Table Of ContentThe Inter-Agency Coordination Group
ICAT against Traffcking in Persons
A Toolkit for guidance in
designing and evaluating
counter-traffcking programmes
Harnessing accumulated
knowledge to respond to
traffcking in persons
Introduction Acknowledgements
Contents 1/2
This document is a publication of the Inter- coordination and facilitate a holistic and
Agency Coordination Group against Traffck- comprehensive approach by the international
ing in Persons (ICAT). It is an initial set of community to the problem of traffcking in
Acknowledgements practical tools developed jointly by the mem- persons” (A/RES/61/180). ICAT is a policy
ber agencies of ICAT to address an issue forum taking such an approach to prevent
identifed by ICAT members as being critical and combat traffcking in persons, and pro-
for the international community to tackle in mote protection and support of victims of
order to better respond to traffcking in per- traffcking.
sons and improve the impact of anti-traffcking
activities, through discussing common design As a product of inter-agency cooperation,
and evaluation issues. the document refects the expertise and expe-
rience of six international organizations and
ICAT was established in response to a United entities forming the ICAT Working Group:
Nations Economic and Social Council the International Labour Organization (ILO),
(ECOSOC) resolution in 2006 (2006/27), the International Organization for Migration
requesting intergovernmental agencies to (IOM), the United Nations Offce of the High
work together to strengthen technical assis- Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR),
tance provided to countries in the area of the United Nations High Commissioner for
human traffcking. A resolution of the United Refugees (UNHCR), the United Nations Chil-
Nations General Assembly in March 2007 dren’s Fund (UNICEF), and the United
confrmed the importance of eliminating Nations Offce on Drugs and Crime
“gaps and overlaps” in the anti-traffcking (UNODC), as well as ICAT’s partner organi-
efforts of intergovernmental agencies and zations, the International Centre for Migration
requested the United Nations Secretary- Policy and Development (ICMPD) and the
General to develop interagency coordina- Organisation for Security and Co-operation
For more tion in order “to enhance cooperation and in Europe (OSCE).
information
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Introduction Acknowledgements
Contents 2/2
The document was drafted by Phil Marshall This document, and the underlying work,
(independent consultant) in collaboration was made possible through funding from
with Jacqueline Berman, under the overall the UNODC Global Programme Against
Acknowledgements guidance of the ICAT Working Group. Traffcking in Persons, as part of UNODC’s
2016 chairmanship of ICAT.
The following colleagues from ICAT member
and partner organizations are acknowledged For feedback on this frst set of tools and how
for their contribution: it might be revised, expanded or otherwise
Alberto Andreani (OSCE), Sarah Elliott improved in future editions, please write to:
(UNHCR), Martin Fowke (UNODC), Youla
Introduction Introduction
Contents 1/4
This document builds on a discussion paper employable set of tools that practitioners could
developed by the Inter-Agency Coordination use to put sectoral learning to work and
Group against Traffcking in Persons (ICAT) improve their counter-TIP programmes. These
Introduction on the current state of evaluation practice in tools are intended to help strengthen pro-
the feld of traffcking in persons (TIP).1 The gramme design, inform planning for evalua-
discussion paper was informed by a litera- tion, and engender formative and summative
ture review that incorporated the fndings of learning. It is hoped that the wide use of such
How to use this document several meta-evaluations and a survey among tools leads to more effective programmes that,
anti-TIP stakeholders. A key fnding from the together with their evaluation, would contrib-
discussion paper focused on gaps in the ute to further building the evidence base of
design of counter-TIP programmes. In many “what works” to respond effectively to TIP.
cases, the authors found that such pro-
grammes, and the underlying activities, The remainder of this document is divided
failed to refect upon and use accumulated into two parts. In Part I, section 1 provides a
knowledge in counter-TIP and other felds, general overview of counter-TIP programming
including fndings and lessons learned from design issues, and highlights the value of
existing evaluations. This contributed to simi- (a) drawing on behaviour change and good
lar and repeated shortcomings in programme practice and (b) considering the potential for
design that were limiting the value added interventions to, negatively, displace rather
by counter-TIP evaluations. than reduce traffcking – an important issue
for prevention programmes and prosecutorial
The ICAT discussion paper and consultation responses. Section 2 provides an overall start-
process concluded that the feld lacked appro- ing point for the design of counter-traffcking
priate tools and resources with which to cap- interventions, outlining a series of questions
ture, analyse and employ accumulated to help map the specifcs of individual TIP
For more knowledge in the sector. In response, ICAT patterns and identify the most appropriate
information
has developed an initial accessible and easily set of responses.
1 ICAT “Issue Paper No. 4: Pivoting toward the Evidence: Using accumulated knowledge and a shared approach to monitoring,
evaluation and learning to build effective counter-traffcking responses” (forthcoming).
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Introduction Introduction
Contents 2/4
In Part II, sections 3-9 elaborate on seven assisting in programme design; and (c) a
types of counter-TIP activities. Each section non-exclusive set of possible indicators for
contains (a) a brief discussion of lessons measuring progress in responding to TIP.
Introduction learned; (b) a set of questions aimed at These sections are:
Section 3. Raising awareness of traffcking risks and responses
Section 4. Improving livelihoods as an alternative to risky migration
How to use this document
Section 5. Strengthening the legal framework on traffcking in persons
Section 6. Building criminal justice capacity to respond to traffcking in persons
Section 7. Promptly and accurately identifying and referring traffcked persons
Section 8. Providing support and durable solutions for traffcked persons
Section 9. Developing national plans of action against traffcking in persons
The document does not cover all aspects of common to date and (b) for which there is a
the response to traffcking in persons, but body of accumulated knowledge (both from
focuses on those: (a) that have been most within and outside of the counter-TIP sector).
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information
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Introduction Introduction
Contents How to use this document 3/4
ICAT has developed this document for use Readers are encouraged to use the material
by (a) staff of government, non-government, alongside their own experience and factors
international and private sector organiza- relating to the particular context in which
Introduction tions involved in developing and prioritizing they are working. For each type of interven-
counter-traffcking interventions and (b) staff tion, it is recommended that readers review
of funding agencies involved in appraising the lessons learned then assess their intended
project and programme proposals.2 activities by considering the subsequent set
How to use this document of questions. In some cases, the answers to
The intention is not to provide a pro-forma these questions may suggest the need to
template for project/programme design but to modify the envisaged approach, or to add
highlight key lessons learned and key ques- complementary activities; in others, consid-
tions for consideration in designing and evalu- eration of the questions may reveal that the
ating anti-traffcking responses. In particular, approach itself is unlikely to lead to the
based on broad sectorial experience, the desired result, and alternatives need to be
document encourages refection by the reader considered.3
on issues that might prevent an intervention
from achieving its intended outcome(s).
2 A project is defned as a temporary undertaking with a defned start and end point and specifc objectives that, when
attained, signify completion. A programme is a group of related projects managed in a coordinated way, usually to obtain
benefts not available from managing the projects individually. A programme may or may not have a specifed end date
(http://pmtips.net/blog-new/difference-projects-programmes). This paper addresses the design of both programmes and
projects. For simplicity, the term programme has generally been used.
3 For example, analysis may highlight that, for a planned capacity-building activity, the preconditions for the benefciary
trainees to implement skills learned in formal training programmes are not in place. In this case, designers would need to refect
on whether it is possible to infuence these preconditions (such as frequent staff rotation), or whether resources might ultimately
be better allocated elsewhere.
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Introduction Introduction
Contents How to use this document 4/4
Where insuffcient information is available on questions from more than one section.
to answer a particular question, the reader For example, a programme to promote
might consider whether an additional calls to a new TIP telephone hotline might
Introduction activity should be added to the intervention draw on aspects of the sections on
to generate this information. For example, awareness-raising and the section on victim
there may be an absence of baseline data identifcation.
on which to assess the relevance of an
At the end of each section, there is a
How to use this document intervention and measure progress over the
suggestive and non-exhaustive list of
life of the intervention.
indicators for consideration in measuring
In some cases, only some of the questions change in relation to the particular
in a particular section may be relevant. In intervention type. The paper does not
others, a planned intervention might cut specifcally focus on attribution, that is, the
across the types of activities described in extent to which changes can be ascribed
this tool and the reader may wish to draw to a specifc project or programme.
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information
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nI trotcud ion oC ntents
Contents
nkc A oelw egd ments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
nI trotcu d ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Part I. Developing effective responses to traffcking in persons
. 1 eOv riv ew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1
. 2 aM ipp n g an d ied ntifiy n g reops nes s to trafikc � n g in ep ros ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1
Part II. Developing specifc interventions against traffcking in persons
. 3 aR iis n g aaw rene ss of trafikc � n g ri sk s an d reops nes s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
. 4 mI rp oiv n g il ev il oh o sd a s an atl ernatiev to ri kys mirg ation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2
. 5 tS rentg eh nin g teh el ag l frameow r k on trafikc � n g in ep ros ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3
. 6 iuB id l n g rc imina l ts u j iec ac ap ic t y to reops n d to trafikc � n g in ep ros ns . . . . . . . . . 3 4
. 7 rP omtp yl an d arucc ate yl ied ntifiy n g an d referrin g trafekc � d ep ros ns . . . . . . . . . . 2 5
. 8 rP oiv id n g opp u s rt an d rud aelb os tu l ion s for trafekc � d ep ros ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5
. 9 eD ev ol ip n g aN tiona l alP n s of tcA ion aag ints trafikc � n g in ep ros ns . . . . . . . . . . . 9 6
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For more information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 7
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Introduction
Contents
Part I
Developing effective responses to
traffcking in persons
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Introduction Overview
Contents 1/3
There are no universally agreed estimates on the size of the traffcking problem. The best
Part I. available information, however, suggests that:
Section 1. • We appear to be identifying only a small proportion of traffcked persons.4
• The number of traffckers that have been identifed and successfully prosecuted is in
w e ir ve v O
turn a small proportion of those investigated.5
• Not all identifed victims are receiving assistance in line with their human rights.
Questions to consider Access to remedies for victims of traffcking remains particularly limited.
There is also little evidence that traditional prevention programmes have been effective in
reducing the number of people being drawn into traffcking.6
4 A range of different organizations have collected data on TIP and related phenomena such as forced labour. In all cases,
the data suggest that only a small proportion of victims are being identifed. For example, estimates of people in situations of
forced labour range from 21 million to 45 million, depending on the data collection and methodology. Against this back-
ground, 63,251 TIP victims were detected and recorded in 103 countries across the world between 2012 and 2015 (UNODC,
Global Report on Traffcking in Persons 2016 (United Nations publication, Sales No. E.16.IV.6). These fgures are not directly
comparable, since not all victims of forced labour have been traffcked. The size of the discrepancy, however, suggests signif-
cant gaps in identifcation.
5 Data collected for the UNODC Global Report on Traffcking in Persons 2016, for example, indicates that on average
26 per cent of those investigated are convicted in frst instance.
6 Neither extensive document review nor widespread canvassing of counter-traffcking practitioners has identifed peer-
reviewed examples of a prevention project that has succeeded in reducing the number of people entering traffcking situations
in overall terms (ICAT, (2016) “Pivoting toward the Evidence: Building effective counter-traffcking responses using accumulated
knowledge and a shared approach to monitoring, evaluation and learning”).
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information
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