu adiiCtta hm eron par
ticipianat nee adrp lhya osfe rtehsee oanrw chhi cthhb ioso ikbs a sAe ndu.m ber of
Austrcaollilaenha agvuee s gmievm eonr al saunpdep nocraotgu ermeantt times
whemny r esohlavflsea ggIet dh;a enskp ellcRyio asiHtearn yT,i mR owsPee,t er
SuttaonnBd,o bTo nkinasnoadnn ,o nymroeuvsi eowfe rptsrh oep foorst ahlbi oso k
forO xofrUdn ivePrrseistys . Caottl hlAeeu asgtureNasal tiiaoUnnn ailv emrasdiet y
heluplcf onunaennsdtu sg gesatbiootunhtpse r opoasta lv asrtiaoogufeis sti sn cep
tioInt :ha Dnokn G ardJnuelrG,io ere rlClh,r Girse g,oF rryancMeesrclaFa rna,n ces
anHdo waMrod rpy,ah nNdi coPleatsseo rn.
Sevesrcahlo hlaavrrese spontod eds emainndpa arpsew ristc hom mentasn d
invaliunaofbrlmea tainodtn o,s pecriefiqcu eIts htasKn:ik m A kermCahnr,i stina
BirdJsoanlTelams s,i Dno naldLsaounrD,eo nuts CsoertDa,ol w ,B riDtuteel Bkeet,h
GotPta,t rMiccCkov nelPla,uM le nunoMtitkP,ei ckeTroniynR ge,d mond, Alan
RumesyE,l izaWbieltlhip aamrst,i ciintp haaenn ttsh rgoyph,oi lsotaonrCdye ntfrore
Cross-rcaRlue lsteuarch semAiunsatrrNsaa ltiaiatoU nnn taihlve ey ,cr oslilteagues at
the NiInntthe rnaCtoineofrneanloc neH untianngdG athering iSno cieties
E�ingbhu( r200a2n)pd,a rticiintp haAenr tcshl aoegaoyn Ldi nguCiosnetfriecni cne
Canbe(r2r20a.)0
Fotrh eciorm menotnps a rotfts h mea nuscraimgp rta utlte ofH arrAyl ien,
I
JereBmecyk eAttth,oC lh asCea,r olBiinrTedam ,s iDno naldLsaounr,De onsuts et,
CorDalow ,B etGho tPte,t Heirs coFcrka,n cMeesrclaNa inc,o Pleatse rTsonoyn ,
RedmonBdr,u cRieg ys,Alb anR umsy,eP etTeonre Bro, bTo nkinsaonFdnr ,e deric
ViesTnheetr w.oa noynmourse adfeorOr sxo frUdn iveyPr rseimstasd vee rhye luplf
suggesftorii mopnreso mventtots h tee xatsw hao le.
Foars siswtiatpnhhc toeo graapnohdts h ielrl usttrhataJinookhn Dnsa llwaint z,
I I
DunlLoepGa,a raamt StohueAt uhrs atlMiuasne utmh,Ne a tioLniablr,N a ircyolas
Petoenrt,sh Peo ewrhoMuussee uJmo,hS nt anMtrosDn. H, .T homsaonnMd,u seum
VictoTrhiaana.kl sst ooI aHna ywafrordd rawitnhmega pfsor C hap2t,eCr h ris
Clarkfsorao dnv iacbeom uatps ouracneDdsa ,vM ec Gergofrort echnaiscsails tance.
Contents
Acknowledgments iii
LisotfF igures vi
LisotfM aps vii
LisotfP lates viii
LisotfT ables ix
A Noteo nO rthographies xi
Introduction
ParItE cology 19
2 EnvironmaenndtR se sources 21
3 Technology 83
4 TheS easonRaolu ndP:o pulatSieotnt,l emaenndMt o,b ility 103
Par1t1I nstitutions 131
5 Identities 133
6 KinshainpdM arriage 174
7 CosmoloagnydQ uasi-technology 210
8 Governance 243
ParItlE lc onomy 273
9 Controoftl h eM eanosf P roduction 275
10 OrganisaotfPi roond uction 306
11 DistribauntdiC oonn sumption 335
12 ExchanagnedT rade 352
13 Conclusion 380
References 399
Glossary 420
Index 430
V
LisotfF igures
Fig4u.r1e MovemoefWn ets tDeersnre ertis dengcreo ups 112
Fig4u2.r e Movemoefwn ett -seSaasnodnb reeaiscdhe ngcreou ps 118
Fige4 u.3r Movemoefdn rty -sSeaansdobnre eascihd gernocuep s 119
Fiugr4e. 4 MovemoefYno ltgn uh niterrleiasdnedng creo ups 124
Fig5u.r1e As ectsiyosnt em 138
Fig5u.r2e As ubsescytsitoenm 139
Fig5u.3r e As emi-msoyisetteym 140
Fig5u.r4e Pijtajnattsjeacrtani aomne s 148
Fige5 u.r5 Sectniaomnei stn hDea rngl/iBarrewgoino n 153
Fig5u.r6e Varioefkt iifenos u inenda ch section 153
Fig5u.r7e Yolgnsuu bsescytsit(oesnmh owailtnegr mnaaratrgiievse) 169
Fig1u2r1. e PrvoenanicYneo lsgn ue xcnhgaree lations 367
Fig1u2r.e2 Movemtehnrto euxgchnh garee lations 372
LisotfM aps
Map1 .1 Thes even cassuted ies 7
Map2.1 Gippslanvdeg ettaion 26
Map 2.2 Vegettaioonft h eP etremannR angs-elakeA madesur egioonft h e 34
WesternD esetr
Map2 .3 Vegeattioonft h eD alrnig/aBrwonR iverreg ion 40
Map2 .4 Vegettaioonft h eso utcho asto fth eso uthwset 46
Map2 .5 VegettaioonfN esbiRtiv erreg io,en asetnr CapeYo rkP enisunla 54
Map2 .6 NorthwsetK imbelreyveg etation 62
Map2 .7 NorthesatA rnhem landv egetation 70
Map5.1 Kunaain dn eigohubrignd ilaecst 142
Map5 2. Kunaireg ionlia denitesi t 143
Map5 .3 Pijatnjattjaarp eolpe atnhder ni eighbrosAu:p proximatel ocation 147
oflan guagied etnitsei
Map5 .4 Yuwaalyiaayp eolpe atnhder ni eighbrosAu:p proximatel ocation 150
oflna guagied einittes
Map5 .5 Regioindaeln itesii ntt heso uthwsetfo rm Ma inongp erpsecvtei 155
Map5 .6 Regioniadle nitesii ntt heso uthwsetfo rma K.ik karp erpsecvtei 156
Map5 .7 Sandbeaacnhdn eighbriognu lnaguagied eitnetis 161
Map5 .8 WesternK imbelrelyan guagsoe fth Weo rorrran family 163
Map 5.9 Yolnugd ialgeorcutp sa ndt hienr eighoburs 166
LisotfP lates
Plea2 t.1 A Pijatnjattjaarb oyd iggign forw atrei nr ockc ervicsei n the 32
MannR angseJ,ul y1 933
Pla2t2.e A womanw innowipnugr lsanseee d( Portuloaelcraa eca)i nth e 35
WarburotnR angseA,u gust1 935
Pla2t.3e TwoW esternD esetrw omenw et-miilgnl garsss eed 56
Pla2t4.e Yolgnuw omend iggign rkaa(yps iekt hruhs)i n tdhyre s eaosn 71
Plea 3t.1 A Sadnbeacwho manw orkign ata lomo 86
Pla3t.e2 Tool-kfiortm a kign Kimbelrepyo isn t 87
Pla3t.e3 Kunaime n inb arkc anoseL,a keT yers 88
Pla3t.e4 A Ngalimaan satlikgn afee dingk angroao 91
Pla3t.5e Minong mcpa aboveK ingG eogreS oun,ds mokef ormb urnnig-fof 92
int hemi ddldeist ance
Palte3. 6 Stonfehi -strapso nt hDea rlign/aBrwon Riverat B rewariran 97
Pla3t.7e Kuuku-Ya'um en huntidnuggo nign oaunrt gigerc anoe 99
Palte3. 8 Yolgnug urrk-gaolfsi h-trap 101
Plea 8t1. YolgnuM akarartad isput-eeroslutcieorenm ony Maitl giimnbii n 265
the1 930s
Plea1 t0.1 Minongf sihign party retunrign formt hbee acahtK ingG eogreS ound 320
Plea1 t0.2 A gorupo Yfolgnum en andw omeno fD jianngl anguagaen dM iljidgni 321
parti-rogupc ollcetingf sih
Plea1 t2.1 Yolgnum an atN gilidiijpw itah f niisheds pearf titewdi tah l ong 365
ngamlbiirrb al ade
viii
