Table Of Content700 Essential Neurology Checklists
700 Essential Neurology Checklists
Ibrahim Imam, FRCP
First edition published 2022
by CRC Press
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ISBN: 9781032117294 (hbk)
ISBN: 9781032076232 (pbk)
ISBN: 9781003221258 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/ 9781003221258
Typeset in Minion
by Newgen Publishing UK
Contents
Preface xxii
Acknowledgements and dedication xxiii
Introduction xxiv
CHAPTER 1 DISORDERS OF COGNITION AND CONSCIOUSNESS 1
Cognitive symptoms and signs 2
Cortical release phenomena 2
Confabulation 2
Pathological laughter 3
Aphasia: classification 3
Akinetic mutism 4
Delirium (acute confusional state) 5
Delirium: risk factors 5
Delirium: clinical features 5
Delirium: differential diagnosis 6
Delirium: management 6
Dementia presentations 7
Reversible dementia 7
Rapidly progressive dementia 7
Young- onset dementia: causes 8
Subacute encephalopathy: causes 8
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) 9
Alzheimer’s disease (AD): risk factors 9
Alzheimer’s disease (AD): clinical features 9
Alzheimer’s disease (AD): preventative measures 10
Alzheimer’s disease (AD): non- drug treatments 10
Alzheimer’s disease (AD): drug treatments 11
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) 12
Behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTLD): clinical features 12
Primary progressive aphasia (PPA): non- fluent variant (nfvPPA) 12
Primary progressive aphasia (PPA): logopenic variant (lvPPA) 13
Amnestic syndromes 14
Acute amnestic syndromes 14
Subacute and chronic amnestic syndromes 14
Transient global amnesia (TGA): risk factors and triggers 15
Transient global amnesia (TGA): clinical features 15
Transient global amnesia (TGA): differential diagnosis 16
Encephalopathy 17
Wernicke’s encephalopathy: clinical features 17
Wernicke’s encephalopathy: MRI features 17
Korsakoff syndrome 18
v
vi Contents
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES): clinical features 18
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES): risk factors 19
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES): differentials 19
Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES): management 20
Osmotic demyelination disorders (ODD): causes 20
Osmotic demyelination disorders (ODD): clinical features 21
Osmotic demyelination disorders (ODD): management 21
Transient loss of consciousness (TLOC) 22
Transient loss of consciousness (TLOC): causes 22
Transient loss of consciousness (TLOC): clinical features 22
Transient loss of consciousness (TLOC): differentials 23
CHAPTER 2 EPILEPSY 24
Seizure risk factors 25
Seizures: medical risk factors 25
Seizures: drug- induced 25
Seizures: risks for recurrence 26
Seizures: clinical features 27
Seizures: typical features 27
Seizures: differential diagnosis 27
Febrile seizures (FS): clinical features 28
Transient epileptic amnesia (TEA) 28
Post- ictal psychosis of epilepsy 29
Myoclonus 30
Myoclonus: classifications and differentials 30
Myoclonus: neurological causes 30
Myoclonus: drug- induced 31
Myoclonus: systemic causes 31
Major epilepsy types 32
Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) 32
Eyelid myoclonia with absences (Jeavon’s syndrome) 32
Juvenile absence epilepsy (JAE) 33
Idiopathic generalised epilepsy (IGE) 33
Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME): clinical features 34
Generalised epilepsy with febrile seizures plus (GEFS+) 35
Temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (TLE- HS): features 35
Frontal lobe epilepsy: clinical features 36
Occipital lobe epilepsy 36
Status epilepticus 37
Convulsive status epilepticus: clinical features 37
Convulsive status epilepticus: management 37
Non- convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE): clinical features 38
Refractory status epilepticus (RSE): classification 38
Super refractory status epilepticus (SRSE) 39
Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) 40
Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP): subject- related risk factors 40
Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP): risk factors 40
Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP): clinical indicators 41
Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP): management 41
Contents vii
CHAPTER 3 SLEEP DISORDERS 42
Narcolepsy 43
Narcolepsy: clinical features 43
Narcolepsy: differential diagnosis 43
Narcolepsy: investigations 44
Narcolepsy: treatment of hypersomnia 44
Narcolepsy: treatment of cataplexy 45
Insomnia 46
Insomnia: causes 46
Insomnia: clinical features 46
Insomnia: non- drug treatments 47
Insomnia: drug treatments 47
Hypersomnia 48
Central hypersomnias: classification 48
Central hypersomnia: drug treatments 48
Idiopathic hypersomnia: clinical features 49
Idiopathic hypersomnia: management 49
REM sleep parasomnias 50
REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD): risk factors 50
REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD): clinical features 50
REM sleep behaviour disorder (RBD): management 51
Anti-IgLON5 antibody syndrome: clinical features 51
Anti-IgLON5 antibody syndrome: management 52
Exploding head syndrome (EHS) 52
Non- REM sleep parasomnias 53
Confusional arousals 53
Sleep walking (somnambulism) 53
Sleep talking (somniloquy) 54
CHAPTER 4 MOVEMENT DISORDERS 55
Parkinsonism 56
Parkinson’s disease (PD): neurological risk factors 56
Parkinson’s disease (PD): systemic risk factors 56
Parkinson’s disease (PD) genetics: classification 57
Parkinson’s disease (PD): bradykinesia 57
Parkinson’s disease (PD): resting tremor 58
Parkinson’s disease (PD): freezing of gait 58
Parkinson’s disease (PD): differential diagnosis 59
Parkinson’s disease (PD): treatment of motor features 59
Multiple system atrophy (MSA): clinical features 60
Multiple system atrophy (MSA): investigations 60
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP): clinical features 61
Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP): differential diagnosis 62
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB): clinical features 62
Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB): investigations 63
Corticobasal degeneration (CBD): clinical features 63
Corticobasal degeneration (CBD): diagnosis 64
Dystonia 65
DYT1: Early onset primary dystonia 65
DYT5: Dopa- responsive dystonia (DRD): clinical features 65
DYT8: Paroxysmal non- kinesigenic dyskinesia 1 (PNKD1) 66
DYT11: Myoclonus dystonia: clinical features 67
viii Contents
DYT12: Rapid onset dystonia- parkinsonism (RDP) 67
Cervical dystonia: clinical features 68
Cervical dystonia: management 68
Wilson’s disease: neurological features 69
Wilson’s disease: management 69
Tremor 70
Tremors: medical causes 70
Essential tremor (ET): tremor features 70
Essential tremor (ET): non- tremor features 71
Essential tremor (ET): drug treatment 71
Ataxia 72
Friedreich’s ataxia (FA): clinical features 72
Friedreich’s ataxia (FA): monitoring 73
Friedreich’s ataxia (FA): treatment 73
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA 1) 74
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) 74
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3): clinical features 75
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6) 75
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7) 76
Episodic ataxia type 1 (EA1) 76
Episodic ataxia type 2 (EA2) 77
Episodic ataxia (EA): differential diagnosis 77
Sporadic adult onset ataxia: neurological causes 78
Sporadic adult onset ataxia: systemic causes 78
Chorea 79
Chorea: neurological causes 79
Chorea: systemic causes 79
Chorea: management 80
Huntington’s disease (HD): clinical features 80
Huntington’s disease (HD): differential diagnosis 81
Huntington’s disease (HD): treatment 81
Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD): clinical features 82
Dentatorubral pallidolyusian atrophy (DRPLA) 82
Miscellaneous movement disorders 83
Tic disorders: causes 83
Tourette syndrome: clinical features 83
Tardive dyskinesia: clinical features 84
Serotonin syndrome: causes 84
Serotonin syndrome: clinical features 85
Restless legs syndrome (RLS): risk factors and causes 85
Restless legs syndrome (RLS): drug treatments 86
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS): causes and risk factors 86
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS): clinical features 87
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS): management 87
Painful legs moving toes (PLMT) 88
CHAPTER 5 NEUROINFLAMMATORY AND AUTOIMMUNE DISORDERS 89
Multiple sclerosis 90
Multiple sclerosis (MS): non- modifiable risk factors 90
Multiple sclerosis (MS): modifiable risk factors 90
Multiple sclerosis (MS): classification 91
Multiple sclerosis (MS): typical neurological features 92
Multiple sclerosis (MS): other neurological features 92
Multiple sclerosis (MS): systemic features 93
Contents ix
Multiple sclerosis (MS): differential diagnosis 93
Clinically isolated syndromes (CIS): predictors of conversion to MS 94
Radiologically isolated syndrome (RIS): predictors of conversion to MS 94
Multiple sclerosis (MS): symptomatic treatments 95
Disease modifying treatments (DMTs): types 95
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) 96
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO): central neurological features 96
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO): systemic features 97
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO): clinical differentials and prognosis 97
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO): differentials of LETM 98
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO): long- term immunosuppression treatment 98
Other neuroinflammatory disorders 99
Anti- MOG antibody disorders: phenotypes 99
Neurosarcoidosis: cranial features 100
Neurosarcoidosis associated myelopathy 100
Neurosarcoidosis: MRI features 101
Neurosarcoidosis: treatment 101
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML): risk factors 102
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML): clinical features 102
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML): investigations 103
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML): management 103
Autoimmune encephalitis 104
Anti-LGI1 VGKC autoimmune encephalitis: clinical features 104
Anti-LG1 VGKC autoimmune encephalitis: faciobrachial dystonic seizures 104
Anti-CASPR2 VGKC autoimmune encephalitis: clinical features 105
Anti-CASPR2 VGKC autoimmune encephalitis: management 105
Anti-NMDAR autoimmune encephalitis: clinical features 106
Anti-NMDAR autoimmune encephalitis: investigations 106
Anti-NMDAR autoimmune encephalitis: treatment 107
Anti-AMPAR autoimmune encephalitis 107
Peripheral autoimmune disorders 108
Neuromyotonia: clinical features 108
Morvan’s syndrome 108
Anti- GAD syndromes: phenotypes 109
Stiff person syndrome (SPS): clinical features 109
Stiff person syndrome (SPS): variants 110
Stiff person syndrome (SPS): treatment 110
CHAPTER 6 INFECTIONS 111
Viral infections 112
Viral encephalitis: aetiological indicators 112
Viral encephalitis: management 112
HIV associated neurological syndromes: classification 113
HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND): clinical features 113
HIV associated neuropathy (HAN) 114
Rabies encephalitis: clinical features 114
Rabies encephalitis: virology and management 115
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection: central features 115
Varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection: peripheral features 116
Varicella zoster (VZV) vasculopathy 116
Varicella zoster (VZV) vasculopathy: management 117
Dengue virus infection (DENV): neurological features 117
Dengue virus infection (DENV): ophthalmological features 118
Dengue virus infection (DENV): systemic features 118
