2016 Society for Soybean Research and Development ICAR-Indian Institute of Soybean Research

106 Pages·2016·1.74 MB·English

ISSN 0973-1830 Volume 14, Number 2 : 2016
SOYBEAN
RESEARCH

Society for Soybean Research and Development
ICAR-Indian Institute of Soybean Research
Khandwa Road, Indore 452 001
Madhya Pradesh, India
Society for Soybean Research and Development
(Founded in 2003)
(Registration No. 03/27/03/07918/04)

EXECUTIVE COUNCIL

President : Dr. Girish Kumar Gupta
Vice President : Dr. S.D. Billore
: Dr. Pushpendra
General Secretary : Dr. Amar Nath Sharma
Joint Secretary : Dr. R. Ramteke
Treasurer : Dr. Mohd. Masaud Ansari
Members : Central Zone : Dr. Purushottam Sharma and
Dr. D. S Meena
: North Plain Zone : Dr. Sushil Pandey
: North Hill Zone : Dr. Sher Singh
: North Eastern Zone : Dr. A. K. Sing
: Southern Zone : Dr. R. H. Patil

Advisory Committee
Dr S. P. Tiwari, Former Vice Chancellor, SK Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner; Ex-
DDG, ICAR, New Delhi
Dr. C. D. Mayee, Ex-Chairman, Agricultural Scientist Recruitment Board, New Delhi
Dr. V. S. Tomar, Vice Chancellor, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur
Dr. R. T. Patil, Ex-Director, Central Institute of Post Harvest Engineering and Technology,
Ludhiana, Punjab
Dr. C. P. Srivastava, Professor and Head, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu
University, Varanashi, Uttar Pradesh
Dr. A. S. Chandel, Ex-Prof (Agronomy), GBPUA&T, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand
Dr. A. M. Rajput, Dean, College of Agriculture, Rajmata Vijayaraje Krish Vishwa Vidyalaya,
Indore

Editor-in-Chief : Dr. O. P. Joshi

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NAAS RATING 3.04
SOYBEAN RESEARCH

ISSN 0973-1830 Volume 14(2): 2016
_________________________________________________________________________
CONTENTS
Research papers
Vegetable Soybean: A Crop with Immense Potential to Improve 1-13
Human Nutrition and Diversify Cropping Systems In Eastern India -
A Review
M Ravishankar, R S Pan, D P Kaur, R R Giri, V Anil Kumar, A
Rathore, W Easdown and R M Nair

Distributions of Soybean and Corn Plants in Intercropping and Solid 14-31
Patterns
Rafaat A Gadallah and Tarek A Selim

Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Soybean 32-38
S D Billore and A Ramesh

Co-inoculation of Resident AM Fungi and Soybean Rhizobia 39-53
Enhanced Nodulation, Yield, Soil Biological Parameters and Saved
Fertilizer Inputs in Vertisols under Microcosm and Field Conditions
Mahaveer P Sharma, Sandeep Singh, Sushil K Sharma, Aketi Ramesh
and V S Bhatia

Impact of Inorganic and Organic Manures on Yield of Soybean and 54-62
Soil Properties
Bhargabi Chakraborty and Sujoy Hazari

Present Status of Registration of Soybean Varieties under PPV&FR Act 63-76
and Future Perspective
M K Kuchlan, P Kuchlan, A N Shrivastava and S M Husain

Short communications
Genetic Variability and Association Studies in New Soybean 77-83
Germplasm Accessions
Gyanesh Kumar Satpute, C Gireesh, M shivakumar, Mamta Arya,
Giriraj Kumawat, Rakesh Kumar Patel, Rupesh Guptaand

S M Husain
Effect of Weed Management and Fertility Levels on Productivity and 84-88
Economics of Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in South-Eastern
Rajasthan
Chaman Kumari Jadon, L N Dashora, S L Mundra

Analysis of Growth Trends and Variability of Soybean Production in 89-96
Different Districts of Madhya Pradesh
R F Ahirwar, A K Verma and S R S Raghuwanshi

An official publication of Society for Soybean Research and Development,
Indore
The ‘Soybean Research’ is indexed in Soybean Abstract of CAB International,
UK and Indian Science Abstracts of NISCAIR, India and are linked to Google
Scholar.

The Society for Soybean Research and Development thankfully
acknowledges the financial assistance received from the Indian Council of

Agricultural Research, New Delhi for printing of the Journal.
Soybean Research 14(2): 01-13 (2016)

Vegetable Soybean: A Crop with Immense Potential to Improve
Human Nutrition and Diversify Cropping Systems
In Eastern India- A Review

M RAVISHANKAR*1, R S PAN**2, D P KAUR*3, R R GIRI*4, V ANIL
KUMAR***5, A RATHORE***6, W EASDOWN*7 and R M NAIR*8
*World Vegetable Center South Asia, ICRISAT Campus, Hyderabad, 502 324,
India; **ICAR-RCER, Research Center, Plandu, Ranchi, 834 010, Jharkhand,
India; ***International Crop Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics,
Patancheru 502 324, Telangana, India

Received: 10.05.2016; Accepted: 31.07.2016

ABSTRACT

Vegetable soybean was introduced into Jharkhand state in India to provide local communities with an
alternative protein source as well as to diversify the cropping system. The paper covers the introduction
of the crop, testing of different lines in farmers’ fields, a taste survey, the release of a vegetable soybean
cultivar and its popularization, and seed production by the community. The acceptance of the crop by the
local community has led to seed production of the cultivar ‘Swarna Vasundhara’ by farmers. A major
challenge is to expand beyond household level consumption and local Jharkhand markets to create
awareness among other consumers and establish a larger market throughout India for the crop.
Infrastructure such as cold storage facilities will be required to support a viable value chain for vegetable
soybean. The good progress made in Jharkhand has given greater hope of expanding vegetable soybean
production and consumption across India, particularly in the major grain soybean growing states.

Keywords: Cropping system, legume, nutrition, vegetable soybean

Jharkhand is located in the eastern rain-fed conditions. About 80 per cent of
plateau and hill region of India (agro- this area remains under mono-cropped
climatic zone VII). In its population of 33 rice. Cash crops account for only 4‐6 per
million people, about one-quarter (26.3 cent of production. The majority (83 %) of
%) are tribal (http://www.census2011.co. the land holdings belongs to small - scale
in/census/state/jharkhand.html.). About and marginal farmers and most
76 per cent of the population resides in agriculture is for subsistence. Jharkhand
rural areas (30 % of the tribal population) has an average yearly rainfall of
and more than 80 per cent of the total 1300‐1400 mm and 80 per cent of this is
labor force depends on agriculture received during the four monsoon
(http://rkvy.nic.in/sap/jh.pdf). About months of June to September with dry
90 per cent of the 795,000 ha of cropped periods in between. Assured irrigation is
area is used to produce food grains under available to only 8-9 per cent of the
1Special Project Scientist; 2Principal Scientist; 3Scientific Officer; 4Scientific Officer; 5Special Project
Scientist; 6Biometrician; 7Regional Director; 8Legume Breeder
1
cropping area during the kharif (monsoon kharif season under rain-fed conditions
season), 6 per cent during the rabi would provide economic as well as
(winter/spring season) and 1-2 per cent nutritional benefits. To fulfill this role,
during the summer season (Jharkhand vegetable soybean—a special type of
Economic Survey, 2012). soybean for fresh consumption—was
According to the National Family introduced into the region. Vegetable
Health Survey (NFSH-III, 2006), about soybean is an alternative legume crop
half of the children (47.2 %) under three that fits into existing cropping systems.
years in Jharkhand are stunted—an Local communities in the target areas
indication of undernourishment. One- (Ranchi and Khunti districts) know about
third (35.8 %) of children are too thin for grain soybean, but never have cultivated
their height, which may result from it. Vegetable soybean production is
inadequate recent food intake or a recent similar to that of traditional grain
illness (NFHS-III, 2006). Anaemia is soybean, although different planting
found in over 70 per cent of individuals techniques and equipment are needed to
in Jharkhand. About two in five adults accommodate the larger seed (Ernst,
(43 % of women and 39 % of men) in 2001).
Jharkhand are underweight. Under-
Rationale for introduction of
nutrition is particularly prevalent in rural
vegetable soybean in upland and
areas and in the lower wealth quintiles
medium uplands of Jharkhand
(NFHS- III, 2009). The prevalence of
anaemia among adults in Jharkhand is The seeds of vegetable soybean
higher than in almost all other states in are larger (> 30g/100 seeds dry weight),
India. Seventy per cent of women in sweeter and more tender than grain
Jharkhand have anaemia, including 50 soybean (Shanmugasundaram and Yan,
per cent with mild anaemia, 19 per cent 2010). Fresh vegetable soybean is
with moderate anaemia, and 1 per cent delicious and nutritious, and is an
with severe anaemia (NFHS-III, 2009). excellent source of protein (35 % to 38 %
The crops under cultivation in protein, dry weight basis) which can help
Jharkhand are dominated by cereals such alleviate protein malnutrition in
as paddy rice in lowlands and medium Jharkhand, particularly among children.
uplands, and vegetable legumes such as Proximate analysis of seed nutritional
green pea (Pisum sativum), chickpea (Cicer composition of vegetable soybean in
arietinum), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), Colorado, USA (Johnson et al., 1999), and
cowpea (Vigna ungiculata), French bean Japan (Masuda, 1991) indicated that the
(Phaseolus vulgaris), and Dolichos bean nutritional content of vegetable soybean
(Lablab purpureus). Most of these legumes is superior (Table 1) to that of green peas
are available during the rabi season only. (Carter and Shanmugasundaram, 1993),
Diversifying the cropping system with a which are commonly consumed in
suitable crop that requires less water due Jharkhand. Soybean also has potential for
to unexpected dry periods during the cancer
2
Table 1. Nutrient composition (values per 100 g) of vegetable soybean compared to
other legume crops in Jharkhand

Nutrient composition Vegetable soybean Vegetable pigeon pea Green pea
Raw Cooked Raw Cooked Raw Cooked
Energy (kcal) 147a 141 136 111 81 84
Moisture (g) 67.5 68.8 65.9 71.8 78.9 77.9
Protein (g) 12.9 12.4 7.2 5.9 5.4 5.4
Fat (g) 6.8 6.4 1.6 1.4 0.4 0.2
Total carbohydrate 11 11 23.9 19.5 14.4 15.6
(g)
Crude fiber (g) 4.2 4.2 5.1 6.2 5.1 5.5
Ash (g) 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.4 0.8 0.9
P (mg) 194 158 127 118 108 117
Ca (mg) 197 145 42 41 25 27
Fe (mg) 3.5 2.5 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5
Vitamin A (mg RAE) 9 8 3 2 38 40
Vitamin B (mg) 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2
1
Vitamin B (mg) 0.17 0.15 0.17 0.16 0.13 0.15
2
Vitamin C (mg) 29 17 39 28 40 14
Vitamin E (mg) (1476)b – 0.39 0.32 0.13 0.14
Folate (mg) 165 111 173 100 65 63
Isoflavones (mg) 20.4a 13.8 – – – –
aValue of Isoflavonesobtained from United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-Iowa
State University Database on the Isoflavone Content of Foods (1999); Other value obtained
from USDA National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 24(2011); - data not
available in USDA database; bValue in parenthesis is total tocopherol content (µg/g lipid) at
40 days after flowering (Masuda,1991)
Source: Shanmugasundaramet al. (2015)

prevention and suppression owing to its conventional crops such as broadcasted
high isoflavone content (Kucuk, 2004; rice, oilseeds, and other pulses is very
Messina, 2004). low; cultivation is only for subsistence
Crop diversification utilizing a farming and not for profit. Therefore, any
new crop option such as vegetable higher-yielding crop that also can be
soybean is driven by following several consumed at home would be an attractive
factors that motivate famers (Connor, replacement or addition to the cropping
2001). system. The overall goal of crop
diversification is to increase food
Low conventional crop prices: On the
availability and farm profitability.
uplands and medium uplands, yield of

3
Environmental protection: The inclusion of year. Because vegetable soybean is
nitrogen-fixing legumes in cropping harvested when green, growers also can
systems can reduce the need to apply avoid many of the late-season problems
inorganic fertilizers for vegetable that occur with grain soybeans (Ernst,
soybean, as well as provide benefits to 2001).
the succeeding crop on the same land. Vegetable soybean can yield up
to 10 t per ha of high value seed. The
Biodiversity: As the number of crops crop adds value to the soil by fixing
increases, the enhanced biodiversity can atmospheric nitrogen, boosting the yield
reduce pest and diseases problems, as of following cereals, and providing up to
well as create new opportunities for 30 t per ha of highly nutritious stover or
innovative crop management through green manure (Shanmugsundaram and
extended crop rotations. Yan, 1999).

Development of new production systems: Testing vegetable soybean
Vegetable soybean fits well into crop During the late 1990s vegetable
rotations or other cropping systems, such soybean lines were imported from the
as intercropping with cereals. In South World Vegetable Center‘s gene bank by
and Southeast Asia, legumes are the Research Center of the Indian
commonly included in cereal-based Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR-
cropping systems. For example, soybean RC) at Ranchi. The lines were evaluated
is cultivated in a rice-based cropping for adaptability and time of sowing and
system or on bunds and dikes in lowland it was found that vegetable soybean
rice fields (Shanmugasundaram and Yan, sown during the kharif season provided a
2010). good yield with high biomass
Due to its nutritional value, production similar to grain soybean (Pan
vegetable soybean can contribute to et al., 2015). Following this, experiments
reducing malnutrition. Vegetable were conducted during the kharif seasons
soybean can be consumed as a highly (June to September) in2000, 2001 and
nutritious vegetable or grain and is well 2002 at ICAR-RC, Ranchi. Stability
suited to smallholder production under parameters, viz. regression coefficient
adverse climatic conditions (Keatinge et (bi) and mean square deviations (S2di)
al., 2011). from linear regression along with per-se
Vegetable soybean is harvested performance of 11 lines of vegetable
during October, which coincides with soybean for 11 yield-related characters
festivals in the eastern part of India. were studied. Line EC 384907 (15 t/ha)
During this time vegetable prices are performed the best for graded (2-seeded,
high, and there are few other legume 3-seeded) green pod yield and was stable
vegetables such as green peas or across diverse environmental conditions.
chickpea available. Farmers are attracted EC 384905 was the most stable and
to vegetable soybean because of the suitable for favorable environments for
potential local market at that time of the graded green pod yield (14.2 t/ha),
4
100-green seed weight (49.9 g) and Because these communities
shelling percentage (56.3 %). Also, the already were consuming fresh legumes
line was very promising for early (green pea, chickpea, cowpea, and French
flowering (36 days after sowing) and beans) and had developed a taste for
early maturity (73 days) and responsive these vegetables, it was anticipated that
in unfavorable environments (Pan et al., vegetable soybean would not face any
2007). Based on the evaluations, the elite difficulty in acceptance. In 2008, the local
line EC 384907 was recommended for NGO Indian Grameen Services (IGS) was
release and cultivation in Jharkhand and convinced of the economic and
Bihar states of India in the kharif season nutritional potential of vegetable
and was released in 2008 by the Central soybean. After discussions the seed of
Variety Release Committee (CVRC) of the ‗Swarna Vasundhara‘ was distributed to
Government of India as ―Swarna the farmers in the Oraontribein villages
Vasundhara‖ (http://smis.dacnet.nic.in/ in the Karra block of Khunti district for
(S(kxrrlhsi3lzvj0xr4011kjy2))/report/ssrsVari sowing in the kharif season. Training was
etyDetail.aspx?varietycd=A041009). provided on a package of practicesWith
‗Swarna Vasundhara‘ is distinguished by discussions on yield, income and
a bushy growth habit, producing 1-, 2- or nutritional potential, and using vegetable
3-seeded bright green pods with grey soybean as an alternative crop to green
pubescence and 50-55 per cent recovery pea. The farmers (60) sowed the seeds in
of shelled bright green seeds. The variety ridges to avoid water logging and
showed resistance to rust and was least seedling death during heavy rain in the
affected by pod borer infestation with an rain-fed uplands. The crops germinated
average yield of 15 t per ha. well, started flowering after 40 days,
podded after 60 days and were ready for
Taking it to farmers harvest in 70-75 days. About 80 per cent
Although ‗Swarna Vasundhara‘ of the farmers who followed the proper
performed well, as a new crop it was not package of practices (particularly ridge
yet popular with farmers. In 2008, the Sir sowing, weeding, and earthing-up with a
Ratan Tata Trust sponsored a project; top dressing of fertilizer) were able to get
―Improving Vegetable Production and a good crop. The farmers had not yet
Consumption for Sustainable Rural started harvesting and consuming the
Livelihoods in Jharkhand‖ led by World cooked fresh pods when a field day was
Vegetable Center in Jharkhand and organized in late September at the ICAR
implemented through the trust‘s non- Research Center in Ranchi. These 60
governmental organization (NGO) CInI farmers along with new farmers were
(Collectives for Integrated Livelihood invited to join in discussions about the
Initiatives). The project popularized this crop and its benefits. Cooked vegetable
new crop across the region, especially in soybean was served during lunch and
the tribal areas of Ranchi and Khunti recipes were demonstrated. The farmers
districts. appreciated the taste and women farmers
5
in particular compared it to green peas.
After this field day, awareness among the
farmers increased and they started 14% Eat as vegetable
harvesting green pods and consuming
49% Roast in fire and
vegetable soybean either boiled or eat as Channa
prepared with other vegetables such as 37%
Boil and make
potato. The children liked it very much dhal
and their mothers were happy to serve it
to them for its nutritional benefits. The

farmers started saving the mature seeds
Fig. 1. Method of consumption (in %) of
for sowing in the next kharif season. Seed
vegetable soybean in Jharkhand
demand was also raised by other
(Channa is Chickpea in Hindi)
stakeholders, NGOs, and farmers after

the field day. commonly made with other pulses like
In 2009, the demand for seed black gram and mung bean) and also
grew, but the seeds were distributed to kept seed for sowing in the following
only 470 farmers as seed availability was year. Field days were also organized in
limited at the ICAR research center, the villages. This helped to create
which was the only source of seed. The awareness and promote vegetable
year had dry spells during the monsoon, soybean in neighboring villages and
which was detrimental for most crops, made it easy to introduce the crop.
particularly paddy rice, which occupies Farmers accepted this new vegetable
80 per cent of the land. Farmers were soybean variety for growing as a rain- fed
unable to transplant their paddy rice and kharif crop in the uplands of eastern
vegetables. In this erratic monsoon India. The shelled fresh green beans were
season, the vegetable soybean crop found to have a good taste when cooked
performed very well with good yields as a vegetable alone or in combination
even in marginal soils. Soybean plants with other vegetables such as potato (Pan
gave up to 120 pods with more than 230 et al., 2010). Farmers tried various
seeds. recipes and integrated it with their
Due to a price rise in agricultural normal food preparation habits, such as
commodities, especially pulses, farmers using oil-fried soybean mixed with
were forced to leave their crops to mature vegetables.
to produce dry soybeans. At the same In 2010, the seed demand from
time, due to a lack of other vegetables, farmers greatly outstripped available
farmers harvested 10-20 per cent of the supplies. The self-pollinated nature of the
fresh green pods in their crops (Fig. 1). crop and the fact that the farmers didn‘t
After the season, farmers used the dry grow any other grain soybean made seed
grains to prepare dhal (a legume stew production easy in farmers‘ fields.

6