Table Of ContentЕ. Е. R E C H IT S K A Y А
A LITTLE
ON
AUTOMOBILES
Order of the Red Banner of Labour
MILITARY PUBLISHING HOUSE
USSR MINISTRY OF DEFENCE
MOSCOW — 1972
Е. Е. РЕЧИЦКАЯ
Н Е М Н О Г О
об
А В Т О М О Б И Л Я Х
(на ан гл и й с к ом языке)
Ордена Трудового Красного Знамени
ВОЕННОЕ ИЗДАТЕЛЬСТВО
МИНИСТЕРСТВА ОБОРОНЫ СССР
МОСКВА-1972
ОТ ИЗДАТЕЛЬСТВА
Книга «Немного об автомобилях» (“A little on
automobiles”) имеет целью познакомить читателя с ос
новной автомобильной терминологией и подготовить
его к чтению и переводу литературы на английском
языке по автомобильной специальности.
В книгу включены статьи о (развитии автомобильной
промышленности в СССР, об устройстве и эксплуата
ции автомобиля, материалы по вождению и правилам
уличного движения, описания различных маршрутов
путешествий по Советскому Союзу на автомобиле с
краткими сведениями о советских автомобильных заво
дах, а также диалоги, короткие заметки из периодиче
ской печати на различные темы, небольшие юмористи
ческие рассказы и шутки. В книге много схем по уст
ройству автомобиля, карт и юмористических картинок.
В конце книги дается англо-русский словарь.
Книга рассчитана на широкий круг читателей, изу
чающих английский язык. Она может быть использо
вана для самостоятельной работы, а также в качестве
пособия 'в различных учебных заведениях.
Все отзывы и пожелания по содержанию и оформ
лению книги просим направлять по адресу: 103160,
Москва, К-160, Военное издательство.
DO YOU KNOW
.... that the most popular profession in our country is that of
DRIVER?
THERE ARE OVER TWELVE MILLION DRIVERS IN THE
USSR.
DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
IN THE USSR
Before World War I only a few automobiles were
produced in Russia at Machine-Building Works in Mos
cow, Petersburg, Riga and Orel. Most of them were pro
duced in Riga at the Russian-Baltic Railway Works.
During six years (1910—1915) only 451 cars and a few
score of trucks were delivered.
At the outbreak of World War I the number of ve
hicles in Russia did not exceed 10,000 units, mostly of
foreign make, among them 2,000 trucks.
In 1916 efforts were made to build some Motor
Works in Russia, but none of them ever got down to com
mercial operation.
It was only after the Great October Socialist Revolu
tion that automotive industry began developing in our
country. In 1924 the first Soviet trucks — ten AMO-F-15
came off the assembly lines and took part in the holiday
parade on the Red Square in Moscow.
Very few vehicles were produced at that time
(1924—1931) at three plants — in Moscow, at the AMO
Works (now the I. A. Likhachev Motor Works), at the
Yaroslavl Motor Works and at the Moscow Motor Works
“Spartak” which produced compact cars (1927—1930).
In 1931 only 4,005 vehicles had been produced in our
country.
The drive to boost automobile production and bring
out a range of cars began in 1932. In Nizhni-Novgorod
(now Gorky) new Motor Works appeared which planned
to manufacture at least 150,000 vehicles a year. The Mos
cow Automobile Works underwent reconstruction to turn
out up to 25,000 automobiles,
5
Five years later (in 1937) the Soviet Union was the
first in Europe and the second in the world (after
the USA) in the production of trucks. In two years the
pre-war level of production was reached — up to
201,700 vehicles. At the Gorky, Moscow and Yaroslavl
Works trucks, buses and special service cars of all types
came off the assembly lines as well as passenger cars —
big, medium and compact. The highly developed automo
tive industry was able to meet the requirements of natio
nal economy. It played a great role in supplying the So
viet Army in wartime.
World War II and the subsequent Great Patriotic War
held back the development of automotive industry in our
country. The Moscow Motor Works was evacuated to the
East. Later on, new Automobile Works appeared on the
basis of its workshops in Ulyanovsk, Miass, Shadrinsk
and Chelyabinsk.
After the Great Patriotic War the pre-war level of
automotive industry w;as not only reached, but even
surpassed in 1949 (276,000 vehicles). During the three
Five-Year-Plan periods (1951— 1965) the production of
cars was doubled, and in 1965 it reached the level of
616.000 units.
Until 1965 mainly trucks were manufactured. They
made up 62% of the total production of vehicles in the
USSR, as compared to 20% in the USA, Federal German
Republic, England, France and Italy. Our country held
the third place in the world and the first place in Europe
in the production of trucks (data of 1968). We still hold the
first place in the world in the production of buses. The
average capacity of trucks produced in the USSR is about
4 tons, while in the USA it does . not exceed 2.36 tons.
Soviet trucks which are highly reliable are being exported
to many foreign countries.
Prospects
In 1965 the Soviet automotive industry entered a new
period of rapid development. During the eighth Five-Year-
Plan period (1965—1970) the output of vehicles increased
1.5 times. In 1970 over 344,000 cars, 525,000 trucks and
47.000 buses were produced by the Soviet automotive in
dustry, approximately twice as many as in the preceding
period.
6
The new plants alone which began operating in 1970
put out over 178,000 vehicles. In 1971 a total of over
1.1 million automobiles was reached. The tempo of
automobile production will increase considerably during
the ninth Five-Year-Plan period. Essential progress is
expected in the output of cars (3.5—3.8 times more than
before). The Volzhsky Motor Works released its first cars
in 1970, and five years later it will produce 660,000 com
fortable five-seat saloons “Zhiguli” per year.
The Moscow Leninsky Komsomol Works is being re
constructed with subsequent increase of output which will
be stepped up to 200,000 cars per year. The construction
of the Izhevsk Works is being completed. Its output of
compact cars will be increased to 150,000 vehicles a year.
The Gorky, Ulyanovsk and Zaporozhsky Works are being
expanded. In 1975 they will put out up to 1.2—1.3 million
vehicles.
The output of buses will also increase with the con
struction of a new automobile in Yelgava. Its production
will be five times greater as compared to the Riga Auto
mobile Works.
A special plant producing small tourist vans (cara
vans) for motorists has been built in the capital of Ar
menia — Yerevan.
A whole group of workshops is being built on the ri
ver Kama in the town of Naberezhny Chelny that will
manufacture three-axle trucks of high capacity (up to
8—11 tons). By the end of the ninth Five-Year-Plan pe
riod it will produce 150,000 vehicles per year.
Further specialization of present Automobile Works
and construction of associate plants of the Likhachev and
the Gorky Automobile Works as well as some new unit
and automobile erecting workshops will notably increase
the output of powerful and speedy trucks.
In 1975 over 785,000 trucks will be produced in our
country. The total output of automobiles will reach two
million units by 1975, i. e. it will be doubled.
Such are the prospects of development of automotive
industry in the USSR, scheduled by the XXIV Congress
of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
V. S. PROZOROV, Engineer-Colonel
MOTORCAR DESIGN
TECHNICAL DESIGN OF THE MOTORCAR
There are numerous types of motorcars. It is impos
sible to describe their particular construction in detail.
But the classification into groups with respect to their
general construction may be undertaken. These are mo
torcars with carburettor engines and motorcars with die
sel engines.
Every motorcar has the following components: engine,
power train, chassis and body.
Passenger car легковой автомобиль
1 — engine двигатель; 2 — fuel tank топливный бак; 3 — rear axle
задний мост; 4 — propeller shaft карданный вал; 5 — steering co
lumn рулевая колонка; 6 — change-speed gear коробка передач;
7 — (storage) battery аккумуляторная батарея; 8 — radiator ра
диатор
8
ENGINE
The engine is the power plant of the vehicle. In gene
ral, internal-combustion engines are used operating with
some fuel (petrol, benzol, diesel oil). Depending on their
combustion process, the engines are fundamentally classi
fied as
carburettor engines and
diesel engines.
Sometimes, the carburettor engines are called light-
oil engines and the diesel engines are called heavy-oil
engines.
Another difference results from the working method
of the internal-combustion engine. A difference is made
between
four-stroke cycle engines and
two-stroke cycle engines.
The engine is assembled of various cast pieces: its
foundation and main stationary body is formed by the cy
linder block with the top portion of the crankcase to
which the cylinder heads and the bottom portion of the
crankcase are bolted. The crankcase with its main bear
ings houses the crank-drive assembly, comprising the pi
stons, the wrist-pins, the connecting rods and the crank
shaft. Besides, the valves, valve-operating mechanism
with camshaft, control gears and valve tappets, ignition
system, carburettor, water pump, fan, fuel feed pump and
oil pump are parts of the engine.
Arrangement and number of cylinders in the engine
are decisive for its external shape. There are motorcar
engines with two, three, four, six, eight, twelve and more
cylinders arranged in various forms to each other. In
most cases they are arranged in one block (cylinder
block).
The chemical energy stored in the fuel is converted
into mechanical energy by the expansion of the gases
and by the interaction of the various engine components.
The piston sliding in the cylinder under the impulse of
the expanding gas exerts a pressure and transmits it to
the crankshaft via the connecting rod, and converts the
reciprocating motion of the piston into the rotating mo
tion of the crankshaft. The pistons are equipped with pi
9
ston rings for better sealing between pistons and cylinder
wall and in order to prevent any seizing of the pistons.
Carburettor engine карбюраторный двигатель
/ — fan belt ремень вентилятора; 2 — generator генератор; 3 —
fan вентилятор; 4 — piston pin поршневой палец; 5 — small end of
connecting rod верхняя головка шатуна; 6 — water jacket водяная
рубашка; 7 — spark plug свеча зажигания; 8 — cylinder цилиндр;
9 — piston поршень; 10 — poppet-valve тарельчатый клапан; 11 —
exhaust manifold выхлопной сборник; 12 — inlet manifold всасы
вающий коллектор; 13 — flywheel маховик; 14 — main bearing ко
ренной подшипник; 15 — oil pan поддон картера; 16 — crankshaft
коленчатый вал; 17 — camshaft распределительный вал; 18 — cam
кулачок; 19 — tappet толкатель; 20 — big end of connecting rod
нижняя головка шатуна; 21 — main bearing коренной подшипник;
22 — journal коренная шейка (вала)
The small end of the connecting rod is rotatably con
nected to the piston by the piston pin. The big end of the
connecting rod is also rotatably connected with the crank
shaft. The flywheel is located on the rear end of the crank
shaft. It is equipped with a toothed rim for meshing with
the starter pinion. Piston with piston pin, connecting rod
Ю
