Table Of ContentTHE IMPACI' OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN AGRICULTURE
Current Plant Science and Biotechnology in Agriculture
VOLUMES
Scientific Editor:
F.A. Bliss, University of California, Department of Pomology, Davis, CA 95616, USA
Scientific Advisory Board:
P.S. Baenziger, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
K. Barton, Agracetus Corp., Middleton, Wisconsin, USA
F. Cannon, Biotechnica Int., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
A. Galston, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
J. Lyman Snow, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
C.P. Meredith, University of California at Davis, California, USA
N.C. Nielsen, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
1. Sprent, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
D.P.S. Venna, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Aims and Scope
The book series is intended for readers ranging from advanced students to senior research
scientists and corporate directors interested in acquiring in-depth, state-of-the-art knowledge
about research findings and techniques related to plant science and biotechnology. While the
subject matter will relate more particularly to agricultural applications, timely topics in basic
science and biotechnology will also be explored. Some volumes will report progress in
rapidly advancing disciplines through proceedings of symposia and workshops while others
will detail fundamental infonnation of an enduring nature that will be referenced repeatedly.
The titles published in this series are listed at the end oft his volume.
The Impact of Biotechnology
in Agriculture
Proceedings of the International Conference:
"The Meeting Point Between Fundamental and Applied in vitro Culture Research" ,
held at Amiens (France), July 10-12, 1989
edited by
R.S. SANGW AN
and
B.S. SANGW AN-NORREEL
Universite de Picardie, Faculte des Sciences,
Amiens, France
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
DORDRECHT / BOSTON / LONDON
ISBN 978-94-010-6752-2 e-ISBN-I3: 978-94-009-0587-0
DOl: 10.1007/978-94-009-0587-0
Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers,
P.O. Box 17,3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Kluwer Academic Publishers incorporates
the publishing programmes of
D. Reidel, Martinus Nijhoff, Dr W. Junk and MTP Press.
Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada
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101 Philip Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, U.S.A.
In all other countries, sold and distributed
by KIuwer Academic Publishers Group,
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Printed on acid-jree paper
AIl Rights Reserved
© 1990 by Kluwer Academic Publishers
Softcoverreprintofthe hardcover Istedition 1990
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE:
B.S. SANGWAN, R.S. SANGWAN, M. BENBADIS, M. AYNONIN, M. VAZART, M. GADAL
M. DAVID, M. DESMARET, M. DESPREZ, M. BADUFLE, M. BARBE, M. VAN MONTAGU
M. THOMAS, M. HARADA, M. RAGHAVAN.
LOCAL ORGANIZING COMMITTEE:
RS. and B.S. SANGWAN, organizers
M. POIRET, C. MARQUE, A. DAVID, C. DETREZ, T. TETU, L. LAVIEVILLE, M. BELAIZI
D. HEROUART, E. GONTIER, F. DUBOIS, P. MARGUERY, N'DA KONAN KOFFI
N. PAWLICKI, F. FLANDRE, H. PAUL, G. VASSEUR, N. OBJOIS, E. DOYEN, E. LAINE,
G. SULMONT, N. MIANNAY, J.J. LACROIX, C. LEVECQUE, G. LEVIEILLE, B. AMARO,
E. RIBIER and A. DIAZ.
TECHNICAL COMMITTEE OF PICARDY :
The representatives of "Rectorat de l'Academie d'Amiens", "Conseil Regional de Picardie",
"Conseil General de la Somme", "Mairie d'Amiens", "Universite de Picardie",
"CMmbre d'Agriculture de Picardie, Somme et Aisne", "Com ire de direction du Biopole,
"Delcguation du M.R.T. de Picardie", and "Chambre de Commerce et d'Industrie d'Amiens".
FINANCIAL SUPPORT BY :
Mairie d'Amiens, Conseil General de la Somme, Conseil Regional de Picardie,
Ministere de I'Education Nationale, Credit Agricole, Universite de Picardie.
Contents
Acknowledgements . ix
Introduction xi
Special essay.
Tissue culture, molecular biology and plant biotechnology - A Historical overview
S.C. Maheshwari
Section 1. Plant regeneration. 13
A) Micropropagation
Application of in vitro techniques for the production and the improvement of horticultural
plants
K.C. Short 15
HQw important is photosynthesis in micropropagation?
M. Capellades, A. Vanderschaeghe, R Lemeur & P. Debergh 29
In vitro radiation-induced mutagenesis in potato
B.S. Ahloowalia 39
Micropropagation status in Beta vulgaris L. via leaf axis tissue culture
C. Detrez, R.S. Sangwan & B.S. Sangwan-Norreel 47
Application of in vitro multiplication for the annual vegetable crops associated with classical
breeding
S. Okhi, K. Nasuda, Y. Mori & H. Katsuta 67
B) Haploidy and somatic embryogenesis
Gene expression during anther and pollen developmental transformations in rice
V. Raghavan 85
Field experiments with DH-lines in barley with ml-o powdery mildew resistance
A. Bjl!lmstad 99
Anther culture of Lalium perenne and Lalium multiflorum
I. Bante, T. Sonke, RF. Tandler, A.M.R. van den Bruel & E. M. Meyer 105
Stress-induced carrot somatic embryos and their applicability to synthetic seed
H. Harada, T. Kiyosue, H. Karnada & K. Kobayashi 129
Developmental mutants
M. Terzi & F. Lo Schiavo 159
New approach towards controlling somatic embryogenesis in certain agronomically important
plants
T. Tetu, B. S. Sangwan & RS. Sangwan-Norreel 171
viii
In vitro culture of wheat and rice for understanding the molecular basis of somatic
embryogenesis and for transformation
N. Maheshwari, K. Rajyalakshmi, C.N. Chowdry, A. Grover, A.K. Tyagi & S.c. Maheshwari 191
Calcium and calmodulin during carrot somatic embryogenesis
A.C.l. Timmers 215
Section 2. Plant genetic engineering. 235
Genomic reorganization induced by plant tissue culture
R. L. Phillips 237
Mutants in the biosynthesis of animo acids
M. 1a cobs, V. Frankard & M. Ghislain 247
Genetic engineering of rice
M. R. Davey & P. T. Lynch 259
Microscopic observations of fusion process of rice and lettuce protoplasts
T. Taniguchi, T. Sato, K. Maeda & E. Marda 281
Genetic transformation and plant improvement
R.S. Sangwan & B.S. Sangwan-Norreel 299
Potential transformation systems in Dactylis glomerata
B.V. Conger 339
Sunflower transformation: A study of selectable markers
A. E. Escandon & G. Hahne 345
Direct gene transfer and gene rescue in sugarbeet protoplasts
K. Lindsey & P. Gallois 355
Cauliflower mosaic vins: Biology and applications
K. Gorden 38 I
Salinity and drought stress in rice
A. Caplan, B. Claes, R. DeKeyser & M. Van Montagu 391
Prospects for the genetic manipulation of metabolic pathways leading to secondary products
M. Holden 403
Section 3. Special topics. 419
The cytoskeleton: Importance for plant cell and protoplast research
I. Staxen & C.H. Bornman 421
Glyphosate tolerance in plant cell cultures.
M.L. Racchi 437
Section 4. Cryopreservation of plant cells. 447
Cryopreservation of plant cell cultures. The importance of pretreatments
U. Seitz, D. Banspach, E. Goldner & E. Reinhard 449
Section 5. Abstracts 459
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The following local and national institutions, and private companies extended
generous collaboration and assistance during the organization of the conference:
Conseil Regional de la Picardie, Mairie d'Amiens, Universite de Picardie Conseil
General de la Somme, Credit Agricole de la Somme, Ministere de l'Education
Nationale, Orsan, Socotra, Sanofi. Without their cooperation and financial help
this International meeting would not have materialized. We would like to express
our special thanks to the Mairie d'Amiens which extended all the facilities of
'Palais des Congres' to us. To hold the symposium within the spacious Palais
des Congres was a real pleasure, and made this conference a success. We are
most grateful to Mr. De Robien, Monsieur Ie Maire d'Amiens and his colleagues,
Mrs. Marissal; Mr. Charles Baur, President du Conseil Regional, and his col
laborate Mr. Fleury; Professor B. Nemitz, President de l'Universite de Picardie;
Professor P. Personne, Vice President, Professor P. Castellonese, Directeur de
la Faculte des Sciences; CROUS of Amiens for providing hostel facilities, and to
the members of scientific and local organizing committee for their continuous
support.
ix
INTRODUCTION
In 1988, we were contacted by the "Societe Botanique de France" and the
French section of The International Association of Plant Tissue Culture (IAPTC)
to organise a symposium on "Biotechnology and its impact in Agriculture". The
committee members of these two French associations had the vision to realize
that this was a time to depart from the traditional themes in plant science.
Moreover, since one of the major areas of our interest for the past few years has
been that of "Plant biotechnology", we welcomed the idea of organizing this
meeting. Another reason for the acceptance of this challenge was the location of
Amiens in Picardy, and the enthusiasm of the local governing authorities. Picardy
region is one of the major agricultural zones in France, and indeed of Europe.
This fact and several other aspects of Picardy Agriculture suggested that this
conference would be an excellent opportunity to combine the basic aspects of
plant tissue culture and genetic engineering with the applications for plant
improvement.
Biotechnology is currently arousing a great deal of interest in both the
developed and developing countries because of its vast and multiple ramifica
tions in Agriculture. The research work on recombinant DNA has led scientists to
consider the possibility of using the new techniques such as Ti plasmid- based
gene transfer to develop improved varieties of crop plants. If successful, the
"gene-revolution" will compare with the "green revolution" which was the result of
improved crop varieties developed by the plant breeders. Since the theme of this
conference was the new developments in plant sciences, one should attempt to
define plant biotechnology. At present there is considerable confusion and lack of
agreement as to its definition. The popular and semi-popular press often portrays
xi
xii
rather negative and confused impressions of plant biotechnology. For example,
plant biotechnology and recombinant DNA are considered to be the same thing.
However, it can easily recognized that plant biotechnology is neither confined to
recombinant DNA nor to "genetic engineering". Genetic engineering, of course,
includes recombinant DNA technology and a host of other techniques for
manipulating genetic material, but all of them put together still represent only a
small fraction of biotechnology. Thus a simple and generally acceptable definition
of plant biotechnology is rather elusive. We can say that plant biotechnology is
an integrated multidisciplinary field which utilizes many different technologies and
has implications in several aspects of plant improvement.
We selected several important but varied areas of plant biotechnology in this
conference and then attempted to provide a feeling of inter-relationship between
the fundamental and applied research. Hence, we tried to touch upon a range of
disciplines across the entire spectrum, Le. from in vitro plant muitiplication to the
use of recombinant DNA. However, we were faced with some constraints and
conflicting goals -carrying out the entire spectrum of plant biotechnology in three
days. Therefore, the symposium was divided into the following sections:
1. In vitro plant regeneration and its potential in industry. It included clonal
multiplication, organogenesis, somatic embryogenesis and haploidy. We gave
special importance to plant regeneration, because if recombinant DNA technol
ogy is to be of any use in plant breeding, one must have a whole plant from the
transformed cells. Plant cell and tissue culture is an increasingly important aspect
of plant biotechnology, and has introduced an exciting new phase in plant
multiplication and breeding. Presently, clonal multiplication and haploidy are
being successfully used for developing improved cultivars for agriculture and
horticulture by private and public laboratories. In addition, the potential value of
somaclonal variation in creating novel genetic variation is now being increasingly
recognized.
