A History of Greek Public Finance

420 Pages·1933·46.612 MB·English

by  Andreades, Andreas Michael

A HISTORYO F
GREEK PUBLIC FINANCE
VOLUME I
BY
A.M . ANDREADES
PROJ'ESSOR OPEC ONQlllCB AT THE UNIY.ERSlTY OPA THENS
REVISEDA ND ENLARGED EDITIONT RANSLATED BY
CARROLL N. BROWN
AMOCIATE PROFESSOR OFC I.Al!BICAL LANGUAGES
COLLEOEO F THE CITYO F NEW YORK
HARVARD UNIVERSITY PRESS
CAMBRIDGE,M ASSACHUSETTS
1933

Contents
INTRODUCTI.O .N .. . . . • . . . . . • v
AUTHOR'SP REFCAET OT HEN EW EDITION ix
BOOK I
HoMERlPCu BLIFCI NANCE
INTRODUCTOOBRSYE RVATIONS 3
• • . . .
CHAPTEIR: T HE PUBLIECX PENDITURES 8
A. TheR egulEaxrp enditures 8
(a)E xpenditfuortre hseR oyaHlo usehold 9
(bT)h eE xpensoefsH ospita.li ty. . . 10
(cTh)e Dinne.r s . . . . . . . . . . 12
(d)C onclsuionasst oR egulaErx penses 12
B. Expensesi nT imeo fW ar . . 13
CHAPTERI I.R EGULARRE VENUES 15
A. Revenufesor m StatPer oper.t y 15
(a)T heN aturoeft heR oyaEls tat(eT emenos) 15
(bTh)e Sizoef t heE state 16
B. Direacntd I ndirteT caxe.s 17
(a) DirecTta xe.s . . . . 17
(bI)n dirTeacxte s. . . . 19
(cR)e quisiotfiM oenn a ndG oods.F orceLda bo.r 21
(d)V ariuosR oyaPlr ivileges 23
CHAPTEIRI I.E XTRAORDINRAERVYE NUE.S .. . 24
.
A. ConcerniPnagr asitEicco nomayn dI tsCa use.s 24
B. Revenuferso mW ar . . . . . 27
(a)T heN aturoeft heS poil.s 27
(b)T heR evenuoesf t heKin g . 28
Conclusi.o n. . . . . . . . . . 28
(a)F roma scientpoiifincto fvi ew 28
(bF)r omt hep olitaincdap lr actipcoailno tfv iew 28
ExCURSUBl .C ONCERNITHNEG MINOANP UBLIFCI NANCE. 30
ExCURsus II.Tu E PAYo F JuDGEB 32
BOOK II
THE PUBLIFCI NANCOEF TH E SPARTANS
INTRODUCTOOBRSYE RVATIONS 37
A. GenerGarlo und. 38
B. ParticGurloaurn d. . . 41
[ xv]
CHAPTEIR.G ENERALQ UESTIONS. . . . . . . • 43
A. TheS partanG overnmenitnC lassicTailm es 43
B. TheLe gendasb outth eLe gislatioofnL ycurgus 45
(a)T hel egenadb ouetq ualiintt yh eh oldionfgp roperty 46
(b)S partmaonn ey. . . . .. . . 47
C.W ealtha ndt heI nfluenocfeM oney . . . . . . 47
(aS)pa rtaanv aric.e . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.7
(b)P overtyi nS partaan di tcso nsequen.c .e s . 49
(cN)e gatviem anifestaotfit ohen lso voef m oney 50
D. TheP opulatoifoS np arta. . . . . . 50
I.D istributoifto hneP opulat.i on 50
(aT)h eS patrans.. . . . . . 50
(b)T heP erioe.c i. . . . . . 51
(cT)h eH elots.. . . . . . . 52
II.T heD iminutiinot nh eN umbero fS partsa .n 53
(aD)e velopmaenndts ignificaonfct eh ep henomenon 53
(b)T hec auseosf t hed ecreasoefc itisz en 54
CHAPTERI I.P UBLIFCI NANC.E 58
A. TheP ublicR evenu.e s . . . 58
(aO)r dinaRreyv enue.s . . 58
(b)E xtraordiRneavrneuye s 60
(cT)h eP ublicW ar-economoyft h eS partaFne deration 61
1.F irstP eriodF.r omt heO utbreaokf t heP eloponneWsairat no t he
Peacoef N icia.s. . . . . . . . . . . 62. .
2.T heS econPde riodo ft heP eloponneWsaira .n . 68
B. ThPeu bliEcx pense.s . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 . . . .
(aL)i mitatoifPo unb lEixcpe nsesa ndt heC auseosfT his 71
(b) Expensoefst heC rown 72
(cT)h eS yssitia 74
Conclus.i on. . . . . . . . 75
BOOK III
PUBLIFCI NNACE INT HEG REEK WORLD CLIANS SICLA TIMES
GENERALR EMARKS. . . . . • .• . . . •. • . . . . . . • 79
(a)T heF ourS ystemosfF iannce . . . . . . . . . . .7 9 . . .
(b)D efinitioonfst heC hieFfi scTaelr muss eidn A ncieTnitm es 80
(cM)e aninogft he Term" Political Ec.o .n om.y " . . . 81
APPENDIXT.H E "0ECONOMI"C AATTRIBUTETDO A RISTOTLE 83
()aT heC haracteorf th eW ork. . . . . . . . . . 84
(b)P ossiAbulteh oarsn dD ate. . . . . . . . . . 86
CHAPTERI .R orA L EcoNOMYA MONGT HEP ERSIANS. 89
A. TheR eformosfD arius. . . . . .. . . . . . 89
(aO)r ganizaotfit ohenS ysteomf A dministraantdiT oanx ation 89
(b)T heR eforomf t heC urrency.. . . . . . . . . .9 7 . . .
B. TheR oyaElc onomayc cordtinogt heP seudo-Aris.t .o tl.e . 99
CHAPTERI I.T HE FINANCIAADLM INISTRATOIFO TNH EP ERSIANS ATARPS 101
A. TheS atrap'Rse venue.s . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 1
(aI)n comfer omt heP rivaPtreo pertoyf h etR ealm 102
(b)T heL andT ax. . . . . . . 103
()cT he Taxo nF lock.s . . . .. . . . 104
[xvi J
(dT)h er emainiDnigr eTcatx es. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
(eT)h eI ndirTeacxets . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . 1.0 6 . . . . . . . .
B. Comparisoofnt heS atarpicF inanwicteh t heP oliacnyd A dminisattrioonf t he
TurkiPsahs has . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ..1 07. . . . . . . . .
I.C omparisowint ht hefi nancial adminiosftt hreaf trieGoern e ek citie1s0 7
II.C omparisowint ht hea dministraotfti hoenT urkisPha sha.s 107
CHAPTEIRI I.T HE FINANCIAALD MINISTRATOIFO TNH ET YRANTS. 110
A.I ntroducOtobserrvya tions.. 110
B. TheE xpensoefts h eT yrants 114
C. TheR evenuoefst heTyr ants 120
CHAPTEIRV .T HE FINANCEOSF THEG REEKC ITY-STATES 125
GenerSatla temen.t . . . . . . . . . . . .1 25. . . .
A. TheO rdinaryR eveuneso ft heGr eeCki ti.es . . . 126
I.T heL acko fa nyR egulDairr eTcatx atioofCn i tizens 126
(aW)h atw ast hee xtenotf th ifrse edofmr omt axation? 126
(bT)h eo rigino ft hihso stiltiodt iyer ctt axe.s 127
II.L iturgieasn dE pidos(eDiosn ations) 130
III.R evenuferso Smt ateP roeprty 133
IV. IndireTcatx es 137
(aC)u stomdsu es. . . . . . 138
(b)E xcidsuet ie.s . .. . . 143
(cE)n cycli.a . . . . . . . 146
(d)C onclunssai sot ot heE poniaan dE ncyclia 148
AppendtioxI V.V ariouTsa xatiPorno blems. 150
AddendutmoA ppenditxo I V.T heI nscripotfTi eoons . 155
V.T heF arming outo fP ublRiecv enue.s . . . . . . 159
B. ExtraodrinarRye venuoeft heG reeCki tie.s . . . . . . 161
I.C oncerntihneNg e cessiotfEy x traordinRaervye nsu e 161
(aT)h ee volutoifop nu bleixcpe ndtiuer and thein creasifnrge queonfc y
defici.t s . . . . . . . . . 161
(b)H ow werteh esed eficimtest ? 163
IIS. aloef S tate Propert.y . . . . . . . . . . .1 65.
IIIT.h eLa w CourtR evenues. . . . . . .. .. . 166
IV.P ubliLoca ns . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 68. . . .
(aT)h eR ariotyfLo ansa ndt heR easnosf oTrh is. 168
(b)T heC hief CharacotfeP ruibsltLoiiaccn ssin AncienTtim es . 172
(cC)o nclusi.o n . . . . . . . . . . 175
Appenidxt oI V.T heLo anso fM iletus 176
V.T heM onopolie.s . . . . . . . . 178
VI.Fi nanciEaxlpe dienatnsdE xaction.s . 182
C.C onclusi.o n . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 85. . . . . . .
(aTh)e Narrowneosfst heB asiso fT axatoina ndi tCso nsequences 185
(b)T heA ncieCnotn ceptoifoFr need om. -Reasf)forn st heS tates' bAsoulte
Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18. 5 . . . . . . .
(cT)h eS piroiftP ubliFicna nce . . . . . . . . . .1 88 . . .
(d)N ecesys fiotarS peciaSlt udoyf A theniaPnu blFiicn aen c 189
Appenditxo B ookI II.T heF inancoefts h eT emple.s . . . . . 190
C xvii]
BOOK IV
THE PUBLICE CONOMOYF T HE ATHENIANS
INTRODUOfOR0YB SERAVTI ONS . . . . . .• . 197
I.S ourcaensd B ibliography.. . . . . . . 197
II.T heA thenianIsn't eriensP tu bliFicn ance 203
A.P roooffst his Interest. 203
B.R easonsfo rt hisI nterest 207
II.IL imits oft hePr esentS tudy 208
PART I. THE PUBLIECX PENDITUR.E S 212
CHAPTER l.E XPENDITUREF ORI NTERNALS ECURITY AND ExTERNAL DEFENCE 212
A. ExpenditurfeosDr o mestSiecc urit.y 212
B. ExpendituroensF ortificati.o n.s . . 215
C. Military Expenses,p roperslo-cya lled. 216
D. Diploamtci xEpenses. . . . .. . . 226
CHAPTERI I.E XPENSEOSF INTERNALAD MINISTRATION. 227
A. PubliEdcu cationE xpendituaresn dt heC ulBtu dget . 227
I.P ublic Educa. t.i on. . . . . . . . .2 27
II.T heC ultB udget. . . . . . . . . . . . .2 29. .
B. PublWiocr ks. . . .. .. .. . . . . . . . . 23.2
I.T heC onceopft" PubliWco rks"am ong theA ncieGnrtee k.s 232
II.T heP olicoyf P ericle.s . . . . . . . 233
IIIO.p inionsre garding theP olicoyf P erciles 235
CHAPTE R II.I EXPENDITURESF ORTH E PEOPEL 238
A. DistributoifoG nrsa in. . . . . . .. .. . . . .2 38.
I.T heP robleomf G raiSnu pplpya,rti cularliny Attica. 238
II.T heR emedies Indi.c a. ted. . . 241
IIIT.h eE conomiVci ewo ft heQ uestion 245
IV.D istribuotfiM oenast . . 245
B. ExpenditurfeosIr n dividua.ls . . . 246
C. Salari.es . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
I.G enrealO bservation.s . . . . . 247
II.P ublSiecr vicaen dt heS tate Offices 249
(aP)u bliSce rvic(eal inr 71J)Eulat) 249
(bT)h eO ffices. . . . . . . . . 251
IIIS.a lasrie . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
(aE)v olutoifot nh eS ystem . . . . .. . . .. .. 253
(bO)p inionsa sto thisp ayinogfS alarifeso hro lndigO ffice. 254
(cR)e sultso fpa ying Saltoa riDesi csatse,t c. . 258
D. TheT heorikon 259
ConculsiooDBn P artI 263
PART II.TH E STATREE VENUESO FT HEA THENIANS. 268
CHAPTERI . THER EGULAR INTERANLR EVENUES 268
A. Incomfer omPr ivatePr opertyo ft heS tate 268
I.G enerSatla teenmts. . . . . . . . . 268
II.T heM ineast La ureium. . . . . . . 269
[xvi iiJ
B. RevenuMf rotmh eLa w Courts 273
I.D icatsiocr C ourDtu es. 274
II.F ines. . . .... . .. 275
C. TheD irecTta xes. . . . . . 277
I.T heM eticasn dt heSta tet metoekiona ndx enikon) 277
II.O thedrir ecHte adT axetsrt ioboloponr,nik on). . . 281
Appenditxo C . TheP opulatioofnA ttiinca the5 tha nd4 thC enturies 285
D. TheR egular Liturgie.s . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 1 . . . . . .
I.T hec hierefg ullairt urg.i .e s . . . . . . . . . 291. . . . .
II.T heb urdeonft heli turegsai nd thei nstituotfti hoean n tidosis. 293
E. TheI ndirTeacxtes . . 294
I.G eneral State.m e.n ts. . . . . . . . . . 29.4 . . . .
II.C ustomDsu es . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 6 . . . . .
(aS)pe ciaclh aracterisotfAi tchse niacnu stomlse gislat.i on 296
(bT)h er evenufesr ocmu stomsd ues. . . . . . . . . 29.7
(cI)n ternatioponasli tiaonnd c ommercpoilailyc ofA then.s 299
(d) Conclusaisot nBot here venuoefsP eire.eu.s . . . . . 303
Appendixto SectiEo.nD idt heA theniawintBh t heo bjeocftco ntrollingt rade
limit thef reedmo ofna vigatioonff oreign peo.pl .es ?. . . . .3 03 . . . . .
CHAPTER II.T HE EXTERNALR EVENUES 306
A. TheT ribuotfet he Alelis . . . . . 307
I.T he FirsAtt heniHaeng emony. 307
II.T heS econHde gemonoyft heA thenians 312
B.T heC leruchies. . . . . . . . . . . . 314
C. Conclunssai sot ot heE xtrtearritoriRaelv enues 315
CHAPTER III.IR ERGULA R REVENUES. . 317
A. ExactioofnM so ney( ap'}'upoXo'YLa) 318
B.S tatTere asu.r e . . .. .. .. . 319
C. TheT rierarchy. . . . . . . . . 322
I.O bligatiinovlnosv eidn th eT rierarchy . 322
II.H istroicDaelv elopmaenndtR esulotftsh eT riearrchy 323
IIIC.o nclusaisot nots h eT rierarchy 326
D.T heE ispho.ra . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
I.C hieCfh aracteroisftt ihceEs i sphora 326
II.D oest heE isphodraate b ackto Solon.? 330
IIIW.h enw ast heE isphorfiras ti ntroduced? 333
IV.F inaFlo rmo ft heE isphournad eNra usinic.u s 334
V.T heP repaEiids pho(r'iratpo �q<jJopa.) . . . . 338
VI.D idth eE isphora ah raPvoeg reses irov Par oportional Cha.r acte3r3?8
VIL Howw asi tP ossiibnlA en tiquittoyc olleac Tta xo nC apital.? 340
Appendsi ctoe .D . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.2 .
I.B oeckhT'hseo ryo ft heE isphor.a . . . . 342
II.T heE isphao arndP rivaWtee altihnA thens 343
D. Epidos(eaitsl'Jr tOtOs<T.)t 349
ConclusoinoP nasr ItI . . . . 350
I.C onclusaisot nost heR egulRaerv enues 350
(aC)o mparni swoitthh eR eveuneso fo therG reeCki ti.es 350
(bE)s timaotfte h eR egulaRre venuoesf t heA theniaEnm pire 351
(cE)s timaotfte h eR evenuferso mI nterTnaaxla tio.n . 355
(d)O pniionasst ot heR evenuoefs tAhteh eniEamnp ir.e 356
[x ixJ
II.C onclusaisot nosI rregulRaerv enue.s . . . . . . ... 35. 7 . . . . .
(aT)h et echnicpaoli notfv iew. . . . . . . . . . 35.7 . . . . . . .
(b)T hes ociolopgoiicnaotlf vi ew;t het axatiooftn h ew ealthaynd i ts
consequenc.e s. . . .. . . . . . 358
AddendtaoB ookI V.I ntroducOtbosreyr vat.i on.s . 364
AppendIix. Budgtea ndF inancial Adminis.t ration 364
(aT)h eB udgeitnG enera.l . .. ... .. . 365
(b)P reparatEixoenc,u tiaonndA, u ditionftg h eB udget 369
AppendixI I.S uperioFrin ancOeffi cer-s Eubulaunsd L ycurgus 372
(aT)h eH ighesFtin anciOaffilc ei nA thens 373
(b) Lycurgaunsd E ubulu.s . . . 376
AppendiIxI I.X enophonV'esct igal.i a .. 381
(aA)b outR evneuesi nG enera.l . . . . 381
(b)T heM easurPerso posbeydX enophon 384
(cT)h ep robable imporfte hsesw ioornko nh isc ontemporaries 388
(d)C onclusion 390
INDICE.S . . . . . 393
AncieNnatm es. . 395
SubjecatnsdM odernN ames 401
Book I
HomeriPcu bliFci nance