The third wave: democratization in the late twentieth century

801 Pages·1991·1.71 MB·English

by  Samuel P. Huntington

The Julian J. Rothbaum Distinguished
Lecture Series. Vol. 4, The Third Wave.,
title:
Democratization in the Late Twentieth
Century
author: Huntington, Samuel P.
publisher: University of Oklahoma Press
isbn10 | asin: 0806125160
print isbn13: 9780806125169
ebook isbn13: 9780585149516
language: English
Democracy--History--20th century,
Democratization--History--20th century,
subject Authoritarianism--History--20th century,
World politics--1975-1985, World politics-
-1985-1995.
publication date: 1991
lcc: JC421.H86 1991eb
ddc: 321.8/09/04
Democracy--History--20th century,
Democratization--History--20th century,
subject: Authoritarianism--History--20th century,
World politics--1975-1985, World politics-
-1985-1995.
Page iii
The Third Wave
Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century
By
Samuel P. Huntington
UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA PRESS : NORMAN AND LONDON
Page iv
OTHER BOOKS BY SAMUEL P. HUNTINGTON
The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military
Relations (Cambridge, MA, 1957)
The Common Defense: Strategic Programs in National Politics (New
York, 1961)
Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven, 1968)
American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony (Cambridge, MA,
1981)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Huntington, Samuel P.
The third wave: democratization in the late twentieth century/
Samuel P. Huntington.
p. cm.(The Julian J. Rothbaum distinguished lecture series; v. 4)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. DemocracyHistory20th century. 2. Authoritarianism
History20th century. 3. World politics19751985. 4. World politics
19851995. I. Title. II. Series.
JC421.H86 1991 90-50690
321.8'09'04dc20 CIP
ISBN: 0-8061-2346-X (cloth)
ISBN: 0-8061-2516-0 (paper)
The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century is
Volume 4 in the Julian J. Rothbaum Distinguished Lecture Series.
This book was written under the auspices of the Harvard University
Center for International Affairs and its John M. Olin Institute for
Strategic Studies.
The paper in this book meets the guidelines for permanence and
durability of the Committee on Production Guidelines for Book
Longevity of the Council on Library Resources, Inc.
Copyright © 1991 by Samuel P. Huntington. Published by the
University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Publishing Division of the
University. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the U.S.A. First
paperback printing, 1993.
6 7 8 9 10 11
Page v
To the memory of Warren and Anita
Page vii
Contents
Foreword page xi
by Carl B. Albert
Preface xiii
1. What? 3
The Start of the Third Wave 3
The Meaning of Democracy 5
The Waves of Democratization 13
The Issues of Democratization 26
2. Why? 31
Explaining Waves 31
Explaining Democratization Waves 34
Explaining the Third Wave 40
Declining Legitimacy and the Performance 46
Dilemma
Economic Development and Economic Crises 59
Religious Changes 72
New Policies of External Actors 85
Demonstration Effects or Snowballing 100
From Causes to Causers 106
3. How? Processes of Democratization 109
Authoritarian Regimes 110
Transition Processes 121
Transformations 124
Page viii
Guidelines for Democratizers 1: Reforming 141
Authoritarian Systems
Replacements 142
Guidelines for Democratizers 2: Overthrowing 149
Authoritarian Regimes
Transplacements 151
Guidelines for Democratizers 3: Negotiating Regime 162
Changes
4. How? Characteristics of Democratization 164
The Third Wave Democratization Syndrome 164
Compromise and the Participation/Moderation Trade- 165
off
Elections: Stunning and Otherwise 174
Low Levels of Violence 192
5. How Long? 208
Consolidation and Its Problems 208
The Torturer Problem: Prosecute and Punish vs. 211
Forgive and Forget
Guidelines for Democratizers 4: Dealing with 231
Authoritarian Crimes
The Praetorian Problem: Rebellious and Powerful 231
Militaries
Guidelines for Democratizers 5: Curbing Military 251
Power, Promoting Military Professionalism
Contextual Problems, Disillusionment, and 253
Authoritarian Nostalgia
Developing a Democratic Political Culture 258
Institutionalizing Democratic Political Behavior 265
Conditions Favoring Consolidation of New 270
Democracies
6. Whither? 280
Third Wave Causes: Continuing, Weakening, 281
Changing?
A Third Reverse Wave? 290