Table Of ContentFrontier Perspectives in 21st Century Physics
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Series on the Foundations of Natural Science and Technology
Series Editors: C. Politis (University of Patras, Greece)
W. Schommers (Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Germany)
Published:
Vol. 1: Space and Time, Matter and Mind: The Relationship between
Reality and Space-Time
by W. Schommers
Vol. 2: Symbols, Pictures and Quantum Reality: On the Theoretical
Foundations of the Physical Universe
by W. Schommers
Vol. 3: The Visible and the Invisible: Matter and Mind in Physics
by W. Schommers
Vol. 4: What is Life? Scientific Approaches and Philosophical Positions
by H.-P. Dürr, F.-A. Popp and W. Schommers
Vol. 5: Grasping Reality: An Interpretation-Realistic Epistemology
by H. Lenk
Vol. 6: Nano-Engineering in Science and Technology: An Introduction
to the World of Nano-Design
by M. Rieth
Vol. 9 The Timeless Approach
Frontier Perspectives in 21st Century Physics
by D. Fiscaletti
Forthcoming:
Vol. 7 Magneto Thermoelectric Power in Heavily Doped Quantized
Structures
by K. P. Ghatak
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Series on the Foundations of Natural Science and Technology — Vol. 9
Frontier Perspectives in 21st Century Physics
Davide Fiscaletti
SpaceLife Institute, Italy
World Scientific
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Published by
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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Series on the Foundations of Natural Science and Technology — Vol. 9
THE TIMELESS APPROACH
Frontier Perspectives in 21st Century Physics
Copyright © 2016 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd.
All rights reserved. This book, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form or by any means,
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is not required from the publisher.
ISBN 978-981-4713-15-3
In-house Editor: Christopher Teo
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Printed in Singapore
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To My Family,
For their patience and encouragement
v
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Contents
Introduction 1
Chapter 1: About Time as the Numerical Order
of Material Changes 17
Chapter 2: Three-Dimensional Euclid Space
and Special Relativity 113
Chapter 3: Three-Dimensional non-Euclid Space
as a Direct Information Medium
and Quantum Phenomena 151
Chapter 4: About Quantum Cosmology
in a Background Space as an Immediate
Information Medium 230
Chapter 5: The Gravitational Space in an A-Temporal
Quantum-Gravity Space Theory 253
Chapter 6: A Three-Dimensional Timeless Quantum
Vacuum as the Fundamental Bridge
Between Gravitation and the Quantum Behavior 304
Conclusions 396
References 413
Subject Index 443
vi
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Introduction
Time has always puzzled philosophers and scientists and, along with
such concepts as space and matter, can be considered as a crucial
concept of any physical theory, in particular of a fundamental one.
Today, in the light of the most significant research on quantum
gravity, we can say that the notion of time intended as a primary
physical reality, as an independent physical dimension which has
existence on its own, indeed has no fundamental citizenship in
physics. This happened, above all, as a consequence of general
relativity and its “deformable” time and of the fact, determined by
quantum physics, that observed phenomena arise from a timeless
quantum vacuum which acts as a fabric of reality, of the fact that
in the quantum regime the ordinary forms of matter and energy are
manifestations of this fundamental vacuum.
st
The beginning of the 21 century brought substantially a new
vision into theoretical physics: particles move in a timeless space
background and time as-measured with clocks exists only as an
emergent mathematical entity indicating the numerical order of
particles’ motion. In this picture, the linear time — “past-present-
future” — can be considered merely as a mind model inside which
human beings experience the material world.
The whole development of theoretical physics can be seen as a
continuousimprovementofthemodelsofspaceandtime.Nophysical
law can be formulated without being collocated in an opportune
spatial-temporal arena. This fact stimulated many times in the
history of physics the idea of a tight connection between the physical
processes and the global arena in which they take place. This
1
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2 The Timeless Approach
connection must be intended in a realistic sense, and implies a
series of radical assumptions with regards to the fundamental sub-
structure and the nature of space and time — which delineate a
series of deep perspective changes about our way of working with
the physical theories in the research of a unifying view of the world
[1]. From Newton’s absolute model of the space-time background
to the non-Euclidean and conformal geometries of the different
classical and quantum geometrodynamics, all the theories of physics
are characterized by the notion of a “process” — intended as the
evolution of a set of observables in a specific arena [2].
Newtonian absolute conception was the first attempt to ascribe a
fundamentalroletospaceandtimeinordertoexplain theproperties
of matter. In Newtonian physics space and time are absolute
entities and define a stage over which the processes take place, the
various dynamical entities being the actors. Isaac Newton founded
classical mechanics on the basis of the idea that space is something
distinct from body and that time is something that passes uniformly
without regard to whatever happens in the world. According to
Newton’s view time passes in space and is not part of space. It was
Newton’sgreatachievementtocreateaconceptualclarificationofthe
notion of time in his Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica
from 1687, where he introduced the concept of time as a physical
quantity having a primary, independent existence:
“An absolute, true, and mathematical time exists that, from its own
nature, passes equably without relation to anything external (and thus
without reference to any change of matter or way of measuring time)
andbyanothernameiscalledduration;relative,apparent,andcommon
time, is some sensible and external (whether accurate or unequable)
measure of duration by the means of motion, which is commonly used
instead of true time; such as an hour, a day,a month,a year.” [3].
Thus, Newtonian clocks are devices that provide some sensible
and external (whether accurate or unequable) measure of duration
by the means of motion, which is commonly used instead of true
time. Moreover, Newton regarded space and time as real entities
with their own manner of existence as needed by God’s existence
(more specifically, his omnipresence and eternality).
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Introduction 3
The concept of an absolute time t was introduced by Newton
as a necessary element for his formulation of mechanics and indeed
is still close to the way many people think about time. However,
by definition one cannot directly access Newton’s absolute time.
Newton’s absolute time is unobservable, it is an abstraction about
which we have only an imprecise knowledge due to inadequate
realizations by concrete physical processes. We never exactly know
the “true” duration between two events. Any realistic physical clock
emulates Newtonian time t merely down to a suitable scale; it
approximates t within a certain accuracy. Below that scale higher-
order physical effects, systematic or statistical errors influence the
performanceofanyclock.Nonetheless,Newtonianmechanicsisbased
on the assumption that such an unobservable, absolute time with a
unique topological and metrical structure exists, in terms of which
the dynamics is defined.
If Newton believed that absolute time exists on its own as a
primary physical reality, independently of the existence of material
clocks, a contemporary of Newton, Leibniz suggested a different
view, known as the relational view of time, according to which
events are more fundamental than moments, which do not exist
in their own right [4]. According to Leibniz neither absolute time
nor space exist: the primary role is to be ascribed to matter and
its properties while space and time are to have only the merely
relational function of a stage of coordinates. The world is to be
understood in terms of more fundamental entities that fuse space
and matter into relative configurations of simultaneously existing
bodies. Bodies and events define points and instants by conferring
their identity upon them, and thus enabling them to serve as the
loci of other bodies and events. In Leibniz’s view, the world does
not contain things, it is things. Time is merely supposed to be the
succession of such instantaneous configurations, and not something
that flows quite independently of the bodies in the universe. The
dynamics is exclusively based on observable elements. The disjoint
viewpoints of Newton and Leibniz yield a historical debate whether
time and space exist as real objects (absolute), or whether they are
merely orderings upon actual objects (relational). In particular, it
