The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 5: The Islamic World in the Age of Western Dominance

805 Pages·2009·12.94 MB·English

by  Francis Robinson

THE NEW CAMBRIDGE
HISTORY OF
ISLAM
*
VOLUME 5
The Islamic World in the Age of
Western Dominance
*
Editedby
FRANCIS ROBINSON
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2011
the new cambridge history of
ISLAM
*
volume 5
TheIslamicWorldintheAgeofWesternDominance
Volume 5 of The New Cambridge History of Islam examines the
history of Muslim societies from 1800 to the present. Francis
Robinson, a leading historian of Islam, has brought together a
teamofscholarswithabroadrangeofexpertisetoexplorehow
Muslims responded to the challenges of Western conquest and
dominationacrossthelasttwohundredyears.Astheircontribu
tionsreveal,thesocial,economic,politicalandhistoricalcircum
stanceswhichinfluencedtheseresponseshave,inmanyinstances
andindifferentpartsoftheworld,empoweredMuslimsocieties
andencouragedtransformationandreligiousrevival.Thevolume
offers a fascinating glimpse into the local dimensions of that
revival and how, by extension, regional connections have been
forged. Synthesising the academic research of the past thirty
years,aswell asoffering substantial guidanceforfurther study,
this book is the startingpoint for all those who wish to have a
seriousunderstandingofmodernMuslimsocieties.
FRANCIS ROBINSON is Professor of the History of South Asia
in the Department of History, Royal Holloway, University of
London,andSultanofOmanFellow,OxfordCentreforIslamic
Studies, and Visiting Professor in the History of the Islamic
World, University of Oxford. His previous publications include
TheMughalEmperorsandtheIslamicDynastiesofIranandCentral
Asia1206 1925(2007),IslamandMuslimHistoryinSouthAsia(2000)
and,aseditor,TheCambridgeIllustratedHistoryoftheIslamicWorld
(1996).
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2011
the new cambridge history of
ISLAM
TheNewCambridgeHistoryofIslamoffersacomprehensivehistory
ofIslamiccivilisation,tracingitsdevelopmentfromitsbeginnings
inseventhcenturyArabiatoitswideandvariedpresenceinthe
globalised world of today. Under the leadership of the Prophet
Muh.ammad,theMuslimcommunitycoalescedfromascattered,
desertpopulationand,followinghisdeath,emergedfromArabia
to conquer an empire which, by the early eighth century,
stretched from India in the east to Spain in the west. By the
eighteenth century, despite political fragmentation, the Muslim
world extended from West Africa to SouthEast Asia. Today,
Muslims are also found in significant numbers in Europe and
the Americas, and make up about onefifth of the world’s
population.
Toreflectthisgeographicaldistributionandthecultural,social
andreligious diversity ofthepeoples oftheMuslim world,The
NewCambridgeHistoryofIslamisdividedintosixvolumes.Four
cover historical developments, and two are devoted to themes
thatcutacrossgeographicalandchronologicaldivisions themes
rangingfromsocial,politicalandeconomicrelationstothearts,
literature and learning. Each volume begins with a panoramic
introductionsettingthescenefortheensuingchaptersandexam
ining relationships with adjacent civilisations. Two of the vol
umes onehistorical,theotherthematic arededicatedtothe
developmentsofthelasttwocenturies,andshowhowMuslims,
unitedforsomanyyearsintheirallegiancetoanoverarchingand
distincttradition,havesoughttocometotermswiththeemer
genceofWesternhegemonyandthetransitiontomodernity.
Thetimeisrightforthisnewsynthesisreflectingdevelopments
inscholarshipoverthelastgeneration.TheNewCambridgeHistory
ofIslamisanambitiousenterprisedirectedandwrittenbyateam
combiningestablishedauthoritiesandinnovativeyoungerschol
ars.Itwillbethestandardreferenceforstudents,scholarsandall
thosewithenquiringmindsforyearstocome.
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2011
Generaleditor
michael cook, class of 1943 university professor of
near eastern studies, princeton university
volume 1
TheFormationoftheIslamicworld
SixthtoEleventhCenturies
editedbychase f.robinson
volume 2
TheWesternIslamicWorld
EleventhtoEighteenthCenturies
editedbymaribel fierro
volume 3
TheEasternIslamicWorld
EleventhtoEighteenthCenturies
editedbydavid o. morgan and anthony reid
volume 4
IslamicCulturesandSocietiestotheEndoftheEighteenthCentury
editedbyrobert irwin
volume 5
TheIslamicWorldintheAgeofWesternDominance
editedbyfrancis robinson
volume 6
MuslimsandModernity
CultureandSocietysince1800
editedbyrobert w.hefner
GrantsmadefromanawardtotheGeneralEditorbythe
AndrewW.MellonFoundation,andfromtheNationalEndowment
fortheHumanitiesRZ-50616-06,contributedtothedevelopmentof
TheNewCambridgeHistoryofIslam.Inparticularthegrantsfunded
thesalaryofWilliamM.BlairwhoservedasEditorialAssistant
from2004to2008.
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2011
cambridge university press
Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore,
Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi,Dubai,Tokyo,MexicoCity
CambridgeUniversityPress
TheEdinburghBuilding,Cambridgecb28ru,UK
PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork
www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521838269
#CambridgeUniversityPress2010
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout
thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2010
PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge
AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
isbn978-0-521-83826-9Volume5Hardback
isbn978-0-521-51536-8Setof6HardbackVolumes
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor
accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtoin
thisbook,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,
orwillremain,accurateorappropriate.
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2011
Contents
Listofmaps x
Listofcontributors xi
Noteontransliteration xv
Chronology xvi
Maps xxi
Introduction 1
francis robinson
part i
THE ONSET OF WESTERN DOMINATION
c. 1800 TO c. 1919
1.TheOttomanlandstothepostFirstWorldWarsettlement 31
carter vaughn findley
2.Egypttoc.1919 79
kenneth m. cuno
3.Sudan,SomaliaandtheMaghrebtotheendofthe
FirstWorldWar 107
knut s. vikør
4.ArabiatotheendoftheFirstWorldWar 134
paul dresch
5.Iranto1919 154
ali m. ansari
vii
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2011
Contents
6.Russia,CentralAsiaandtheCaucasusto1917 180
adeeb khalid
7.Afghanistanto1919 203
nazif m. shahrani
8.SouthAsiato1919 212
francis robinson
9.SouthEastAsiaandChinato1910 240
william gervase clarence smith
10.AfricasouthoftheSaharatotheFirstWorldWar 269
roman loimeier
part ii
INDEPENDENCE AND REVIVAL c. 1919
TO THE PRESENT
11.TurkeyfromtheriseofAtatu¨rk 301
re¸sat kasaba
12.WestAsiafromtheFirstWorldWar 336
charles tripp
13.Egyptfrom1919 372
joel gordon
14.Sudanfrom1919 402
carolyn fluehr lobban and richard a. lobban, jr.
15.NorthAfricafromtheFirstWorldWar 417
kenneth j. perkins
16.SaudiArabia,southernArabiaandtheGulfstates
fromtheFirstWorldWar 451
david commins
viii
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2011
Contents
17.Iranfrom1919 481
misagh parsa
18.CentralAsiaandtheCaucasusfromtheFirstWorldWar 517
muriel atkin
19.Afghanistanfrom1919 542
nazif m. shahrani
20.SouthAsiafrom1919 558
vali nasr
21.SouthEastAsiafrom1910 591
robert w. hefner
22.AfricasouthoftheSaharafromtheFirstWorldWar 623
john h. hanson
23.IslaminChinafromtheFirstWorldWar 659
dru c. gladney
24.IslamintheWest 686
humayun ansari
Glossary 717
Bibliography 727
Index 775
ix
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2011
Maps
1 EuropeanimperialismandtheMuslimworldc.1920 pagexxi
2 TheachievementofindependenceintheMuslimworld xxii
3 Islamicreformandresistancemovementsintheeighteenth xxiii
andnineteenthcenturies
4 Muslimpopulationbypercentageoftotalpopulationc.2000 xxiv
5 DeclineoftheOttomanEmpire,1683 1923 xxv
6 ThesettlementoftheMiddleEast,1915 21 xxvi
7 NorthAfricainthenineteenthcentury xxvii
8 Arabiainthenineteenthcentury xxviii
9 IranandAfghanistantothemidtwentiethcentury xxix
10 CentralAsiaandtheCaucasusto1990 xxx
11 SouthAsiatoindependence xxxi
12 SouthEastAsiatoindependence xxxii
13 ThejihadstatesofsubSaharanAfrica xxxiii
14 EastAfricainthenineteenthcentury xxxiv
15 Chinainthetwentiethcentury xxxv
x
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2011
Contributors
ALI M. ANSARI is Reader in Modern History at the School of History, University of
StAndrews.HeistheauthorofIran,Islam&democracy:Thepoliticsofmanagingchange,
2nd edn (London, 2006); Modern Iran since 1921: The Pahlavis and after (London, 2003);
ConfrontingIran(London,2006);and‘PersiaintheWesternimagination’(2006).
HUMAYUN ANSARI is Professor of the History of Islam and Cultural Diversity in the
DepartmentofHistory;RoyalHolloway,UniversityofLondon.Heistheauthorof‘The
infidelwithin’: Muslims in Britain Since 1800 (London, 2004); Muslims in Britain (London,
2002);andTheemergenceofsocialistthoughtamongNorthIndianMuslims,1917 1947(Lahore,
1990).HehasalsopublishedseveralarticlesdealingwiththeexperiencesofMuslimsliving
inGreatBritain.
MURIEL ATKIN is Professor of History in the Department of History, George
Washington University. Her publications include The subtlest battle: Islam in Soviet
Tajikistan (Philadelphia, 1989); ‘Tajikistan: The status of Islam since 1917’, Encyclopædia
Iranica (2005); ‘The rhetoric of Islamophobia’ (2000); and ‘Islam as faith, politics, and
bogeymaninTajikistan’(1995).
WILLIAMGERVASECLARENCE SMITHisProfessoroftheEconomicHistoryofAsiaand
AfricaintheDepartmentofHistory,SchoolofOrientalandAfricanStudies,Universityof
London. He has published Islam and the abolition of slavery (London, 2006); Hadhrami
traders,scholarsandstatesmenintheIndianOcean,1750sto1960s,coeditedwithUlrikeFreitag
(Leiden,1997);and‘MiddleEasternentrepreneursinSoutheastAsia,c.1750 c.1940’(2005).
DAVIDCOMMINSisProfessorintheDepartmentofHistory,DickinsonCollege.Heisthe
authorofIslamicreform:PoliticsandsocialchangeinlateOttomanSyria(NewYork,1990);
HistoricaldictionaryofSyria,2ndedn(Lanham,2004);andTheWahhabimissionandSaudi
Arabia(London,2006).
KENNETH M. CUNO is Associate Professor of History in the Department of History,
UniversityofIllinoisatUrbanaChampaign.HeistheauthorofThePasha’speasants:Land,
society, and economy in Lower Egypt 1740 1858 (Cambridge, 1992). He has also published
numerousarticlesonthesocialandeconomichistoryofEgypt.
xi
Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2011