1 copy.cdr

463 Pages·2014·3.01 MB·English

By
Dr. Ramphal Nain
Ch. Charan Singh Haryana Agricultural University
Hisar
UPKAR PRAKASHAN, AGRA-2
© Copyright Registration Certificate
General English Grammar
by Dr. Ramphal Nain
V.P.O. Kalwan, Tehsil Narwana
Distt. Jind (Haryana) India
email : [email protected]
(Mob.) : 9466321088
Making copies of this book or any portion,
for any purpose is a violation of copyright laws.
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Date : 07/08/2008
First Edition : 2012
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Preface
It is with a sense of pride and pleasure that I am putting this General English Grammar into the
hands of my dear students. The teaching of grammar must be interesting and exciting. I have made an
attempt in this direction. The book will meet the needs of students of all classes and of those who are
desirous of learning English language. It aims at giving the readers a proper and in depth understanding
of correct and good English. I have tried my best to impart comprehensively knowledge of the grammar
to the keen learners.
The main features of this book are :—
1. There is an extensive treatment of each topic with a variety of questions covering all units of
grammar including sentences, tenses, articles, adjectives, adverbs, verbs, subject-verb-agreement,
non-finites, nouns, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, interjections, narrations, voices, question
tags, punctuation, word confusion, clauses, syntheses and transformation of sentences.
2. The book attempts to systematically introduce concepts, define them and then give detailed
guidelines for using the main rules of that concept. Each rule is followed by examples depicting its
usage. Emphasis has also been placed on explaining troublesome grammatical aspects and on
showing how to avoid typical mistakes with a certain usage.
3. The exercises for practice are adequate, simple, varied, well selected and carefully graded.
4. The language used in this book is simple and idiomatic. Hindi equivalents of grammatical terms have
been given to facilitate the study of English grammar by comparison and contrast.
5. The style of the book is almost accessible to the students of all I. Q.’s. The new terms and concepts,
however, have been explained wherever necessary so as to acquaint the reader with the emerging
trends in the study of grammar.
6. General English Grammar is the result of my hardworking, which lasted for more than five years. I
have consulted several encyclopedias, dictionaries and reference books in the preparation of this
grammar. I hereby acknowledge my indebtedness to all of them.
I am extremely thankful to my elder brother ‘Shri Prem Chand’ who helped me a lot in the
compilation of this book. I wish to record my gratitude to my mother ‘Smt. Mainkur Devi’, father ‘Shri
Surat Singh’ and wife ‘Smt. Darshna’ for their unstinted support.
I am sure that this book will prove its worth quite soon by its wide and warm acceptance. I shall
deem my labour amply rewarded if the book proves useful for my young readers. Any constructive
suggestion for further improvement will be welcomed and gratefully acknowledged by the author.
—AUTHOR
Dr. Ramphal Nain
email: [email protected]
Contents
Chapter 1. Basic Concept………………………………………………………………… 3–4
Chapter 2. Pronunciation………………………………………………………………… 5–14
Chapter 3. The Sentence ………………………………………………………………… 15–19
Chapter 4. Subject and Predicate ………………………………..……………………… 20–22
Chapter 5. The Phrase and the Clause………………………….……………………… 23–23
Chapter 6. Parts of Speech ……………………………………………………………… 24–27
Chapter 7. The Tense……………………………………………..……………………… 28–29
Chapter 7.1. Present Indefinite Tense …………………………….……………………… 30–33
Chapter 7.2. Present Continuous Tense ………………………….……………………… 34–39
Chapter 7.3. Present Perfect Tense ………………………………..……………………… 40–43
Chapter 7.4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense ………………………………………… 44–46
Chapter 7.5. Past Indefinite Tense………………………………………………………… 47–49
Chapter 7.6. Past Continuous Tense……………………………………………………… 50–52
Chapter 7.7. Past Perfect Tense …………………………………………………………… 53–56
Chapter 7.8. Past Perfect Continuous Tense ………………..…………………………… 57–59
Chapter 7.9. Future Indefinite Tense ………………………..…………………………… 60–62
Chapter 7.10. Future Continuous Tense ……………………..…………………………… 63–65
Chapter 7.11. Future Perfect Tense………………………………………………………… 66–68
Chapter 7.12. Future Perfect Continuous Tense ……………..…………………………… 69–71
Chapter 8. The Sequences of Tenses……………………….…………………………… 72–74
Chapter 9. Articles …………………………………..…………………………………… 75–91
Chapter 10. Adjectives………………………………..…………………………………… 92–113
Chapter 11. Adverbs……………………………….……………………………………… 114–131
Chapter 12. Verbs……..…………………………………………………………………… 132–153
Chapter 13. Modals………………………………………………………………………… 154–166
Chapter 14. Phrasal Verbs………………………………………………………………… 167–176
Chapter 15. Non-Finites…………………………………………………………………… 177–183
Chapter 16. The Participle………………………………………………………………… 184–188
Chapter 17. The Gerund………………………………………………...………………… 189–192
Chapter 18. Question Tags………………………………………………………………… 193–197
Chapter 19. Syntax : Subject-Verb Agreement………………………..………………… 198–207
Chapter 20. Interjections…………………………………………………………………… 208–210
Chapter 21. The Noun ………………………………………………………………………211–236
Chapter 22. The Pronoun……………………………………………….………………… 237–246
( viii )
Chapter 23. Prepositions…………………………………………..……………………… 247–272
Chapter 24. Conjunctions………………………………………….……………………… 273–290
Chapter 25. Determiners…………………………………………..……………………… 291–297
Chapter 26. Direct and Indirect Speech………………………….……………………… 298–320
Chapter 27. Active and Passive Voices…………………………..……………………… 321–339
Chapter 28. Punctuation and Capital Letters…………………………………………… 340–350
Chapter 29. Words Which Commonly Confuse………………………………………… 351–363
Chapter 30. Synonyms and Antonyms…………………………………………………… 364–371
Chapter 31. More About Clauses………………………………………………………… 372–382
Chapter 32. Synthesis of Sentences…………………………………………………………383–393
Chapter 33. Transformation of Sentences…………………………………………………394–402
Chapter 34. Use of Verb ‘Is, Am, Are, Was, Were, Has, Have,
Had, Do, Does, Did’………………………………………………………… 403–405
Chapter 35. Use of It and There ………………………………………………………… 406–407
Chapter 36. Daily Use Sentences ………………………………………………………… 408–415
Chapter 37. Proverbs ……………………………………………………………………… 416–426
KEY TO EXERCISES…………………………………………………………427–456
General English
Grammar
IN THIS SECTION
I. A II. L III. W
LPHABET ETTERS ORD
IV. V V. S
OCABULARY YLLABLES
I. A
LPHABET
The complete set of letters in a language is called the alphabet.
vaxzst+h esa dqy 26 o.kZ (Letters) gksrs gSa ftUgsa Alphabet dgrs gSA buesa 5 vowels (A, E, I, O, U) vkSj 21
consonants dgykrs gSaA
II. L
ETTERS
fganh Hkk"kk esa ftUgsa ge o.kZ dgrs gSa os vaxzst+h Hkk"kk es aLetters dgykrs gSaA
;s Letters nks Hkkxksa esa ck°Vs tk ldrs gSaaμ A. Vowels (Loj) B. Consonants (O;atu)
A. Vowels : The letters which are pronounced with open mouth allowing the free flow to the air are
called vowels.
ftu Letters dk mPpkj.k fdlh vU; Letters dh lgk;rk osG fcuk fd;k tk losG] vowelsdgykrs gSaA
B. Consonants : The letters which are pronounced by stopping the air flowing freely through the
mouth are called consonants.
mijksDr ik°p Vowels dks NksM+dj cps gq, bDdhl Letters Consonants dgykrs gSaA budk mPpkj.k Vowels
dh lgk;rk osG fcuk ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
Note– W vkSj Y semi vowels dgykrs gSaA ;s fLFkfr vuqlkj Vowel vkSj Consonant nksuksa gh rjg ls iz;ksx
fd;s tkrs gSaA
III. W
ORD
(Any meaningful combination of letters signifying an object, an action or a modifying or qualifying
expression is called a word.)
Letters dks vkil esa feykdj fy[kus ls] tc ml v{kj lewg dk dksbZ vFkZ curk gS] rks mls 'kCn (word) dgrs
gSaA ,d word osG fy, de&ls&de ,d vowel vkSj ,d consonant dk gksuk vko';d gksrk gSA ;fn vowel
u gks] rks mldh /ofu okyk consonant gksuk pkfg,_ tSlsμboy, cat, school, man etc.
Exceptions : A, I, O tSls words, esa ,d gh Letter gS] tks bl fu;e osG Exceptions gSaA
IV. V
OCABULARY
The stock of words in a language is known as the vocabulary.
fdlh Hkk"kk osG 'kCnksa osG Hk.Mkj dks Vocabulary dgrs gSaA
4 GENERAL ENGLISH GRAMMAR
V. S
YLLABLES
fdlh word dk mPpkj.k djus esa ml word dk ftruk Hkkx ,d ckj esa cksyk tkrk gS mls syllable dgrs gSaA
,d word esa ,d ;k vf/kd syllables gks ldrs gSa_ tSlsμ
1. ,d syllable : you, go
2. nks syllables : fa – ther, wa – ter
3. nks ls vf/kd syllables : beau – ti – ful, po – ssi – bi – li – ty
h h h