A Dictionary for Believers and Nonbelievers

625 Pages·1989·19.69 MB·English

by  Progress Publishers

A Dictionary
·
foBre lvieers
andN onbelievers
l�lnl
PROGRESSP UBLISHERS
Moscow
Translatferdo mt heR ussianb yC atherJiundee /son
CJiosa.JpJ.JUIb s epyiow,"u Hxesepyiow,ux
Ha aHlJlUUcstK3Obl.MK e
1985
: ©" IlOJUiTH3]:\aT"'" ATeHCTH•1eCCKJHlHO Bapb"'
1989
Englisthr ansla©t iPornogrePsusb lishers
Printiendt he Unioonf S oviSeotc ialRiesptu blics
04 -4293 2-88
c 00000(00100104 )-89
ISBN5 -01-000455-0
PREFACE
Thidsi ctiiostn haferr yuo ifmt a nyye awrosr'uk n dertbayak l eanr ge
grooufsp c hoflraotrmhs Ue S SaRn odt hseorc icaoluinstItrit ids ee ss.i gned
foarlt lh owsheoa re intienor rwe osrtkoeindqn uge strieoqnusia sr ciinegn ­
tiafipcp rotaomc aht toefrr esl iTghideoi nc.t ihoanasal rmy2o ,s5te00 n tries
anidit n clauw diedrsea nogfte e rmss etrthvoare te fltehmceot d eartnt ain­
mentpsh iolfo asnondpa htyu srcailea nncadel tshoo osfMe a rxriesste arch
inqtuoe stoifro enlsi gion.
Entraireaesr r anignae ldp haboertdiaecnracd,le rtwaoirnad rspe i cked
ouitni tatloii ncdsi tchasatptee ceinatlra irdeees v ottote hde eml sewihne re
thdei cti(oen.aigrnt.y h een ternyt iLtAlWeSdO FN ATUR"En atural
scieinpsci ec"ko euidtni taalnildca stt ehrei rases epaernattrey devoted to
iwth iecxha mitnheceso ncienmp otr dee taDialt)oe.fst hfee stcievla­ls
ebraitnte hdOe r thodox Cghiuvareccnch o radrtiehnJ egu ltioa n Calendar,
whitlhede a taec cortdoti hnGegr egoCrailaenn idsga irva elno ngisni de
brackets.
Thep eriooftd h rei asenc do nsoliodfca atpiiotnia nEl uirsomap ned
NorAtmhe ri(c1ta7h1 -9tche ntuirrsie efse)tr ori ent dhd iisc tiaostn haer y
ModeErrna a,t erwmi dealcyc epitnte hdpe r esenSto-vdihaeiyts torical
.
science.

A
AARONITES,a dheroefan t trse nidn1 89c7o,m mentoantr hiKeeo sr an,
withtihneO ldB eliesvcehriss'am n da rtiocnlt ehrsee foromfM os­
whiscphl aiwtai ynt hsee cohnadl fl ecmo uarntldsa w.
oft h1e8 tche ntfruormyt hBee pzo­
povtTsyh.en amoef t htirse wnads ABELARDP,i err(e1 079-1142),
derifrvoemtd h nea moefi tfso undFerre nscchh olpahsitliocs tohpehoe­r,
Andr(eAia rZohnu)k Uonvl.i tkhee l ogainapdno eHte.w afsa moausas
BezpopotvhtAesa yr,o nrietceosgt ­eacahnemdra stoefpr o lemHiec s.
nizceidv mialr riaangdre esj ecsteegtdr esattob ryte h peh iloasnodp hy
extraesmcee ticism. cultoufcr lea ssainctailqA ubiet­y.
larpdh'isl oswoapcshh ya racterized
ABAYaAc ,o vewrhiintcghh Se h ariab yr ationHaesl tirsemts.hs neee de d
demandtsh aMto slewmo ment os ubstadnotgimaoatffse a iwtiht h
shouwledao ru tstihdceeo nfoifn eksn owlewdhgieac,ch t usaelrlvtyeo d
thehiorm Teh.e a bacyoan cetahleus n dermCihnrei sdtoigmaanA. b e­
shapoeft hefiigru raensdc overlsa rcdo nsidtehratethds e o urocfe
thebiord wyi tthh ee xcepotfi oCnh rismtoiraawnla sss o -canlalteud­
thefaice.r ramlo ralHiitswy r.i tiinngcsl ude
"SiectN on("Y easn dN o)a nd
ABBE(Ya,a) b uilidnihnagb biyt "eHdi slCoarliaam it(aTlhuSemt "o ry
ac ommunoifmt oyn kosrn ungso v­ofM yD isastanea rust)o,b iographi­
ernbeyda na bboorta bbe(sbsa); cawlo rk.
churbcuhin letas ru cahb uilfdoirn g
thues oeft hmeo nkosrn un(cs );t heA BELIToErAS B ELIAaNneS a,r ly
communoifmt oyn kosrn unlsi viCnhgr issteicoatfan G nospteircs ua­
int hbeu ilddeisncgr aibboevde . sioTnh.ne a me dwearsif vreotdmh e
namoeft hsee cosnodon fA damin
ABBOnTa,m foer t hseu peorfai no rt he BibAlbee wlsh,toa o lrtyh,o ugh
abboefym onkisnW esteErunr opheew amsa rraicecdo,r tdoti hnbege ­
frotmh 5et che ntAu.rDyo. n wardlsi.eo ffst heA belirteemsa,i ned
Inl esssp ecuisfaitgche we o rids chasFtoel.l otwhieen xga mpolfe
usesdi mptlody e siganp artieine sAtb etlh,Ae b elittoeowski vbeust
thReo maCnat hoClhuircch . themiarr riwaegreneso ct onsum­
mateCdo.u plbeesl ontgoit nhgi s
ABDURM,u hamm(a1d8 49-1s90e5cw)to, u ladd oapy to unbgoa yn d
theololgeiaadfinig,nu gar nerd e fogri­wrhlo,w oumladk aev olwo e nter
meorf Il sa,ma l ectauttr heMero s­int hetiurra mn a rrioaftg hese a me
leaml -AzUhnairv earnsGdir tayn,d k ind.
Muftio fE gyfrpotm 1 899H.e s pent
thyee a1r8s8 3-i1ne8 xi8l9'Ae b.d uhA BHDIHAMMA( "HighDeorc ­
wrotae" TreaotniM soeno theitsrmi"nS ee"Te)rip .i taka.
6 ABLUTION
ABLUTIrOiNot,fer itculaela nstihnaegn ciJeenwtir sehl igbieofonr,e
witwha toefrv aripoaursot fst het hrei otfce ic rumsciiownaa sd opted.
bodbye forteh eex ecuotfsi oomne T heA brahalmiitktheeJe se wbse ­
sacraec(dtr eapdrianygee nrtse,r liinegiv noe ndGe o di,nt hiem mortality
ah ouosfew orshtiapkp,ia nrgit na oft hseo uolb,s eravsse adc rtehde
religicoeulse breattcpi.ro)an c tiSsaebdb daatyha, n dd indo eta pto rk
byt haed heroefJn udtasi sImls,a m etcF.r otmh Oel dT estaemntth ey
andan umboefCr h rissteicaItnns .o nlayc cepttheTede nC ommand­
manrye litgihoenersxie s tthsre i olfe ment(sD ecaloagnudfe r)o tmh e
washaid nega pde rsionon r dteor New Tetsametnhte P aternoster.
caroruyrt i tculaela nbseifonrbgeu ­Therye jetchtCeeh dr isdtoigamna s
riIanla n. umboefCr h rismtoivaen­o ft hTerin ityt,hi ed eoafG odm ade
mentfso,er x ampalmeo,nA gdv en­fle(srhe gaCrhdriinmsget r ealsay
tsittsh,e orfwi alseh fieniegpst r acp­ioumsa n)C,h risstaiacamrnes n t
tiswehdi,cc ahbn e t racbeadct ko anrdi t(ubaulfotsrp ractriecaaslo ns
thset oirnty h Nee wT etsametnot t hebya ptitzheedci hri ldarnedn
thee ffect JsetuhsaC thri sth ad marriiencd h urcIhno) r.d etro
washtehdfee e olf h idsi sciTphlee usn.d ertmhisene etc htAe b rahamites
sourocfte hse rsiela ertseob ef oundw erdee porttote hdbe o rderolfa nds
ina nciceonntc eprteigoanrsd intgh Aeut shterE imapnii rnea ,c cordance
magicpaolw oefrw ater. witahn e dipcrto mulgbaytt heed
KaisoefAr u stJroisae,Ip I(h 1 741-
ABRAHAtMh,Be i blical 1p7a90t)rS.io aornac fthe rwartdhses ect
venerbaytJ eedw Csh,r isatnida bnrso ukpe.
Mosle(miIsns lhamei sk itowans
IbrahHiem i)s.r egaradset dh eA BU--'LALUAl -MA'A(R9R7I3 -
foundeorf t heH ebrepwe opl1e0 5o7r 1 058A)r,a bipaonea tn d
(throhuisgsoh In s aaacn)do ft het hinfrkoemtr h teo wonfM 'ararna­t
Arapbe op(ltehsr ohuigssho nI s­Nu'ma(nS yrHiiasc) o.l leocft ion
maiRle)l.i gious ltirtnaotkd h ietp iooenm"ssL uzumi(yOybalti"go aft ion
namoefA brahtahmse t aorfbt e litehfCe o mpulbsrooruyhg)ih imtn ter­
ino nGeo dt,h ceo ncloufsac i oonn­ natiroencaolg.n aintadil osanco o l­
traocrct o venwaintGtho ds,t renlge­ctoiflo ent toentr hsse u bjoefc t
thenbeytd h rei otefc icrucmisiofno.r give"nReisssa,ul la-tG hufran",
Thel egecnodnsc erAnbirnagh aamn adf urtchoelrl eocflt eitootnne rs
andh ifsa mi(lfyoe rx amptlhee,t hseu bjoefac ntg els, "Risalat ul­
stoorfty h sea croiffI iscareae cf)l eM catl a'iiknwa h"i,c hhec riticized
pre-Bicbolniccetaphlta csta ne vit­raditMioosnlaeclmo ncepotfi ons
denbtelt yr acbeadct kot hceu olft libfee yotnhdge r aavnetd h ied eoaf
Abrahaasamt ridbeailt y. predaetsti.ioH nnem aintatihnaetd
thEea retmhe rgaestd hr ee soufal t
ABRAHAMIaTs EeSco,tfd eiisnt sn atuprraolc ess.
Bohemwihai ecmhe rgweidt htihne
RomaCnat hoClhuircch i nt he 1A8CtAhT HISsTpUeSc,Ci haulrs cehr ­
centSutrayr.ot uiftnr got mht ee achv­iceisnt heE asteOrrtnh odox
inogft hHeu ssitthAeebs r,a hamCihtuercshc onsisotfpi annge gyrical,
declatrheedm setlobv efoe lsl owelrasu dastoonragyns pd r ayienhr osn ­
of" Abrahoarmi'ginsfa ali tih."eo,.u ro fJ seusC hristO,u r ,L ady
ADONIS 7
MothoefGr o da,n tdh sea iTnhtess.e t hfier smta na ndp rogenoiftt hoer
serviacreecs o nducstteadn dihnugm,ar na chea,si ,ni ttsu rbne,ei nn ­
witallhw orshippapretrisc ipactoirnpgo.ri antItlseoad m .
ACOSTA,U rielS.e eD a Costa,A DAMITgEeSn,e ralfo rrn ealmieg ­
Uriel. iousse cwthsi ccahl lfoerad r eturn
tot hsei nlleiisfnpse a raednijsoey ed
ACTSO Fm E APOSTLTEHSE,, b yA dama nEdv ep,r eacthhededi ­
oneo ft hBeo okwsh ictho,g ethveirnn ea tuorfne a tuferealli andgvso,­
witthhG eo spetlhEsep, i sotflt ehsec atneadk edannedscs o mmunoift y
Apostalnedts h Ree velaoftS ito.pn r opeerttcIy.nt hlea t1e4 tahn d
Johnt he Di(vanAi pnoecy aplse)e,a r1l5ytc he ntutrhiteee sa choifn gs
formt hNee wT esatmenTth.efi rstt hAed amistperset ahdr oBuuglhg a­
12c hapotfet rhAsec tosft hAep ostr­iaan dB ohemTiha.eA damiitne s
letse olflt hper eacohfiC nhgr isB­ohemmiaad uep t hlee wfti nogf
tianbiytt hyAe p osPtelteae mro ngt hTeab oritTehse.tir e achwienrges
thJee wTsh.ne e x1t6c haptteeolrfls a imeadg aienxsptl oiatnadvt ii­on
thper eacbhyit nhgAe p osPtaluel o lenacnead,g aipnrsitv ate property.
amontghh ee athTheinas.l luoswt so Therye jecatlkelid n odfsC hurch
assutmheta htA ec tosft hAep ostloersg anizraetliiogirnoi,ut suan adl s
refleacc te rtsatiaingn te h hei stotrhyfe a mily.
ofC hristwihaeninitw t ayst, u rning
froma uJd aisseticintcta uo n iverAsDaIl- BUDD(HSAan s"kertietr nal
religieomnb,r acmianngpy e opleBsu.d dhIant" h)M.ea hayainmtae ant
Churtcrha diatsicornti hbaeeu st ht­hseu prefemaet urseulbesstsia nn ce
orsohiftp hA ec tosft hAep osttloe tsh weo rlSdo.m etiimitesi s d entified
StL.u kYee.at c omparaantailvyewis tihNsi rv ana.
oft hceo ntaennfodtr mo ft hBioso k
andt heG ospealc cordtion AgD I GRAN(TPHu njwaobrid s
StL.u kseh otwhsia ctta mfreo mt hem eani"nfigr sbto ok"t)h.,eh oly
peno fd ifferaeuntth soerpsa rastcerdi potfuS riekhsi scmo mpiilne d
fromo naen otihnte irm beys evertahlle a t1e6 tahn de ar1l7yt che n­
decadMeosr.e otvheAerc ,t osft het uriTehse.o riginoaftl h eA di
Apostslheosun lodbt e.r egaradse Gdr antihsk epitn t heG olden
ani ntegrwaolrb ke lontgiona g Temp-lteh Sei kmhoss'it m portant
singaluet hIotir s.t ob ea ssumepdl aocfew ors-hiintp h teo wno f
thatthA ec tosft hAep ostwleerseA mritsar.
writatfteetnrh Eep istilnte hssee, c ­
onhdal off t h2en cde ntury. ADONASIe.Yea h we.h
ADAM( thHee brweowr mde aninAgD ONIiSnc, l assmiyctahlo lao gy,
"man"A)cc.o rdtiont ghB ei lbet,h ey ouotfrh e markbaebaluaetv ye,g e­
firsmta no nE artchr,e abtyeG do d tatsipoinwr hiotds,ee a atnhrd e turn
inh ioswn imagaen da ftehisr own tol irfee pretshedene tc oafyn ature
likefrnoemst shd eu sotft hgreo undi.nw intaneidrt rse viivnsa plr iHneg .
TheB ibslteo orfyA damc anb e wasfi rswto rshiipnpP ehdo enicia
tracbeadct kot hmey tohfsa ncieanntSd yr ibau,it nt h5et che ntBu.rCy.
MesopotaTmhiefia g.u orfeA dam,t hceu oltfA donbiesg taons pread,
8 ADVENilSTS
firsitnG reeacnedt helna,t i((nr ,r esurroenct thdeead y o fC hrist's
Rome. Feisnhto invooaufAlr ds o nicso miLnigfo.en e aritsgrh a ntteod
werhee lidnt hsep riCnlget.ar ra cmeas no nlaysp reparfoartt ihoant
oft hien fluoeftn hcceeu a lrtte ob e dayh,e ntchede e mafnodtr h ien di­
founidnt hGeo spnealr raotfti hveev iduaals ptinoro eot n ltyo moral
deatahn dr esurreocfJt eiusos n b uatl stoop hyspiecrafelc ttioo n,
Christ. whiecnhad c odoefr ulfoerhs e althy
livwianisgn trodwuhciiecndmh ,a ny
ADVEN TISTfoSl,l owoefar r se lirge­spaercaettv s a riwaintmchee d ical
ioutsr ewnhdi cehm ergweidt hirne commendOabtsieornvsao.tf i on
Prottaenstiints hmfe i rhsatlo fft het hTee nC ommandmeinsct osm pul­
19tche ntiuntr hyUe S AI.nh ibso oks oforryA dventinip satrst,it chuel ar,
"EvidfreonmcS ec ripatnudHri es ­FourCtohm mandmwehnitcd he ­
toorfyt hSee coCnodm ionfCg h rismta,n dtshm aatn o bsetrhvSeea bbath
AboutthY ee a1r8 43t"hfo,eu ndears a d aoyf r esTth.eA dvenatries ts
oft htirse Wnidl,l Miialml( e1r7 82a-lrseoq uitorc eodn trait biutothree
1849)b,a shedic sa lculaastt oi otnesnp tahro tft heiinrc otmote h eir
thdea toeft hSee coCnodmi nogn ChurcThh.e a uthoorfi·t t hye
referefrnocmte hsBe o okosft he" propheEtlleesnGs o"u lWhdi te,
Prpohe(tistn h Bei eb.)lH itse achiwnhgo se wovreknse roaanrat ep e adr
watsa kuepmn a inwliytt hhirena nkwsi tthh Bei bilsae c,c epwtietdh out
oft hpee tbtoyu rgetohiwasaties ex ­questTihoeSn e.v eDnatyAh d ven­
perienpcriinvga tdiuornitsnh ge t isetnsg aignea ctimvies sionary
eardleyv eloopfmc eanpti tparloi­wsotr akn da rceo nsteaxnptalnyd ing
·
ductrieolna tiinto hnUesS AT.h e thepiurb liaschtiinvgTi hteriyue ns .
failoufMr iel lperro'psh deicndyo th undroefhd oss piatnacdll si niinc s
shatkheAe d ventbieslitinasen if' m ­whitchhe pyr opatghaet"ietr i dings
mineSnetc oCnodm inwgh,it chhe yo fs alvatAiloltn h"ih.se lptsh e
beliweovueuldsd h ientr h Mei lleCnh­urocfth h See veDnatyAh d ven­
niu-mC hrisrte'isgo nf g loryt­is(tfso unidn1e 8d6 t3o)s wetlhle
whiwcohu lldaa st th ousyaenadr rsa.n kosfi tmse mbenrusm bering
TheA dvenmtoivsetm leanttse prl inte artlhyr meiel lTihoenm .a jority
inatn ou mboefgrr o upTsh.le a rgelsiitvn Ae m eraincAdaf rica.
oft heisste h aotft hSee veDnatyh
Advesnttswi,h ostee achairnegA sE OLUgSo,do ft hwei nidnst he
basoendt hbee ltiheatfth S ee conmdy thoolfoA gnyc iGernete Lcaet.e
Comiinsig m mintehnattth, e wriel cll aswsriictaaellr sosof tceonn fused
bet hDeay ofJ udegmenatn dt hath imw itthh mey tholeopgoincyaml
Chriwsirtle li ogvne trh rei ghte(oaunsc eosftt hoGerr )e etkr iobfte h e
foart housyaenadTr hseh. i stoofr Aye olians.
mankiinssd e eans a na ge-long
strubgegtlweeC ehnr iasntdS atanA,E SCULAPtIhUgeSo ,odf h ealing
whiche nwdwi ilttlhh deo wnfoafl ilnR omamnyt holohgyi:sG reek
Satahno'sTsth .e onltyos aplavtcaho­ untewraApssa crlte pius.
tioinst oa dotphtAe d venfatiitsht. '
ThAed vendteinstythi sem mortaAlEiISt,RTy H E·i, nS·c andimnyatvhi­an
oft hseo udle,c latrhiainttgd ieso lotghype,r incGiopdaTslh. ew ord
togewtihtethrh beo dsyoa st ob e isa lsuos esdo metitmode esn ote
AGRARIAN CULTS 9
godisng eneTrhaepl r.i ncGiopdasll i eoffts h Aen ciIenndti Aagnnsi,
inclOuddi,enTh orB,a ldHeeri,m ­wast heem bodiomfeH notlF yi re,
dal(!t hgeu ardoifBa infr o-tshte p osseosfasp eudr ifyfionrgc e.
rainbbroiwbd eget wHeeeanv aennd
EartBhr)a,(g gioo dfp oetVriyd)a,Ar G NUDSE i(L a"talimnbo fG od").
(goodft hfeo reFsotrss)(e,ct uis tToh­iCsh risttiearnms ymbolizes
diaonft hter utUhl)l,(e gro odf Chriwshtso aificcrehdi msteoel xfp i­
huntiFnriggg)I,,d un(ag oddoefs ast mee ns'isn Tsh.ei magceo ntains
youtSha}g(,ag oddoefls esg endsa)ne. l emoefnt to tempiesrmm eating
thmey tahb oJuetus sC hriIsntt h.e
AGAK HAN,t hhee redtiittoalfre yA p ocyaplsea,n da lsion s ome
thhee aodft hSeh il'simtaei lisp.r ayaenrdsr eligcieoruesm onies,
Jesuissp rocla"iimmemda culate
AGAP(Ea,a}G reweokr fodr" lovel"a,m ba"n,de arClhyr isfrteisacno es
usebdyt hBei blwirciattleo ar vso idde pihciatms a s hephcearrdr ay ing
thsee nsausaslo cioaftt hioeor ndsil ­amobnh issh oul(dtehimreas g oef
narGyr eneoku "ne roisit"us ;s etdo a" gosohde pherd").
denotthleeo ovfeG odo,rt hleo ovfe
Chrisfotroi naaenn so t(hbea)cr o;m ­AGOINSTICmS,e mberosf a
munamle a(ls uppteark)be ynt hed emocrCahtriicss teiicantRn o man
earClhyr isttoci oamnmse motrhaetA ef ritcearnr iitnot rhi4eet sah nd
LasStu ppoefCr h rainstdth Aep ost5­tche ntuArDi.we,sh oc onstituted
leLsa.t tehrpi rsa cwtaifoscr eb iddtehnle e wfitn ogft hDeo natTihset s.
byt hCeh urch. membeorfst hsee cwte rder awn
fotrh em ospta rfrto mt hre ural
AGGINOARMENT(OI ta"lrieannep ­oorh,u sbandamnedns ,l aves.
wala"t )e,ru ms etdoc onvtehayet ­Thepyr eached aas wcietthi­cism,
tempattr enewoaftl h Re omand rawfarlow mo rlmdaltyt veorlsu,n ­
CathoClhuicrc ha,i meadta djusttianrmgya rtyradnodvm i ewtehdoe f ­
itdso gmaa npda ttoefwr onrss thoi fipc iCahlu racsht heen emoyft he
presencto-nddaiytP ioopnJeos h.n t rufaei tThh.e A gonispteircsse ­
XXIIuIs etdh tiesr tmoe xprtehsesc utperdi easntdds e strcohyuerdc h
endeavboylu erasdo eftr hsRe o manb uildIitin sag lssk.on owtnh atth ey
CathCohluirctc omh a kietp arotf lelda rgeu-psrciaslaiegn agitsnh set
thmeo dedrynn,a wmoircbl ydm od­RomaEnm pire.
erniiztiisnd ge as, anldsi ttruurcg­y
turTeh.ae i omfA ggiornwaamse AntGoR ARICAUNL TaSs ,y stoefrm e ­
tom akReo maCna tholaim coirselm i giroiutasen scd o ncepts associated
flexirbelleia gnitdoo en q uiiwtpi thw itahg ricuTlhtebu ergei.n noifn gs
morseu btmleea nosfi nfluencaignrgac ruiliatnnts hf eo romfa grarian
peopTlheep. r ograomfAm geg iomra­giwce rceo mmoenv eante arly
namewnatsro a tibfiyte hdSe e consdt agoefcs e rtpaeionp ldeesv'e lop­
VatiCcoaunn acniedlx pouinnda e dm entA. s ystoefam g rarciualnt s
serioefds o cumeanptpsr obvye dt o.os khawpiet thh eem ergeonfc e
thCaotu ncil. well-dervuerlcaoolpm emdu n1n e s.
histotreircmtashlc,i o si ncwiidtehd
AGNIo,no ef t hmea igno dosft het hter anspietriioboned t weperne ­
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