A Reference Grammar of Japanese

1198 Pages·2003·27.265 MB·English

by  Samuel Elmo Martin

A REFERENCEG RAMMAR
OF JAPANESE
byS amueEl. M artin
CHARLES E.T UTTLEC OMPANY
Rutlan· Vde rmontT oky·o J apan
REPRESENTATIVES
Fort heB ritiIsshl esC ontinenEtuarlo pe
&
Simon SchustIenrt ernatGiroonuaplL. o ndon
&
ForA ustralasia
BoowkiseI nternational
JeaneSst reeBte.v erl5e0y0.9 S.o utAhu stralia
1 t
Firpsutb lishiend 9 75b yY alUen iversNietwyH .a veann dL ondon
1
Publhiesdb yt heC harlEe.sT uttCloem panyI.n c.
ofR utlanVde.r montT okyoJ.a pan
&
witehd itoroifafli caets
Suid1o- chome. Bunkyo-Tkouk.y 1o1
2-6. 2
Copyrigh1t 9©8 b7 yC harlesT uttCloe. I nc.
E.
Allr ighrtess erved
LibraorfCy o ngress CatalNoog. 8 7C-a5r1d
233
InternatSitoannadla Brodo kN o.0 -80485-510 -X
FirTsutt telde1 t11o9 n8.8
Thirpdr inti1n9 g9.1
PrintienJd a pan
I
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Wheaw nor tkka eosva ed re ctacodmo epl etthaeeu, t ehjnyootsrh beee nfoift
idemaastl,ec, ron ieusaaln,ed cn ourafgrmem omaeqnnayutr tIhe artvsre.ci oesndc ien­
tuiostlaoyc n koewdlsgpee scoiufpribuccile ssah,neu ddnu pbslhiedg,h ottuhhstirdt so.uy u
Lemteh emrneetn i noau emorbpf e nrwssh ohova ceno treiidbvn rua uitwsoa tytosh e
scucsseflc umoplteiootfneh b oko.M cuthah Ith alvaenere odtf h Jeaa epnesl gaunahgaes
beiennis rbpeytd h e owfo trmekya t chlhteaeBe re a rrBndlc aho nodt hoehfri sssdt n uets,
suacEshizl baeFtG.ha rrdM,naa eoskY okoyLauomnbarsu ya,nJ do hCnh eJJwr.I,. n
pacrlutaIihr a,bv eeenf ietneodr fmortuoehsms ul tdyoi Efea lsne HoarJr odzre wnh,eo s
setdayec nuoargeamnecdnr ti tairmceuih acs ppmrse cWiiaottuthethdd ee. v colotaloeb­d
ranto iHfoma aokI otC hpalwihnho,ap sr oviinldvbuealaadeia det v tenurnyr,ie htetrsh i
noort rheecrwe ornkotsnJ aepsawenou lhdab veeenp o isebss;lo omtfeh meo istntr act­
abplrbeeol mhsa fvoneuds lu otnitsoh rioinugsgshhht esp rhoeavdsOi. td hmeerem rbs
otfh Jeaa epnslea ngge ufaoaYfcal uUelin tviyet rys-CCh,haK ioareoOu th aad,nT tau­
hkioT ateyaamol::ib s-eohegfanr v heeea, alt np Ihd a lvaeerd nm eucfrhto ehmik ri nd
tuatg.ee l
Paortfth sre e sfeoatirrhws cor h,kw ihcwhab se gwuiants hs ifsrttoahmUneS .c .e
OffiocEfed autncii 1no9 6t1,ok po alcweih lIw eaa vs i spirtoifanettgsh Useino vre rsity
oWfa nsghtii1on9n 6 2-a6dna3 tth Ueinv erosHfia twiya1n i9 6i5 -a6n16d9 6 9-70;
sutdeannctdlols e aagbtuo eittsnhi s tnuhsta pivroeo vvliaudaiebdnl faeotnr ai mnocdr iti­
cisImpn.a rltaIihr ca,iuv onerco prastpeedmc aitflaei nrciedi da aofsfe dbr yet skSuoe
Aih,Na roriaFtjuoki ,aoR tivSnaii kHkaayaka aIsw,ri Hnoa wdrT,h omas SEh.o zHou ber,
KuraoL,ket aarwMiricienk iZi,itS nanoo,gH isKanomiiSs rphii,nE gmiekSrou g,i ta
CelacYi i.T aakkia,nH dra vTeayry H.lle ofpuslug gnoesns tmtiahosnecu rwiemprated e
bYyal Gear dtuSeac hsoutodleD nvatisd HPuagtOhrC'einoscon,krS R,.R . a 5me,Ky aren
SnandeasnsJdM,. . Ug n.e r
Othshecorlw ahhroas iv nef eltdu hceeon ncottfeih nbsto k ob,yt e hiwrr iotri ngs
trhouprgeoshn aavdli icnec,Al nutdhAefol ononyM,s na tHasarhoi mSohrtiHooa r,ti t,o
TerHuiyora a,mY aaslausimoY, uk ilhosgi aLkeiwS,Ji. os s HeraphuhisKk,ido nca hii,
SumsuKu nuoS,. K-uY.r,J o admaDe.MsC c waelyA,ik rMaia kmRio,Ay M. i lleMraa,sr u
NgaanKeoi,i Ocuksht,uiT rkaoeS shhii,Ib Fa.V.t ad aruSlaY,ea dm,aaa nKdna eoh ik
Yoshida.
FnilaylI,w oulldeit ktoah nkr niAM asaohYf al Uein vePrrsfeioshtrsayl n gid n
prloebompfsu cbalntai inEodnl oiCralr Hko rfnoheree rdr iitaaontldpy ogcraahlpe hlip.
Tihbs o ioaskf foaentcldetyei ditcNoaro taaehndJ d a smw,eh woee vr yep rainte.t
Jue1n 975 S.E.M.
ThTitust eldei tiboenpe rnhe apsaor retddmeo ar ikt nehb eo mookwr ied ely
accilebtessos ut dseo nJfta peasNnee.la ayrt ohsunadco rreacnatddi dnoihsnta siv oe
bemeand teto h feie rdsitot 1fi9 o7I5na . m g arteffoturhhl ee f llurp eviNe.w s by
AkatsuKkiat,a gLaewwai,nM ,at hiaOs',N Me.Si hltilab,,aa n nid
B. GB.. P..G G..E
WencaCk.p .p raelctsihooaeb t see rmvaadbtyevi aornoisto hrueesra daenrdl soo,k
forItw foaru rtdch oemrm entthsow shfeuor s toemhb eo ofkoy,ruo rre macIn ra ks
impfruotveuedr iet ions.
Jnaauyr1 988 S.E.M.

CONTENTS
0N.o atticononvnaetl:is oepnlg,slp nuitcnuiaoatncn,ctj e,ut nu.cr e 15
01.N.ma easnc dai ttions. 15
0.\N2os.rs ;dppce;hsyphens. 16
0.S3lya.llb aensmd o ras. 17
0.P4ha.rsg ai nnjndutc ure. 17
0.A5cn.cit ewn ro dasnp dha rses. 18
0..I h5ne.r1weo anrcetdtcn s. 18
05..V2a.r iiaintn rihewoenrontadsc c n ets. 20
05..V3a.r sid auttevoi o eowulnvn ongi.c i 20
05..\N4o.ar cdc weiintpnthha erss. 21
05..R5ge.r ecsnaesclilvaet ions. 23
0..65. cOetcnnhaetcell ra taicons. 24
0..A75c.c sehtniistcnf e irvnte farobr ms. 24
0..A85cc.e indnti c aftlo erms. 25
0.M6sci.lea lenocunosev ntions. 25
1S.e nnecct noerstutoic:nn ucsleeenneact(srrp eiadctaednse )xad pnesndeet necs
(speilxm;es nest)ecnocnoevsn e.r si 28
ChtOa nre. 32
ChtTa wr.o 33
2P.r iaectdaedn jcuts. 34
21.O.dr eoraf d njcuts. 35
2.M2a.rgo k afid nnjcuntonspu :op ossti(tp"riato"in)cs.l es 38
2a.U.2mn aeradkd njcuts. 50
2.F3co.u sa tntotif:ebo angrconkudg(i s"nudibugn")f oarunendiggd nr o
(h"gilihgighn)"ot afd jtusn.c 52
2...U31 esoswf a . 60
2..U3 es.os2f . mo 66
2.O3t.hp3ea.irr cot lffeou scsm :da es,,as eudrnaa;sik ,ain ;aa edr-.w a 70
2.K3o.o4s.. 83
2..S3 o.em5tmeyo glciloas epcluations. 87
2...R 4ser ttiiecvasn qdu raesisivct-etrsi. 90
24..aY u[eln .i 173
2.T5hd.eti brsuitiuv)e. (-zut 183
2..T 6ehc moapra(tyr;ooic rm)o aproinss. 104
2..C 7oltlezicrevisim;lip epdl urals. 134
2.L8ia.ngo keaf d njtcnusmo;ni acloo niigjnn. 145
2.N9da.;on aann;ka nte. 106
21..0 kD,ada ta tkaa . 166
21.1D.eomd;a'tte. 176
21..2M tiia( /dnaia.)/ n 127
7
8 Contents
3E.x apnscioonitnsnns to;rsu abuncg aotreization. 167
31.C.als seopsfr iaecstdse;bu jeocjbtte,cssc a,vs aecl e;se sbunejlcstes nsetnece1s38.
3..D 2riteo cjbe:tca rtnssiattciieovmnio,tmt ytoi,io onn,. 168
3.D3rei.co jtbce toasftc ivoesnrk: bdi osnf ta.f fec 188
3.I4dne.ic orjtbce :tb sefnirecidieaastv;ia cvleees n. 191
3..E 5xticesenl,aot ciaonpndo, ss is;qoe uns-aopssseiiesvss. 139
3a.D.5ed sreiaivtdeq auadsneis-iivpdereia ertcda;ect satihse.x 189
3.R6ce.io pcvraalel se.n c 201
3.A7b.l aaltteilia,vvan iesdn,t m reunvteaanllc es. 205
37.aT .hs eep tne-eaorbtv liaeadn t hseel teo-arslcl ative. 212
3..L 8oacteci ovtnirtsnassat;s is. 216
3a.C.8ae vs laneecwsi rtlehea xleindicu zic.l e 212
3.T9h.e mtaitoinz.a 224
3.S9uaebt.cd j elay. 234
31..0I ednctiaitoafnnip drp orietcdiaon. 237
31.a0E.tp ehimiaictd eiancittoinf. 253
31.1M.ut alirpsoneutse mnluctlesiesrup ;fea a-dcnjcuts. 254
31..1M1u.t lisprulfoeab ctjese-.c 255
31..1M2u.tp lilsreufe a-cstu;tsb h"jeegetn ciiavases r u"f pahnceoem enon,
gneiatti;ikv doiiosnnzgf e neist. iv 256
3.1.1T3eh.am tatiiazonfndo s oc efux tdgr eundeaeisnt odif v attreudn c
posiesvse.s s 267
32.I.1hn etrv eenrfabetra:ueal ses cpadtnv lotiion. 272
31..3P otsnionvmaealrn badsed icjtves. 282
4V.io ecc oenrvsions. 287
4..C 1asauvteis. 292
4.P2a.s sives. 294
4.P3sa.szi evcudiaas tives. 299
4.P4o.ti eanlts. 300
44..aS optnanpeoeottnusias adn pl sasives. 307
4.I5tnnr.sa eidstei irvfverdpo amies vss. 307
4.T6ars.ni yts ievtist. 308
47.D. re eipdvsa vsei-nptloista.e 311
4..D 8eiervpds oe-uuacdstaeisv. 321 •
�
4.S9e.nm taeiwci snkg. 321
Ncualfreo acnursdsert tiic:so ipnntlul cei. 316
5.5 1.N.cu lfeoawcriu wtsaah d nm o. 317
5.N2cu.lf ecoauwrsi s taahen s dai .k 322
5.R3ser.tcii tgnt hneu cwlietuhes el omtehnetrs . 323
5.L4o.or seef erence. 326
5.F5ut.rhr eerrms koa fnco sua dnr eitsciterotnc,. 329
6E.a xalottni. 313
61.S.bu jeexcaattl iton. 336
Contents 9
6.C2cim.url oico.un ts 338
6..O 3jbeecxltati aotn. 342
6.E4uh.pe imsms. 345
6..E 5axalttiidnoli cnea.t s 351
6.6n.a tvDoeorryb s. 352
7O.e sriadteives. 355
7. .D1 edseiraadtnjticusv.e 357
7.D2se.ei rdieavv teairlazbtni.o 358
7.V3ea.rila bzitooanfff eicvatenct daeh icatcd tjvieecsa edatcjnilndv o auns3.5 9
8N.ge aotni. 366
81.N.ge iagtnt haedn jtcus. 366
8.A2nw.esi rgnn geatqiusivetnoes . 368
8.M3ut.li npgelavete is. 368
8.N4get.ani tgh peerd ai.tc e 370
8.T5hn.ege t aeip vroepcunuloan-r:(u (a t=)hlzeeir ytna ergiafntiiitn.vi ev 3e7)6
8.O6t.hn geeiarvtf roem bso rerfdor twohlmtee ir laarugnyaeg . 381
8.F7ut.hrr eerm oannrge akts.i on 384
8..L 8exigacvtaeils .n e 388
9A.d vleziriabotinas. 392
9..T 1hiefnni ivt.ei 392
9...V11 elri fbnitain+nvi +iev erb. 410
9...11V aearilebt riaowtnii tnnhtfi i+inv Le 407
9..b11I.e ta rtveeadril fbn iiitnves. 408
9..V21e.ar ilfbn itin+-vi- desai(id. a ) 411
9..31.c noTcehutnecr-o reniscv(sagena .r a) 412
9..V41e.ar ilfbn ivn+e-i -tttiuu. 417
9..V51e.lr if bnitavni+e-i- agdtai. 418
9..V61e.ar ilfbn itin+-vi -edtaa.te 419
9..7O 1.t haedbrvi enaroilamn flrsvo emari lfbn itein.svi 412
9..71Vare.bi fanilte ni+�iv okn kia. 426
91.7.b .lt iTehrngeaea retiy in ivfet-i i(znv+au- ) -zii.m a 428
91..F8c.altia iteaisdnv p rpoensives. 428
9..T91h.ee x icev(sse-uis gr.u ) 434
9...11V 0erifbnniiaetl+ia vuiixlavrbey.r 438
9..111C.o nsvioeoafrnd stjv ileaa cnndmo iainlfn itvnieis. 455
(/ 21It) nnr saeir/tatinvmsuittaitviev e. 455
(3S)uc btdj-vreaebli.a 466
(4N)u lce-aaredrvbl( i=ardveieadd v)e.r b 467
()5E vuaaltive. 468
(6T)r aenp suatiteit.vi v 469
(7It)nnr saiptuaittviev e. 496
9..211V.e drrbpo gip.n 470
91..31D.ri ceatd vieaarltboiinfzoo nm inals. 472
10 Contents
9.T2.h en .dg eru 475
9.2T.h1p.eer daitgceendr.d u 491
9.2a.S.1e ennecti-anfgle runds. 494
9..22G.re udf nosc.u 496
9.2V.e3.rg benar+dlku r aa. 507
9.2V.4ea.rg lbe r+au uniixrdlavye rb. 510
(1-)t [eui- ,][t reor]u [,ai s]-usrt-y,[eta oe r-]ni i[dn]rea u . 514
(2-)at er,- ugteom zaa.si u 523
(3-)to ek- uot,k' u . 529
(4-)ts meia, -ui tamu-,t. y au 533
(5--6t)[ kei;u ] k -uut( reamu i.)r 536
(7-)tm ref;u g-roat-ne. 541
(8-)tme eiur . 544
(9-)tm seire ;u- otm-een k ika re.u 545
(10-)ts meuu; s-muta.es u 546
92..A5.ui ixrlayn tsacrniotasns deu nqeces. 547
93..C ointditoh1-neris ios:aov,t ln hlteeiar rhyyo ptihacealtn,td hc neotd iia;ol n
thiert aecrnoyec ssive. 552
I
9..31T.h peri osav:il- orneba. 559
9.3C.no2.ij ongpi aanrlslneenteelcws i tthphoer v isional. 562
9.3T.h3c.eno i dtnia-olt:a ra. 564
9.T4.hr eper etsie-vntieta.:ar 566
9.L5.eia rtrpye tr:s-f- iet-curt;/u-u i--nnu-uri/-su-i,k. i / 574
9.T6e.hl t iaerrpye trr feleasttvcui:e- -i/e-ur-[;ne- -ir-k]ie-e/rur. 575
97..P hasrlp aosittpioosns. 577
10F.v aors. 597
11.T hpee tr.f ec 602
12T.n eattvieasnh dott arvies. 605
12.1T.h teet neitd;vraa oo. 605
12.2T.h er tiehavt;othl eeiar trhyro tieav.t 610
12.3T.h lteei rtanerattvyie . 615
13.A donmailanitnizstpoy;ai lcalndmyoia anln advd erwboiradls . 616
13.1A.nd oiamniltzoiagnr maamr. 619
13.1E.tx1r.d ua jddnuecatessp h ieetms. 624
13..12E.ip etamhtaiitzooanfud cjntestx urddfe rconomev rstneetdee sn.c6 30
(1E)i petmheexsut ddrfe mrv oioecc-noevtresden nctees. 632
(2E) tphieeesmx dtefrodurm fv aors. 637
(3E)i pthemdef sr doeemxrs tiaieravtd uneqdduse daie-esriiavdte
snetneces. 639
(4E)i ptmheeesx tdfr rufodcameiiat tvlierp-onepsesi evnnectse. 640
(5E)i pthemdef sr iotenmrxi attnriigsunr vdeliaesttzuisveenc etse.n 644
(6E)i ptmheeesx tdfr rumoduameitt vpeuat,tia vneedvu, taa vilen·etsneecs6.4 5
Contents 11
I
1.3.13E.xt iteslnil,caot aiavnpedso, s ievaseds nnolaamiitizoenipst;h emes
I
etxrduf dmrem outaliorpusnset ences. 646
1.3.14Et.xr eugdnde tiisva eesp ithemes. 651
I 1.3.15T.h eo maiidtnzniaaoolfnp priaretcodisao dnni deitncitaoinfs.6 52
1.3.16Sb.uj meackrtgia ndnf ocaudsn aolieminsdiz ne ntences.6 59
1.32P.ot sandoiamnls. 664
1.32.M. o1no. 725
1.3.2T2.oo kr.o 727
1.32T.o3k.i . 703
1.32.4. 731
1.32Wy. 0a05.k. e . 733
1.32M.a6,mm. aa nma. 735
1.3.27. Hazu. 763
1.32.T. mu8roi. 783
1.32T.a9.m. e 793
1.3.T3 enietva anhtdot iraevat dniaonl-mys][ o;om onmoon/naa .r 740
1.3P4o.s isvnemeosia snls. 741
1.35Rs.eit tcrendmo inaandlo supn;rs en n.so )u 742
(=
1.3a5A.d jievncaotlu ns. 745
1.36Q.un atnimotiaynl s. 766
1.73 A.d verbs. 728
1.3.7Caonncjntu.si o 871
1.3P8r.oe pcunloaurn s. 821
1.3.9P riaecitdeav natdtbr uitfimovsrbreo r eofdowr mt hlteie rlgaarugn.yae 831
1.301P.s eauddnioaon lpmsri;aect de-apdrijeovesnc.et 840
1.4N omaiilatznigoennsae:nsr depai clf ic. 841
1.4.K1 tao. 841
1.4.1.1E xeiprelnn toiiamnalatiizkoongtsaao:r u./ nai 846
1.4.1K2to.no ni a surruu/. 849
1.4.1T3h.ce i rlcoucmupttoiteaoninkloa:gtr daoye r kui. 850
1.4.1.4V rebkaolgt aoa edtcjvioear d tjienvucoanl. 851
+ +
1.4N2o.(d.a ) 851
1.4.2.1 [Nod le . 856
857
1.42N.on2 i..
1.42P.ot3ps-.opa sitional no. 860
1.42C.el4fs.nte t ences. 863
1.4V3e.ar nlbon .us 869
1.44V.e arnlbo-ruoennm ianta:i-l yotiundzusa ,( ,--- e)zgn-o;zm ui. 881
1.45If.nni vite-ivdeed rniouns. 883
14.D6ri.te n coimniazlations.
889
1.46.N. [i1aw /]mtg oiian .a i 905
1.4.62N.[iw / am]so ulgnai. 906
1.4.6N3[.iaw /?kmmiaoti]tr eu . 907
907
1.46N.ki4ai .gr u.
1.4.65N.[io m k]o ktaoi-te. 907
12 Contents
1.46V.e6ari.lbt ieowrniad ttrihten coiamnilazt+in oin. 908
1.4A7b.s ttl xrecialanc oiamnilazitoonfjs te avicdeasna ddt jievca(l-A snao,u ns
ANsa-A;-i Am,Nm -i). 909
1.4A8sb.t tlr aeacxaldins cenitnaeolnm itaiztnioavofle n(rs-Vb yiso- o,
V--kia)a.t 911 J
1.S5 eennetcexetn s.i ons 914
1.5.1N [eIe n[]aa,] . 916
1.52IS .a . 981
1.53Y..o 981
I
1.54[].WI a. 920
1.5Z5o.z, e . 922
1.5K6a.. 923
1.5a6Y.a . 932
1.5K7a.[ /enn[]ea;a( a]kd,a- ,tf a/)e . 934
1.58[.KI am]o s i[raein) . 935
1.5K9.as i ra. 936
1.501K.ek . 937
1.511T.tk eta;e . 938
1.521N.a ; nakare. 942
1.52a1-.M ,-a mia-zmziai;-/k-mi(aas)iu. 942
1.5b1-.2s iee/skb-ibk,;eu- ebkraa-zebukaz/auar-;reb -ib,[e e-]bn,ea . 943
1.5.1K 3toaon nd;on ante. 944
1.5.1T 4o .m o 946
1.551T.tr ,ata bt[ae]a t;,ot ttoko.,a 947
1.5.1[ ]6ZI ynaa[ aiko/ n][,zI y]aamr aiskeazn y naad sieku )a [,dI we]a
goamziask.ea n (= 947
1.571.n o. 949
oa'
1.5.1Y 8raa. 915
1.5.1N 9ra;ni far[oit( tm) ]o. 953
1.52Lt0ire.ya a rnddlic easte ecnnetxe-ntessi.o n 957
1.6C ommaadnrn eudsqest s. 959
1.6.T1 hieme priavte. 959
1.6C2ri.uc mocltuoisn. 963
1.6N3ge.a ctiovmema anrnded tqssu .e s 966
1.7C onctjiauolanntiizons. 968
1.7.S1 ennc+tke ea/rmna[o ]oV;- kraunrw ia,a V -ktaa[r nwai.a ] 968
1.7S2e.nn ct+te e.o 974
1.7S3 e.nn ect+ s ei. 975
1.7S4e.nn c+tke e[eer]mdooon,-m noo[n,o-o ] . 977
1.7S5e.n e+tg ean.c 979
1.76Lt.ie rtateran+ytg iav.e 918
1.77 L.ti ertaeirnv+ytn ea.it 982
1.7.S8 enncfteaeit-lntea inte+vn .i 982