Table Of ContentConference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series
Randy Mayes · Daniel Rixen · Matt Allen Editors
Topics in Experimental
Dynamic Substructuring,
Volume 2
Proceedings of the 31st IMAC, A Conference on Structural
Dynamics, 2013
Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series
SeriesEditor
TomProulx
SocietyforExperimentalMechanics,Inc.,
Bethel,CT,USA
Forfurthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/8922
Randy Mayes • Daniel Rixen (cid:129) Matt Allen
Editors
Topics in Experimental Dynamic
Substructuring, Volume 2
Proceedings of the 31st IMAC, A Conference on Structural
Dynamics, 2013
123
Editors
RandyMayes DanielRixen
SandiaNationalLaboratories DepartmentofPrecisionandMicrosystemsEngineering
Albuquerque,NM,USA DelftUniversityofTechnology
Delft,Netherlands
MattAllen
EngineeringPhysicsDepartment
UniversityofWisconsinMadison
Madison,WI,USA
ISSN2191-5644 ISSN2191-5652(electronic)
ISBN978-1-4614-6539-3 ISBN978-1-4614-6540-9(eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-1-4614-6540-9
SpringerNewYorkHeidelbergDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013939185
©TheSocietyforExperimentalMechanics,Inc.2014
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Preface
Topics in Experimental Dynamic Substructuring, Volume 2: Proceedings of the 31st IMAC, A Conference on Structural
Dynamics, 2013 represents one of the seven volumes of technical papers presented at the 31st IMAC, a conference and
expositiononstructuraldynamics,2013,organizedbytheSocietyforExperimentalMechanicsandheldinGardenGrove,
California,fromFebruary11to14,2013.Thefullproceedingsalso includevolumesonnonlineardynamics;dynamicsof
bridges;dynamicsofcivilstructures;modelvalidationanduncertaintyquantification;specialtopicsinstructuraldynamics;
andmodalanalysis.
Eachcollectionpresentsearlyfindingsfromexperimentalandcomputationalinvestigationsonanimportantareawithin
structuraldynamics.Substructuringisoneoftheseareas.
Substructuringisageneralparadigminengineeringdynamicswhereacomplicatedsystemisanalyzedbyconsideringthe
dynamicinteractionsbetweensubcomponents.Innumericalsimulations,substructuringallowsonetoreducethecomplexity
of parts of the system in order to construct a computationally efficient model of the assembled system. A subcomponent
model can also be derived experimentally, allowing one to predict the dynamic behavior of an assembly by combining
experimentally and/or analytically derived models. This can be advantageous for subcomponents that are expensive or
difficult to model analytically. Substructuring can also be used to couple numerical simulation with real-time testing of
components.Suchapproachesareknownashardware-in-the-looporhybridtesting.
Whetherexperimentalornumerical,allsubstructuringapproacheshaveacommonbasis, namelytheequilibriumofthe
substructures under the action of the applied and interface forces and the compatibility of displacements at the interfaces
of the subcomponents. Experimental substructuring requires special care in the way the measurements are obtained and
processedinordertoassurethatmeasurementinaccuraciesandnoisedonotinvalidatetheresults.Innumericalapproaches,
the fundamentalquestisthe efficientcomputationofreducedordermodelsdescribingthe substructure’sdynamicmotion.
Forhardware-in-the-loopapplicationsdifficultiesincludethefastcomputationofthenumericalcomponentsandtheproper
sensingandactuationofthehardwarecomponent.Recentadvancesinexperimentaltechniques,sensor/actuatortechnologies,
novelnumericalmethods,and parallelcomputinghave rekindledinterestin substructuringin recentyears, leadingto new
insightsandimprovedexperimentalandanalyticaltechniques.
Theorganizerswouldliketothanktheauthors,presenters,sessionorganizers,andsessionchairsfortheirparticipationin
thistrack.
Albuquerque,NM,USA RandyMayes
Delft,Netherlands DanielRixen
Madison,WI,USA MattAllen
v
Contents
1 Integrating Biodynamic Measurements in Frequency-Based Substructuring to Study
Human-StructureInteraction.......................................................................................... 1
Se´bastienPerrier,YvanChampoux,andJean-MarcDrouet
2 InvestigationofModalIwanModelsforStructureswithBoltedJoints........................................... 9
BrandonJ.Deaner,MatthewS.Allen,MichaelJ.Starr,andDanielJ.Segalman
3 IdentificationofNonlinearJointCharacteristicinDynamicSubstructuring .................................... 27
PascalReuss,SebastianKruse,SimonPeter,FlorianMorlock,andLotharGaul
4 StructuralModificationofNonlinearFEASubcomponentsUsingNonlinearNormalModes ................. 37
RobertJ.KuetherandMathewS.Allen
5 ModelingandCalibrationofSmall-ScaleWindTurbineBlade.................................................... 51
AndersT.Johansson,Carl-JohanLindholm,KhorsandVakilzadeh,andThomasAbrahamsson
6 RankingConstituentsofCoupledModelsforImprovedPerformance............................................ 59
IsmailFarajpourandSezAtamturktur
7 NumericalSubstructuringMethodsinFiniteElementAnalysis................................................... 71
JoshuaMendozaandA.KeithMiller
8 Substituting Internal Forces for Blocked Forces or Free Interface Displacements
inSubstructuredSimulations .......................................................................................... 77
P.L.C.vanderValkandD.J.Rixen
9 ErrorEstimationandAdaptiveModelReductionAppliedtoOffshoreWindTurbineModeling ............. 97
S.N.Voormeeren,B.P.Nortier,andD.J.Rixen
10 Coupling ExperimentalandAnalyticalSubstructureswitha ContinuousConnectionUsing
theTransmissionSimulatorMethod .................................................................................. 123
RandyL.MayesandDanielP.Rohe
11 A New StructuralModificationMethodwith AdditionalDegreesof FreedomforDynamic
AnalysisofLargeSystems.............................................................................................. 137
BurcuSayinandEnderCigeroglu
12 IMACXXXI:AdditionalModalTestingofTurbineBladesandtheApplicationofTransmission
SimulatorSubstructuringMethodologyforCoupling .............................................................. 145
DavidMacknelly,MohsinNurbhai,andNicholasMonk
13 IMACXXXI:DynamicSubstructuring............................................................................... 157
MohsinNurbhaiandDavidMacknelly
14 SelectionofInterfaceDoFsinHub-Blade(s)CouplingofAmpairWindTurbineTestBed..................... 167
JacopoBrunetti,AntonioCulla,WalterD’Ambrogio,andAnnalisaFregolent
vii
viii Contents
15 TheAmpair600WindTurbineBenchmark:ResultsFromtheFrequencyBasedSubstructuring
AppliedtotheRotorAssembly......................................................................................... 179
SiamandRahimi,DennisdeKlerk,andDanielJ.Rixen
16 CouplingofaBladedHubtotheToweroftheAmpair600WindTurbineUsingtheTransmission
SimulatorMethod ....................................................................................................... 193
DanielP.RoheandRandyL.Mayes
17 SpreadinModalDataObtainedfromWindTurbineBladeTesting .............................................. 207
Mladen Gibanica, Anders T. Johansson, Sadegh Rahrovani, Majid Khorsand, and Thomas
Abrahamsson
18 ImplementationofAdmittanceTestTechniquesforHigh-PrecisionMeasurementofFrequency
ResponseFunctions ..................................................................................................... 217
TimothyS.Edwards
19 ProposedApproachforAdmittanceTestingofaComplexAerospaceStructure ................................ 245
MichaelArvisoandRandallL.Mayes
20 Validation of Current State Frequency Based Substructuring Technology for the
CharacterisationofSteeringGear–VehicleInteraction............................................................. 253
M.V.vanderSeijs,D.deKlerk,D.J.Rixen,andS.Rahimi
21 StrategiestoExploitTestDatainSubsystemSubtraction.......................................................... 267
WalterD’AmbrogioandAnnalisaFregolent
22 EffectsofPreciseFRFMeasurementsforFrequencyBasedSubstructuring..................................... 277
JulieHarvieandPeterAvitabile
23 ExtendingtheFrequencyBandforFixedBaseModalAnalysisonaVibrationSlipTable..................... 287
RandyL.Mayes,DanielP.Rohe,andJillBlecke
24 ExtractionofFixed-BaseModesofaStructureMountedonaShakeTable...................................... 299
KevinL.Napolitano,NathanaelC.Yoder,andWilliamA.Fladung
25 EfficientMethodofMeasuringEffectiveMassofaSystem ........................................................ 311
RandyL.Mayes,TylerF.Schoenherr,JillBlecke,andDanielP.Rohe
26 FormulationofaCraig-BamptonExperimentalSubstructureUsingaTransmissionSimulator.............. 321
DanielC.Kammer,MathewS.Allen,andRandyL.Mayes
Chapter 1
Integrating Biodynamic Measurements in Frequency-Based
Substructuring to Study Human-Structure Interaction
Se´bastienPerrier,YvanChampoux,andJean-MarcDrouet
Abstract The mechanical behavior of the human body has long been characterized using biodynamic measurements
on various human body parts in several positions and postures. Generally, these measurements are gathered as close as
possibletotheskin-mechanicalstructureinterfaceforbestresultsunderstandinghowthebodyreactswhenincontactwith
a vibrating structure. Substructuring methods have been widely used on mechanical structures to study and improve the
dynamicbehaviorofcomplexassemblies. In thecase ofinteractionsbetweena humanbodyanda vibratingstructure,the
dynamicsinvolvedin the structurealone is as importantas the dynamicsofthe humanbody.Thus,the use of Frequency-
Based Substructuring (FBS) to combine biodynamic measurements with the structure’s dynamic behavior is essential to
understandingthevibrationtransmissionphenomenainthiscomplexassembly.
ThisarticlepresentstheadvantagesofthisapproachaswellasthechallengeswhenperformingFBSbetweenamechanical
structureandbiodynamicmeasurements.Thestudyfocusesonavibratinghandlebarinconjunctionwith3differentholding
positions of the hand-arm system. The FBS assemblies are gathered and the results are compared with experimental
measurementsontheentireassembledstructureforeachpositionoverafrequencyrangebetween1and100Hz.
Keywords Biodynamics (cid:129) Substructuring (cid:129) Human-structure interaction (cid:129) Experimental measurements (cid:129) Structural
dynamics
1.1 Introduction
The mechanical behavior of the human body under vibration has long been characterized and studied in the context of
health andsafety, aswell as in the contextof dynamiccomfortevaluation.Amongthem,whole-bodyvibrationandhand-
transmitted vibration have been studied the most in order to minimize the undesirable effects of vibration [1–19]. Hand-
transmittedvibrationisofgreatinterestsincethehandsarehighlysensitiveincapturingvibrationdiscomfortandhighlevels
ofhandvibrationcanevenbedetrimentaltooverallhealth.
The characterization of hand-transmitted vibration (HTV) depends on several parameters such as vibration frequency
andmagnitudes,axisofvibration,couplingforces,frequencyweighting,andothers.ForexampleinISO-5349[13],which
documents the measurement, the dose–response relationship, and the weighting filter for assessment of HTV, the current
weightingfunctionproposedsignificantlysuppressesthemagnitudeofvibrationatfrequenciesabove100Hz.Thedynamic
responsebehaviorofthe hand-armsystem can be describedas through-the-hand-armandto-the-hand responsefunctions.
The through-the-hand-armresponse functiondescribes the transmission of vibrationas the ratio of the motion magnitude
ataspecificsegmentofthehand-armtothatatthehand-handleinterface.Thebiodynamicresponseintermsoftheto-the-
handfunctionrelatesthevibrationinthevicinityofthehandtotheforceatthedrivingpoint[7].Theto-the-handdynamic
responsebehavioris theone touse whenstudyinghumansin contactwith vibratingstructures.Thisbiodynamicresponse
behaviorhasbeenextensivelyinvestigated,butthemajorityofthestudiesarebaseduponeithertheabsorbedpowerorthe
drivingpointmechanicalimpedanceZ (DPMI).Thesetwoexpressionsarerelativelysimilar.TheDPMIiscomputedfrom
S.Perrier((cid:2))(cid:129)Y.Champoux(cid:129)J.-M.Drouet
DepartmentofMechanicalEngineering,Ve´lUS,Universite´deSherbrooke,2500boul.del’Universite´,Sherbrooke,QC,CanadaJ1K2R1
e-mail:[email protected]
R.Mayesetal.(eds.),TopicsinExperimentalDynamicSubstructuring,Volume2:Proceedingsofthe31stIMAC,AConference 1
onStructuralDynamics,2013,ConferenceProceedingsoftheSocietyforExperimentalMechanicsSeries36,
DOI10.1007/978-1-4614-6540-9 1,©TheSocietyforExperimentalMechanics,Inc.2014
