Table Of ContentM OCKOBCKHH rOCYJlapCTBeHHblH YUHBepCHTeT
HMeHH M.B. JIOMoHocOBa
rOCYJlapCTBeHHblH HCTOpH'feCKHH MY3eH
<I>.A. neTpOB
<l>OPMIIPOBAHHE
CHCTEMhI
YHUBEPCHTETCKOrO
OEPA30BAHHH
B POCCHII
4
TOM
POCCHHCKHe YHHBepCHTeTLI
1840-x
H JIIO)]:" rO)1;OB
qacTL 1
llpocIJeccypa
H3JlaTeJlLCTBO MOCKOBClwro YIIHBepCJlTeTa
2003
Y,llK
008(091)
55K 63.3
n30
(/Jc,acpallbHail !JCIICBail np02paMMQ «KyJlbmypa Poccuu»
(no,anpozpaMMa «nO,a,acpJICKa nOlluzparpuu u KHUWU34aHw:r Poccuu»)
.p e !.\ e H ~ e H T hi:
AOKTOP HCTOpH'leCKHX HaYK, npoq:>eccop B.A. (J.Jc/ropo8,
AOKTOP HCKYCCTBOBeaeHHil, npoQJeccop .1(.0. W8U/lK08CKUU
n eTpOB tIl.A.
n30
CbOpMl1pOBaHl1e CI1CTeMbl YHI1BepOlTeTCKOro 06pa30BaHl1l'1 B
4: 1840-x
POCCI-lI1. TOM POCCI1HCI<I1e yt-rI1BepOlTeTbl 11 AfO.ll,11 ro
I:
.ll,OB. YacTb llpocpeccypa. - M.: Vb.ll.-BO MOCK. YH-Ta,
2003. - 584 c,
ISBN 5-211-04552-1 (T. 4, 1)
"I,
ISBN 5-211-04548-3
B KHHre HCCAe,ll,)'IOTCH peaAH3a,*H.fI y:HHBepCHTeTCKoro YCTaBa 1835 rO,ll,a
M ,ll,ellTeAbHOCTb YHMBepCMTeTOB B 1840-e rO,ll,bl, KorAa OHH CTaAH He TOAb
KO MCTO'iHHKOM AN! nOAyYeHMH Bce06'bCMAIOljJeH C)'lI-IMbl 3HaHHH, HO H «xpa
(A.Y!..
MOM PYCCKOH !,!,HBHAH3a!.\MH» rep!!eH). PaCCMaTpHBal{)TCli nO,ll,ro ..
TOBKa npoCfJeccopOB, HX npenO,ll,aBaTCAbCKali H HayYHalI ,ll,eJneAbHOCTb, CBH3H
MelKAY YHHBepCHTeTaMI1 H AI<a,ll,eMHe~1 HaYK. BnepBble npe,ll,npl1HSlT KOMn
AeKCHbl~1 aHaAH3 npoCfJeccopc!<o-npeno.a.aBaTeAbCI<oro COCTaBa Bcex weCTH
XIX
CYljJeCTBOBaBWHX B cepe,ll,HHe Bel<a YHHBepcHTeToB. 3TH CTaTHCTH ..
'lect<He ,ll,aHHble CO'ieTaIOTCli C Xapal(TepHcTHI<OH HaH60Aee ilpl<HX «YHHBep ..
CHTeTCKHX MO,ll,eH» Ha WHPOKOM cpoHe KYAbTYPbl, HaY'IHoH H 06L!JeCTBeH
HOH ~KH3HH npe,ll,pecpopMeHHoH POCCHH.
B !J,elnpe BHHMal1HH aBTopa - MOCKOBCI<HH YHHBepcHTeT, CTaBWI1H
npH nOlle'iHTeAe rpaCfJe C.r. CTporaHoBe BHOBb - Kal< H npH M.H. My
XIX
paBbeBe B Ha'iaAe BeKa - BTaAOHOM YHHBepcHTeTCI<HX npe06pa30"
BaHHH H yrBepllliBwHHCH B 06ljJeCTBeHHoM MHeHHH KaK BcepoccHHCI<HH
!!eHT,P npocBeljJel1HH .
.LJ.AH Cne!!HaAHCToB-HCTOPHKOB, npenO,ll,aBaTeAeH BY30B H llll<OA, CTY
,ll,eHTOB, a TalOKe AM WlipOKoro Kpyra 'iI1TaTeAe~l, HHTepeCYI<ll!!I1XCJl I1CTO
pHeH PYCCI<OH I<YAbTYPbl.
y.aK 008(091)
SilK 63.3
ISBN 5-211-04,),)),·1 (T. 4, '1.1) © Vl3,ll,aTeAbCTBo MOCl<OBCKoro
ISBN YHHBepCHTeTa, 2003
5-211-04548-3
__________ OfAABAEHHE ___________
~$_ ~~
Bse,ll.e~lHe ........................................................................................... 5
rAaBa 1. Pea.il.H8a!!1UI YHHBepcHTeTCKOrO YCTaua 1835 r. H 06HOBAeHHe
npo~eccopCKHX KOpnOpa!!HH ...................................................... 16
06l!JaH xapalnepHCTHI{a npoqJeccopCKo-npenO,ll.asaTeAbcKoro COCTasa
ymlBCpOITCTa B 1835- 1848 IT. ...................................................... 16
3arpaHH'lHblC CTa~KHpOBKH H no~\rOTOBKa HOBoro flOl<OAeHMH OTe'leCTBeH-
~lOtI npocpeccypbl ............................................................................ 23
nHTOM\!bI rIpoqJeccopcKoro HHCTMTYTa ............................. ............. 23
"Y'leHHKM CnepaHcKoro» .......... ........................ ............................. 39
CTamHpOBI<M SOCnI1TaHHHKOS ne,ll.arOfH'leCKOrO HHCTHT)'Ta ............. 44
KOMaHAHpoBI01 MOAOAblX Y'leHblX ................................................... 46
fAaDa 2. YHHBepcHTeTCKaJI HaYKa DO DTOPOH nOAODHHe 1830-x -
1840-e rOAbl ..... .............................................................. ...... ....... 67
POCcHHcKHe YHHBepCHTeTbl H YiMnepaTopcKaH AKa.n.eMHH HaYK ............ 67
YHHBepcHTeTCI{aH HaY1\a Hal(aHYHe YCTaBa 1835 r. ................................ 80
ctJOpMHpoBaHHe HaY'lHOrO KOHTHHre~ITa B YHI1BepCI1TeTaX K CepeAI1He
1830-x rOll,OB ................................................................................ 86
Y'le6HO-MeTOAWleCl(all AI1Teparypa BTOPOH nOAOBI1Hbl 1830-x rOAOB ..... 94
HaY'lHble TpYAbl BTOPOH flOAOBHHbl 1830.x roAOB ................................ 100
YHI1BepCI1TeTCKaH HaYKa B 1840-x roAax .............................................. 119
ny6AI1'lHble AeI{\!1111 ............................................................................ 122
r"aoa 3. M OCKODCK"" YHHBepCHTCT KaK aTaAOH YHHBepCHTeTCKI x
npe06pa80DaH"u. HODoe nOKOAeHlle YHHDepcHTeTcKoH npo-
q»eccypbl ................................................ ................................. ..... 127
c.r
«rIpoCBel!JeHHblH BeAbMox<a» (rpacp CTporaHoB) ......................... 127
Ha1\aHYHe npe06pa30BaHHH ................................................................. 134
nepsall napTI111 MOAO)lbIX npoqJeccopoB (cepe.a.I1Ha 1830-x tOP.OB) ........ 141
AHTI1'lHHI{H ................................................................................... 144
npocpeccopa KacpeApbl POCCI1HCKOH CAOBeCHOCTH ............................ 153
V\CTOPHKH .............................. .................... ...... .... ..... .................... 157
CAaBllHoBeAbI ................... ........ .................................. ...... ............. 163
4
OV/DB/ICHUC
3KOHOMHCTbI .................................................... ...... ..... .................. 177
J{)PHCTbI ....................................................................................... 183
npoqJeccopa eCTeCTBeHHblX H TO'lHbIX HaYK ..................................... 203
Me,lI,HKH ........................................................................................ 215
np0qJeccopa-nONlKH .......................................................................... 234
r
Az:I'bI{)HKThInPH C. C Tpora~IOBe - BTopoe nOIWAeHHe npoqJeccopoB Moc
KOBClwro YHHBepCHTeTa (1840-e rO,lI,bI) """"'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''' 245
nonoAHeHHe H3 MOCIWBCI(OH Me,lI,HKO-xHpyprwlecKoH aKa,lI,eMHH:
K.dJ. PYAbe H npoqJeccopa-Me,lI,HKH ............................................. 274
np0qJeccopcKo-npenO,lI,aBaTeAbclmH COCTaB MOClwBclwro H neTep6ypr-
CKoro YHHBepCHTeTOB 1840-x rO,lI,OB ............................................... 286
.LJ.HccepTagHoHHble ,lI,HCn)'1'bI H ny6AH'lHble AeK!J,HH B MOCKOBCI~OM YHH-
BepCHTeTe .......................................... ................................. ...... ..... 300
1840 .. e rO,lI,bI - «30AOTaJl ,moxa» MOClwBcKoro YHHBepCHTeTa ............. 333
npHMe'laHHH ..................................................................................... 345
Ta6AIJ!!bl................................. .................... ....................................... 521
I. npoqJeccopa POCCHHCKHX YHHBepCHTeTOB, npOWe,lI,WHe 3arpaHH'lHY~
CTa)KHpOBI(Y H 3aHJlBWHe KaqJe,lI,pbI nOCAe YCTaBa 1835 r. ................. 521
II. KOAH'leCTBO npenO,lI,aBaTeAei1 H 'lHHOBHHIWB B POCCHHCKHX YHHBepCH-
TeTax (no ,lI,aHHbIM lKMHn) ......................................................... 554
I I I. COCTaB npoqJeccopoB H npenO,lI,aBaTeAeH pOCCHHCI~HX YHHBepCHTeTOB
B nepHO,lI, nO,lI,rOTOBKH H BBe,lI,eHWI YHHBepCHTeTCKoro YCTaBa (1834-
1835 IT., no ,lI,aHHbIM lKMHn) ...................................................... 554
IV. Y'leHble TPY,lI,bI npoqJeccopOB H npenO,lI,aBaTeAeH YI-IHBepcHTeToB 3a
1838-1840 rr. .............................................................................. 557
V. Y'leHble TPY,lI,bI npoqJeccopoB H npenO,lI,aBaTeAeH YHHBepCHTeTOB 3a
1841-1842 IT. .............................................................................. 564
VI. npoq>eccopcKo-npenO,lI,aBaTeAbCI(HH COCTaB MOCKoBcI~oro ymlBepcH-
Ten sa 1833-1848 rr. ................................................................. . 571
VII. Az:I'b~HKTbI MOCKoBcKoro YHHBepCHTeTa. COCAOBHbIH COCTaB ....... . 572
VIII. A.a.'bI{)HKTbI MOCKOBClwro YHHBepCHTeTa. BepoHCnOBe,lI,aHHe ...... .. 572
IX. AI.I.'b~Hl(Tbl MOCI(OBCIWro YHHBepOlTeTa. 06pa30BaHHe H )"leHaJl
CTeneHb ........................................................................................ . 573
X. A.a.'b~HI(Tbl MOCKoBcKoro YHHBepCHTeTa. B03pacTHoH COCTaB ........ .. 574
XI. «0 'lHCAe AH!!, npOH3Be,lI,eHI-lbIX YHHBepCHTeTaMH B )"leHble H Me,lI,H-
!J,HHCl(He CTeneHH H 3BaHHJI» (no ,lI,aHI-IbIM lKMHn) ...................... . 574
CnHcoK COI(pal!!eHIJ" ....................................................................... . 581
Yi,n.eaAbHO HOpMaAbHOe COCTOHHl1e npo··
cBergeHI1H B 06I,!!eCTBe 6blAO 6bl TO, eCAI1
6bl BeC, 6C3 pa31lULJWl. O/I.HUM nymcM
Bemynallu B )f(U3Hb: nymcM Ul.UpO
KUM -- YHUBCpeUmCmCKUM. 3TO 3Ha ..
'JI1AO 6bl, 'ITO BCC, Oe3 pa3AI1lUIiI COCAO·
BI1H 11 COCTOmll1H, 6blllU 6bl 06JUJaHbl
npoHTH 06l!JI1H rl1MHa311QeCKI1H KypC,
nocTynl1Tb B YHI1BepCI1TeT, 1136pa1'b O,'lI1H
113 ero cjlaKYAbTeTOB 11 nOTOM Yll{e ObIH ..
I'll B lKI13Hb, CAe,n.YiI O,'lHOMY 1136paHHO
My nyTI1. Cl1'I1M 06Jl3amCIlbHblAf AMI
Bcex rpalK,n.aH cnoc060M npOCBeL!leHl1e
paOHOMepHO pacnpOCTpaHI1AOCb 6bl 'Je
pe3 Bce epe,n.bl 06L!leCTBa ...
H.M.
nUpOZOB. Yero MbllKeAaeM?
_____________
____________$_ BBE~HHE ~
1840-e rO~bl 6bIAH OC060H afTOXOH B
OTe'feCTBeHI-IOH KyAbrype, HaYKe H 06rgecTBeHHOH IKH3HH.
OrOBopHMCR cpa3y, 'fTO MbI nOHHMaeM aTOT nepHOtJ. He CTporo XpOHO
XIX
AOrH'feCKH. Erge B KOHge B. miTOMe!.! MOCKOBCKoro YHHBepCHTeTa,
Ail.
AHTepaTop H ne~aror faAaXOB nHcaA, 'fTO «BblpalKeHHe COPOKOBble
rO~bI» MOlKeT 6bITb ynoTpe6AeHO «~M 0603Ha'feHHR Toro YCI1AeHHoro
HHTeAAeKTyaAbHoro ~BHlKeHHR, I<OTopoe Ha'faAOCb H ~eHCTBOBaAO B
MocKBe, COBna~aR C TeM nepHOtJ.OM BpeMeHH, I(Qr~a nOne"lHTeAeM Moc
r
KOBCKoro yYe6Horo oKpyra 6bIA rpacp C. C TpOraHOB», a « MOCKOBCKHH
YHHBepCHTeT Mor nOXBaAHTbCR npH06,peTeHHeM HOBbIX npocpeccopOB,
MOAO~bIX H Ta,\aHTAHBbIX, YMeBllJHX nOtJ.HRTb ypOBeHb BbICllJerO HayYI-IO
ro 06pa30BaHHR H B036y~HTb B cry.ll,eHTaX He TOAbKO AI0603HaTeAbHOCTb,
1-10 H HpaBCTBeHHble "lyacTBa, CTpeMAeHHe K 6AarOpO.ll.HbIM H~eaAaM». npH
aTOM, nO.ll.'4epKHBaA raAaXOB, «03Ha"leHHOe tJ.BHlKeHHe He orpaHH'IHBaeT
CR B TO'fI-lOCTH ~eCJlTHAeTHHM nepHO.ll.OM: ... Ha'faAO ero BOCXOtJ.I1T K npe
~bI~Y1MHM ro~aM Hawero CTOAeTHR, a nOCAe~CTBHJl ero paCKpbIBafOTCJl B
Te<Iel-lHe nocAe~yfOrgHx, '4aCTHfO 3aMeHRJlCb tJ.pyrHMH .ll.BHlKel-IHRMH H Be
RHHRMH» 1. nO~06Hble IKe npogeccbI, XOTb H He CTOAb RPKO, Ha6A}o~a
AHCb H B ~pyrHX POCCI1I1CKHX YHHBepCHTeTax TOH nOpbI.
PaCl,!BeT YHHBepOlTeTCI{OrO 06pa30BmmJl B POCCI1H 8 cepetJ.I1He
XIX
B. 6bIA 06ycAoBAeI-I 06'beKTHBHbIMH npo!.!eccaMH CO!.!HaAbHo-aKO
HOMH"leCKOrO pa3BHTHR CTpaHbI, C03~aHHeM 1-I0BbIX OTpaCAeH npOMhlUl
AeHHOCTII, YCAOIKHeHHeM ~MHHHCTpaTIlBl-IO-6fOpOKpaTIf1.ieCKoro annapclTa,
'fTO BbI3BaAO nOTpe6HocTb B o6pa:JoBaHHbIx 'fHHOBHI1!{aX, mnKeHcpax,
6
cnoc06HbIX ynpaBNlTb CAOmHbIMI1 np0I13BOll.CTBeHi-IbIMI1 npogecCaMI1,
arpOHOMaX, nO-HOBOMY Bell.yrgl1X CeAbCKOe X03RHCTBO, lllKOAbHbIX )"I11-
TeNlX, Bpa'-laX 11 npOCTO 06pa30Bal-lHbIX AlOlI.JlX, TO eCTb npell.CTaBI1TeNlX
HapOmll.alOrgeHclI PYCCKOHI1HTeAAl1reHgHI1.
3noxa COPOKOBbIX rOll.OB 6bIAa BpeMeHeM lI.YXOBHOrO nOll.'beMa pyc
CKOrO 06rgecTBa, HanpllmeHHbIX I1HTeMeKryaAbHbIX I1CKaHI1H, nOnbITOI{
CaMOOC03HaHHR B MI1POBOM KYAbryPHOM npogecce 11 TbICH'-IeAeTHeH pyc
CKOI1 I1CTOPHl1; BpeMeHeM mapKHX CnOpOB Memll.Y 3anall.HI1KaMI1 11 CAaBR
Hoqll1AaMI1 B AI1TeparypHbIx CaAOHaX 11 - l-IaCKOAbKO n03BONlAI1 geJ-l-
3ypHbIe YCAOBI1H - B nepl1Oll.l1'1eCKOH ne'laTI1. COBpeMeHI-II1KH nYWI{I1-
I-Ia, )\epMOHTOBa, rOrONl, oAl1geTBopllBWI1X He6bIBaAbIH pacgBeT PYCCKOH
AI1TeparypbI, nOTOMI(I1 ;:epOeB OTe'-leCTBeHHOH BOHHbI 1812 r., 06pa30-
BaHHble PYCCKl1e AlOlI.l1 He MOrAI1 He I1CnbITbIBaTb npOTHBOpe'lI1BbIX
~IYBCTB - C Oll.HOH CTOPOHbI, roPll.OCTI1 3a CBOIO POll.I1HY, a C lI.PyroH -
0611l1.bI 11 CTblll.a 3a Hl1rgery 11 6ecnpaBI1e MI1AAI10HOB KpenOCTHbIX Kpec
TbHH, '-II1HOBHI1'-1I1Hnp0I13BOA, geH3ypHble rOHeHI1H . .LJ,oCTHrWeMY, I{aK eMY
Ka3aAOCb, «COBepweHHOAeTI1H» PYCCI<OMY 06rgecTBY npell.CTaBNlAaCb He
CTepnHMOH oneKa HI1I<OAaeBCKoro gapcTBOBaJ-ll1l1. Oll.HaKO, B OTAI1'-1l1e OT
I
npell.WeCTB)'lOrgero nepl10ll.a nOCAell.HI1X AeT gapcTBOBaHl1H fueKCal-lll.pa
I1AI1 OT nOCAell.YlOrgl1X BpeMeH, 9Ta 9noxa He 6bIAa peBoAlOg1101-IHOH.
«)\IOll.l1 COPOKOBbIX rOll.OB» - Te, Ino lI.Oml1A lI.O WeCTl1l1.eClITbIX rOll.OB
XIX B., - CTaAI1 He pa3pYWI1TeNlMI1, a peCj:lopMaTOpaMI1. BeAHI(I1e pe
Cj:lOPMbI, I1npemll.e Bcero KpeCTbRI-ICKall peCj:lopMa 1861 r., OTKpbIAl1nOAe
lI.NI 06WI1PHOH C0311l1.aTeAbHoH pa60TbI 11 peaAI13agl111 l-IaKOnl1BWerOCH B
1840-e rr. nOTeHgl1aAa npe06pa30BaTeAbHbIx I1l1.eH.
)\lOlI.I11840-x rOll.OB npemll.e Bcero CTpeMI1AI1Cb nOWlmb, «lI.OKOnaTb
CH» lI.O I1CTI1HbI B caMblX pa3Ho06pa3HbIx OTpaCNlX HayKI1, l<aK eCTeCTBeH
HbIX, TaK 11 ryMaHI1Tapl-lbIX: nOll.06HOH BceoxBaTbIB31OrgeH 06pa30B3HHYIO
~IaCTb PYCCKoro o6rgecTBa AI0603HaTeAbI-IOCTI1 He Ha6AIOlI.aAOCb paHee.
VI
B 9TOM OTHOWel-ll111 pe31<O B03paCTaAa POAb YI-II1BepCI1TeTOB, OT KOTO
pblX CTpeMI1AI1Cb nOA)"II1Tb He TOAbKO '-II1HbI no Ta6eAI1 0 paHrax, HO 11
Bce06'beMAIor,gylO (universalis) CyMMy 3Ha 1-111 H , OTBeTbI Ha Bce H360AeB
wl1e BOnpOCbl.
A.VI.
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lI.pyrl1x npoCj:leccopOB: «TaKoro I{pyra AlOlI.eH TaAaI-lTJlI1BbIX, pa3i3I1TbIX,
MHorOCTOpOHI-IHX 11 '-II1CTbIX 51 He BCTpe'-laJl nOTOM Hl1rll.e, HI1 Ha BbICllll1X
Bepllll1l-IaX nOAI1TI1'-1eCI<oro Ml1pa, HI1 lIa nOCAell.HliX MaKom<aX J\HTepa'ryp
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rOBeCTI1Tb I1CTI1HY; OHl1l1BAJlAI1Cb B aYll.HTOpl11O He gexoBbIMI1 y"-leHbIMH, a
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MOAOAble npoq>eccopa MocKoBcKoro YHHBepOrreTa HOBOH ¢OpMa
!.!,HH OC03HaBaAI1 ce6H He TOAbKO ne,ll.aroraMH H )"-IeHbIMH, HO H orgyrgaAH
ce6H COCTaBHOH '-IaCTbIO KYAbryPHOH }IW3HH CBoero BpeMeHH. YIx npo
cpeCCHOHaAbHble HHTepeCbl I-Iepa3pblBHO H OpraHH'-IIiO CO'leTaAHCb C YB
Ae'-lel-lHeM AHTeparypoH, TeaTpOM, mHBonHCblO, MY3b1K0I1. KamAa5'! AH·,
TeparypIial'! HOBHHI<a, KaiKAaH CTaTbH B.r 5eAHIiCKoro B «OTe'-leCTBeH
HblX 3anHCKax», KamAblH CneKTaKAb MaAoro TeaTpa AeAaAHCb npeAMeTOM
mHBeHwero o6cymAeHHH KaK B CTeHax caMoro YHi-IBepClneTa, TaK H Ha
KBapTHpax Y npoq>eccopOB, B caAOHax H Koq>eHHHX, npH'IeM 3a'-lacrylO B
3TH 06CY?KAeHHH H cnopbl BOBAeKaAHCb H cryAeHTbl. Oc06eHHO X{aAHO B
3TOT nepHOP. H3)"-1aAHCb q>HAOcoq>CKHe I1AeH fereAH, CliCTeMa KOTOPbIX,
I<aK l<a3aAOCb, n03BOAHAa paCI<pbITb 3aKOHbl pa3BHnlH npHpOAbl Ii o6rge
CTBa: YBAe'-leHHe rereAbHHCTBOM 6blAO nOHCTHI-Ie Bceo6rgHM cpetJ.H o6pa-
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BbIM. YIx aHTarOHHCTbl B lliapKHX cnopax - M.n. noroAHH, en. UJe
BblpeB H O.M. 50tf}lHCI<HH - 6blAH CBH3aHbl C ceMeHCTBOM AKcaKo ..
H.B.
BblX 11 forOAeM, 'IYTb n03AHee - C A.H. OCTPOBCi<HM. TOT me
nOrOAI1H, a TaKllie n .H. KYAPHB!.!,eB nHcaAH paccI<a3bl H nOBeCTH, We
BblpeB - CTHXH (OH 6blA 6A11301< C n03TOM H.M. 5hbll<OBbIM). npo
q>eccop H pewfop c.-neTep6yprcKoro YHHBepCl1TeTa n.A. nAeTHeB 6blA
ApYYt{el-I C A.C. nYWKHHbIM, B.A. {f\YI<OBCKHM H MHOrHMI1 APYfHMH
nHCaTe.AJ!MH Ii n03TaMH; ero I<OAAera no XapbKoBcKOMY YHHBepCl-lTery
n. n. fYAal< -ApTeMoBcKHH 6blA 1130eCTHbiM YI<paHHCKHM nHcaTeJ\eM Ii
ApaMaryproM; APyroH ypOllieHe!.!, YI<pam-lbl, M.A. lVIaKcHMoBWI (Cl-Ia
'laAa B MOCl<Be, a 3aTeM B KHeoe), C06l1paA naMHTHHI<H q>OJ\bH:Aopa L1
MaAOpOCCI1HCKOHCTapHHhl.
Mbl C'-II1TaeM CBOHM AOArOM OTAaTb AaHb naMHTH HeAaBHO CKOl-l'laB
r
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BepCHTeTbl Ha rpaHH AByX 3nox. OT POCCJ.-1H I<penOCTHoH K POCCHH I<a
OI-ITaAHCTH'-IeCI<OH» CnpaBetJ.A}IBO 3aMeTHAa, '-ITO HMeHHO B 1840-e rr. 6blAH
8
3aAomeHbl «npO"lHble ¢)'H,a,aMeHTbI HCTHHHO HaY'lHoro 3HaHHH: C aToro
BpeMeHH MomHO rOBopHTb 0 Ha"laAe caMOCTOfiTeAbHOH YHHBepCl-lTeTCKOH
B
HaYKH, 0 npaSHAbHOM xo,a,e 3aHHTHH ... anoxy, Kor,a,a KyAh1ypa HSNI"
AaCb ,a,OCTOHHHeM AHUJb Y3Koro Kpyra, )'HHBepCHTeTbI cAymHAH aamHbI"
MH pbI"IaraMH ee .ll:eMOKpaTH3aj!HH. rO.ll: 3a rO.ll:OM yaeAH"IHBaJll<pyr 06pa-
30saHHbIX AIO.ll:eH, OHH rOTOBHAH l<a)]'pbI, KOTOPbIM npe)l,CTOHAO pacnpo
CTpaHHTb KyAbT)'PY S er,ge 60Aee llJHpOKHe CAOH HaceAeHHH».
Pf
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30saHHH TepMHH «npo¢eccopa-npOCSeTHTe.I\R» KaK oc06ylO KaTeropHIO
)'HHsepCHTeTCKHX npenO)l,aBaTeAeH, I<OTOpble CTpeMHAHCb «He TOAbKO CO-
06r,gHTb CT)'.ll:eHTaM KOHKpeTHble CBe,a,eHHH», HO H nOMO"lb HM «OCSOHTb
KpHTl1'leCKHH MeTO.ll: n03HaHHR oKpymalOr,gHX HSAe!-IHH». OHH «3HaKO
MHAI1 )"'Iar,gylOcH MOAO.ll:ell(b C HoseHWHMH Ha)"'lHbIMH ,ll,OCTHmeHHHMH, CO
,ll,eHCTSOsaAH ee ,a,YXOSHOMY H HpaSCTseHHOMY POCT)', np06ym,ll,aH S HeH
cTpeMAeHHe K SbICQI{HM 06r,gecTseHHbIM H aTH"IeCKHM H,ll,eaAaM, mam,ll,y
,ll,eHTeAbHOCTH ,ll,.I\R 06r,gero 6Aara. 3TO 6bIAH AIO,ll,H, S03SblwaSWHeCH Ha,ll,
u u
csoeH Cpe,ll,OH, )"'IeHble RpKoro TaAaHTa H WHpOKoro Kpyr030pa, He3aSH-
CHMOH MbICAH H 06r,geCTBeHHoro ,ll,OAra. npOcseTHTeAbCKoe SAHHHHe Ha
yKH OHH He OrpaHH"IHSaAH CTeHaMH )'l-IHsepCHTeTa, a CTpeMHAHCb pac
npOCTpaHHTb B03MomHO WHpe, BbICT)'nMI C ny6AH'iHbIMH AeKj!HHMH, CO
TpY,ll,HH'iaH B mypHaAHCTHI<e ... Csoe 06r,geHHe C MOAO,ll,emblO He
orpaHH'iHSaAH "ITeHHeM Ael{j!HH, OHH npHHHMaAH CT)',ll,eHTOS Y ce6H Ha
,ll,OMY, cHa6maAH AHTepaT)'pOH, SOSAeKaAH S 6eCe,ll,bl Ha Ha)"'lHble H CO
apeMeHHble TeMbl» H TeM caMblM «cblrpaAH cepbe3HYlO POAb S ¢OPMHpO
saHHH 06r,geCTsemIOro C03HaHHH MOAO,ll,bIX )'HHsepcHTeTCI<HX nOI(QAeHHH».
K
'-IHCAY <<Ilpo¢eccopos-npocaeTHTeAej;'!» 3HMOHTOBa OTHOCHAa OKOAO
nOAYTopa ,ll,eCHTKOs Sbl,ll,alor,gHxCH )"'IeHblx H ne,ll,arorOS, AeK!!HH, pe"lH H
CTaTbH KOTOPbIX, no ee MHeHHfO, «npoH3S0,ll,HAH SOe'IaTAel-lHe, HeCOH3-
MepHMoe no CHAe B03,ll,eHCTSHH C sbICTynAeI-lHHMH HX KOAAer. .. »3.
3TaAOHOM npo¢eccopa-npocseTHTeM 1840-x rr. cnpaSe,ll,AHSO C'II1-
TaeTCH TH. rpaHOBCI(HH . .l(eHcTsHTeAbHO, 3a SCfO I1CTOPl1fO POCCHHCI{I1X
YHHsepCHTeTOB He 6bIAO npo¢eccopa, I1MH KOToporo Tal( 6bI COOTseT
CTsosaAO anoxe. 1840-e rO,ll,bl Ha3bISaAI1 «BpeMeHeM rpaHOSCKOrO» HAI1
A.A.
,ll,ame «3nOXOH rpaHOBCKOrQ». HeAh3H He corAaCHTbCH C AesaH
,ll,OSCI(HM, 'ITO «nO,ll,06HOH nOI1CTHHe OWeAOM.l\RIDr,geH H K TOMY x<e YCTO;;"
'IHBOH nonYA5IpHOCTbfO HHKOr,ll,a He nOAb30SaACH HH O,ll,HH YHHBepCHTeT
0
CI\HH J\eKTOp - B PoccmI, SO SCHI<OM CAY4ae»4. ,ll,pymx 3aMe"laTeAb
HbIX MO,ll,HX S HCTOpHH MOCKOSCI<oro YHI1BepOlTeTa rOBopHT C
npH6aSAeHHeM OT,ll,eAbHbIX CAoa, HanpHMep, AOMOHOCOS 11 WysaAOB, KQK
OUIOBQmCJlU YHHBeponeTa, nonC4umC/lb MypaBbes, «30JlOmaR 3110-
xa» rpa¢a CTporaHosa, «,moxa PYAbe B ccmccmB03HaHUU», ucmopUK
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9
XIX
CKUIA», 0 npenO,lJ,aBaBWHX B cepe,lJ,lme B. npo<peccopax n.B. naB
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HaCTO~Il,JJeMY BpeMeHH Mf'IHOCTb rpaHOBCKOro, ero ryMaHHCTI1'leCKMe H,lJ,eH,
ero pOAb B 06I,JJeCTBeHHOM ,lJ,BHmeHI1H, ero ne,lJ,arOrH'1eCKOe MaCTepCI'BO
HCCAe,lJ,OBaHbl HC'IepnblBafOI,JJHM 06pa30M, H B ,nOH KHHre C006I,JJafOTCR
AHWb HeKOTopble ,lJ,OnOAHHTeAbHble CBe.ll.eHHH (06HapymeHHble B apXH
Bax) 0 ero .lI.e6fOTe B MOCKOBCKOM yHHBepCHTeTe.
Y1 Bce me He CAe.ll.yeT 3a6blBaTb 0 TOM, 'ITO PH.lI.OM C rpaHOBCKHM B
50
MOCKOBCKOM YHHBepCHTeTe npenO.ll.aBaAO CBblwe npoq'leccopOB H a.ll.'b
1840·-x
IOHKTOB, a Bcero B POCCHHCKHX YI-lHBepCHTeTaX rr. HaC'IHTbIBa
300
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HCKAIO'IHTeAbHaH POAb B pa3BHTHH YHHBepCHTeTCKoro 06pa30BaHHH He
.lI.OAmHbl 3aCAOHHTb 01' Hac ero KOAAer, KOTOPblX HeAb3H paCCMaTpHBaTb
TOAbKO I<al< «.lI.PY3eH rpaHOBCKOrO», «yqeHHKoB rpaHOBCKOrO» HAH «Bpa
rOB fpaHOBCI<orO».
Mem.ll.Y TeM, 3a'lacryfO I1MeHHO TaKHMH I<pHTepHHMH PYI<OBO.ll.CTBY
fOTCH HCCAe.ll.OBaTeAI1, OTHOCH I< 'IHCAY npocpeccopOB-npOCBeTHTeAeH B
MOCKOBCKOM YHHBepCHTeTe AHWb K.cP. PYAbe, 6AH3Koro no B3rAH
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A. .. I\.
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H.Y1. KpblAOBa H n.r. Pe.ll.KHHa, HAH me HeCKOAbI<O n03me - TaI<HX,
HanpHMep, l<aI< K .A.. KaBeAHH H n .H. KY.lI.pHBgeB, KOTopble BOWAH B
KpymOl< 3ana.ll.HHI<OB, 06'be.ll.HHeHHbIX 06I,JJHM CTpeMAeHHeM I< BceCTopOH
HeH eBponeH3agHH POCCHH. BceM 3THM A10.ll.HM, .lI.eHCTBHTeAbHO CblrpaB
WHM 60AbWYfO POAb B pa3BHTHH HaYKH H I<YAbrypbI, npOTHBonOCTaBNI
AHCb npocpeccopa .lI.PyrHx B3rA5!.lI.OB - Ha30BeM HX YCAOBHO «Tpa.ll.HgHO
HaAHCTaMH» - M.n. nOrO.ll.l1H H c.n. WeBblpeB. K comaAeHHIO, HX
.lI.eHTeAbHOCTb ,lJ,aAeKO !-Ie BCer.ll.a nOAyqaAa 06'beKTHBHpo ogeHI<Y B HCTO
pl1'leCKOH AHTeparype: HX Ba3bIBaAH «a.ll.enTaMH HHI<OAaeBCI<OH peal<gI1H»,
«YBapOBCKHMH XOAOnaMH», a TO 11 npOCTO 06cKypal-lTaMI1. Mem..lI.Y TeM,
060l1X 8Tl1X yqeHblx 11 ne.ll.arOrOB C He Mel-lbWI1M OCHOBal-IHeM MomHO 01'
HeCTH 1< 'lI1CAY npOCBeTHTeAel1.
TaK, nOrO.ll.HHa COBpeMeHHHI<11 C<Il1TaAI1 «H3.l1.aHHeM HOBHKoBa B
XIX
BeKe»; OB, TaK )l{e Kal< 11 fpaHoBcKHH, npOBO.lJ.l1A co cry.ll.eHTaMH «BHe
AeKgl10HI-1)'10 pa6oTY», npHBAeKaJI HX K nepeBO.ll.aM 11 Hanl1CaHHfO HCTOPI1-
'IeCKHX CTaTeH H npOBO.ll.H 3aHflTHfl B CBoeM «A.peBAeXpaHI1AHl,JJe». MHoro
BHHMaHIDI Y.lI.eNlA I1H.lJ.l1BH.lI.yaAbHbIM 3aHHTIDIM H c.n. WeBblpeB - yql1-
TeAb cP.Y1. 6YCAaeBa H H.C. THxoHpaBoBa. He CAe.ll.yeT 3a6blBaTb, 'ITO C
I1MeHaMI1 nOrO.lJ.l1Ha H WeBblpeBa 6bIAO CBH3aHO CTaHOBAeHl1e Kacpe.ll.p poc
CHHCKOH I1CTOPI1H H POCCHHCI<OH CAOBeCHOCTH, npeBpaTHBWI1XCH BnOCAe.ll.
CTBHH B KpynHble CTPYKrypHbie nO.ll.pa3.l1.eAeHIDI I1CTOpl1'IeCKOrO H CPHAOAO
m'leCKOrO q'laKYAbTeTOB MOCKoBcKoro )'l-IHBepCHTeTa.
10 BBc.a.CHue
B
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.a,aeTCJI CTpeMAeHHe npOTHBOnOCTaBI1Tb «CTapbIX» H «MOAOAbIX» npocpec
COpOB B MOCIWBCKOM YHHBepCHTeTe 1840-x rr. npH 9TOll1 3a6b1BaeTCJI,
"ITO TOT me Pe.a,I<HH, HanpHMep, 6blA Bcero AHll1b Ha ro,l( MOAOX(e IlIeJ3bl"
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44
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BCnOMHHaR BnOCAeACTBHH 0 CBOCM ,l(pyre illeBblpeBC, npH:JHaBaA: «Mbl
COCTaBNlAH CTapll1HH npoCj:>eccopCKHH KpymOI<, aTe - MAaAll1HH, cry
AeH"IeCKHH; Mbl 06paIJJaAHCb K npOll1eAll1eMY, a npOTHBHHKH Hall1H - K
6Y,l(YIJJeMY»5. Ha nepBblH 831JV!A, 9TH CAOBa MomBO BOCnpHHJlTb KaK
npH3BaHHe CBoero nopamCHHJI, TCM 60Aee, "ITO CTY,l(eHLICCI(aJi MOAOAemb
6blAa OLlapOBaHa Cj:>HAOCOcpCKOH AHaAeKTHKOH npoCj:>eccopOB-rereAbJlHgcB
H HX rYMaHHCTH"IeCKHMH HAeflMH, 6e3YCAOBHOH BepOH B e,l(H1-lbIH 06IJJe'-le
AOBe'-leCKHH nporpecc. OAHalW nOATopa CTOAeTHfl cnYCTH, ,l(YMaeTCH, HeT
Hc06xOAHMOCTH npOTHBonOCTaBNlTb Apyr Apyry HenpHMHpHMbIX onno
HCHTOB 1840-x rr., TeM 60Aec LITO HX 06AaCTH npcnOAaBaHHH H Ha}"'lHblX
HCCAeAOBaHHH 6blAH pa3AH"Il-IbIMH.
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Q,Hfl - «roCY,l(apCTBeHHaJ'l ll1KOAa B PYCClWH HCTopHorpaCj:>HH», KOHry
pbl KOTOPOH HaMeTHA K.,Lt. KaBeAHH H KOTOPYlO pa3BHA BnOCAC,l(CTBHH
C.M. COAoBbeB B 3HaMCHHTOH «ViCTOPHl1 POCCHl1 C ,l(peBl-leHll1HX Bpe
MeH». O!!el-IHBafl pa3AH'-IHbIX npoCj:>eccopOB He C TO"lKI1 3peHHH nonYNlp
HOCTH y COBpeMeHHOH 11M MOAOAemH, a no HX BI<AaAY B pa3BHTHe HayKH H
CTaHOBAeHHe YHHBepCHTeTCKHX KaCj:>e,l(p, Mbl HanHcaAH cnegHaAbHble pa-
lVl.n.
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ce6H, C OAHOH CTOPOl-II)I, HaCAeAHHI(aMH flpOC8eTHTeAbCT8a, a C APY
rOH - OCH080H HHTeAAHreHlJ,HH KaK oc060ro «8HeCOCA08Horo COCAO
BHJI» pYCCI<oro 06Il\eCTBa, rel-lepHpYlOxgero 8 ce6e KaI< Tpa,l(HgHoHHble,
TaK H 06IQe"leA08e"lCCKHe KYAbrypl-lble lJ,CHHOCTH H cnoc06CT8YlOr.gero paJ
8HTHIO HalJ,HOHaJ\.bHorO caMOC03HaHHfl PYCCKOH MbICAH. GOAee TOro, B ,l(aH
HylO 9noxy ymlBepcHTCTbl 8 POCCHH CTaAH npH06peTaTb 60Aee l-iaYLJHblH
11 MeHee nOAHTH3HpOBaHHblH xapaKTCp, LJTO 6blAO CBJl3aHO He TOAblCO C
YCHJ\eHHeM BMIHHHfl Ha CT'j,l(eHLJeCKYID MOAOACX(b eCTeCT8eHH,)1X HayK,
1-10 H C HaYKaMH ryMaHHTapHbIMH. Eho OAHlJ,eT80pJlCTCH HMCHai,iY! ,l(BYX
}"'IeHblX, TOAbKO I-Ia"lHl-la8WHX B 1840-e rr. CBOIO ,l(CHTCAbHOCTb 13 ]\/Ioc
