Weapons & Warfare

1297 Pages·2010·22.4 MB·English

by  John Powell

Revised Edition
Editor
John Powell
Oklahoma Baptist University
Salem Press
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Weapons & warfare / editor, John Powell. — Rev. ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-58765-594-4 (set : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-58765-595-1 (v. 1 : alk. paper) —
ISBN 978-1-58765-596-8 (v. 2 : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-58765-597-5 (v. 3 : alk. paper)
1. Military weapons—History. 2. Military art and science—History. I. Powell, John, 1954-
II. Title: Weapons and warfare.
UF500.W48 2010
623.409—dc22
2009050491
printed in canada
Contents
Ancient and Medieval Weapons and Warfare to c. 1500
Europe and the Mediterranean
Greek Warfare to Alexander . . . . . . . . . . 129
Greek and Hellenistic Warfare from
Alexander to Rome . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Carthaginian Warfare. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Roman Warfare
During the Republic. . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Roman Warfare During the Empire . . . . . . 165
Weapons and Forces
Celtic Warfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
Clubs, Maces, and Slings . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Berber Warfare. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Picks, Axes, and War Hammers . . . . . . . . . 8 Tribal Warfare in Central
Bows and Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 and Eastern Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Crossbows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Knives, Swords, and Daggers . . . . . . . . . . 21 Eastern, Central, and Southern Asia
Spears and Pole Arms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Chariots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Nomadic Warriors of the Steppe. . . . . . . . 202
Firearms and Cannon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 India and South Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Ancient Fortifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Medieval Fortifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Sieges and Siegecraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 The Medieval World
Armies and Infantry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Cavalry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 The Roman Legacy
Warships and Naval Warfare . . . . . . . . . . 70 Byzantium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
The Franks and the Holy Roman Empire . . . 231
The Anglo-Saxons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
The Lombards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
The Ancient World
The Magyars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Violence in the Precivilized World . . . . . . . 77 The Vikings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
Armies of Christendom and the Age
Egypt and the Middle East of Chivalry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
City-States and Empires Through Crusading Armies of the West . . . . . . . . . 272
Old Babylon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
The Hittites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 The Middle East and Africa
The Assyrians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 Armies of Muwammad and the Caliphate . . . 281
The Chaldeans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Armies of the Seljuk Turks. . . . . . . . . . . 288
The Hebrews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 The Ottoman Armies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
The Egyptians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 West African Empires . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
The Persians . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Ethiopia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
v
Weapons and Warfare
Eastern and Southern Asia From Medieval to Modern
China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Handarms to Firearms . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321 Knights to Cavalry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
The Mongols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328 Galleys to Galleons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386
India and South Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Southeast Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344
The Americas
The Maya and Aztecs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
The Incas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
North American Indigenous Nations. . . . . . 364
vi
Modern Weapons and Warfare Since c. 1500
Warfare in the Age of Expansion

Colonial Warfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
The Ottoman Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587
The Mughal Empire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599
African Warfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
Iran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Weapons and Forces
Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632
Swords, Daggers, and Bayonets . . . . . . . . 393 China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640
Pole Arms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398 Imperial Warfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652
Gunpowder and Explosives . . . . . . . . . . 403
Small Arms and Machine Guns . . . . . . . . 408
Artillery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Warfare in the Industrial Age
Tanks and Armored Vehicles . . . . . . . . . 427
Aircraft, Bombs, and Guidance The Age of Bismarck. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 The “Great” War: World War I . . . . . . . . 670
Rockets, Missiles, and Nuclear The Spanish Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685
Weapons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 World War II: United States, Britain,
Chemical and Biological Weapons. . . . . . . 467 and France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692
Modern Fortifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473 World War II: The Soviet Union . . . . . . . . 703
Sieges and Siege Techniques. . . . . . . . . . 479 World War II: Germany and Italy . . . . . . . 710
Armies and Infantry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484 World War II: Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720
Cavalry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
Naval Development: The Age of Sail . . . . . 499
Naval Development:
Warfare in the Political Age
The Age of Propulsion . . . . . . . . . . . 508
China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731
The Cold War: The United States,
NATO, and the Right . . . . . . . . . . . . 741
Western Warfare in
The Cold War: The Soviet Union,
the Age of Maneuver
the Warsaw Pact, and the Left . . . . . . . 750
European Wars of Religion. . . . . . . . . . . 519 Israeli Warfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759
The Era of Gustavus Adolphus. . . . . . . . . 525 The Cold War: The Nonaligned States. . . . . 765
The Era of Frederick the Great . . . . . . . . . 532 Colonial Wars of Independence . . . . . . . . 771
The Era of Napoleon Bonaparte . . . . . . . . 539 Warfare in Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781
The Crimean War. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548 Warfare in Afghanistan: The Soviet-
The American Civil War . . . . . . . . . . . . 559 Afghan Conflict . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791
vii
Weapons and Warfare
Warfare in the Global Age
Warfare in Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799 The War on Terror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813
Warfare in Afghanistan: Warfare and the United Nations . . . . . . . . 821
The United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806 Global Military Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . 828
viii
Warfare: Culture and Concepts

Warfare, Morality, and Justice

Collaboration in War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 965
Genocide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 969
Mercenaries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 976
Uncontrollable Forces
Peace Movements and Conscientious
Geography, Weather, and Warfare . . . . . . . 837 Objection to War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 981
Prisoners and War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 989
War Crimes and Military Justice . . . . . . . . 994
Culture and Warfare
Art and Warfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851
Commemoration of War . . . . . . . . . . . . 856
Behind the Battlefield
Film and Warfare. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 861
Ideology and War. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 868 Cryptography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1001
Literature and Warfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873 Diplomacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1008
Music and Warfare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 878 Financing War. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1013
Religion and Warfare. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883 Intelligence and
Television and Warfare. . . . . . . . . . . . . 889 Counterintelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . 1018
International Arms Trade . . . . . . . . . . . 1024
Military Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029
Strategy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1033
Society and Warfare
Tactics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1037
Civilian Labor and Warfare . . . . . . . . . . 897
Counterinsurgency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901
Education, Textbooks, and War . . . . . . . . 905
Paramilitary Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . 911
Research Tools
The Press and War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 915
Propaganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921 War Films . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1043
Revolt, Rebellion, and Insurgency . . . . . . . 929 War Literature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1063
War’s Impact on Economies . . . . . . . . . . 933 Lexicon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1091
Women, Children, and War . . . . . . . . . . 938 Military Theorists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1120
Time Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1135
Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1169
Web Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1192
Science and Warfare
Biology, Chemistry, and War . . . . . . . . . 947 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1199
Medicine on the Battlefield. . . . . . . . . . . 952
Psychological Effects of War . . . . . . . . . 957
ix