Syntactic Change in Akkadian: The Evolution of Sentential Complementation

221 Pages·2007·0.94 MB·English

by  Guy Deutscher

Syntactic Change in Akkadian
This page intentionally left blank
Syntactic Change
in Akkadian
The Evolution of Sentential Complementation
GUY DEUTSCHER
University of Leiden
1
1
GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford ox26dp
OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford.
ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship,
andeducationbypublishingworldwidein
Oxford NewYork
Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogotá BuenosAires Calcutta CapeTown
Chennai DaresSalaam Delhi Florence HongKong Istanbul Karachi
KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Mumbai Nairobi
Paris SãoPaulo Shanghai Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw
withassociatedcompaniesin Berlin Ibadan
OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress
intheUKandincertainothercountries
PublishedintheUnitedStates
byOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork
©GuyDeutscher2000
Themoralrightsoftheauthorhavebeenasserted
DatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker)
Firstpublished2000
Firstpublishedinpaperback2007
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,
storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,
withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,
orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriate
reprographicsrightsorganizations.Enquiriesconcerningreproduction
outsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,
OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove
Youmustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcover
andyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirer
BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData
Dataavailable
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData
Deutscher,Guy,Dr.
SyntacticchangeinAkkadian:theevolutionofsententialcomplementation/GuyDeutscher.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
1.Akkadianlanguage—Grammar,Historical.2.Akkadianlanguage—Complement.
3.Akkadianlanguage—Syntax. I.Title.
pj3241.d48 2000 492¹.15—dc21
Typeset by SPIPublisherServices,Pondicherry,India
PrintedinGreatBritain
onacid-freepaperby
BiddlesLtd., King’sLynn,Norfolk
isbn 978–0–19–829988–2(Hbk.) 978–0–19–953222–3(Pbk.)
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

This page intentionally left blank
Contents
Preface xi
Abbreviations xiii
Sources, Text Editions xv
Part I Preliminary Chapters
1. INTRODUCTION 3
2. WHAT IS SENTENTIAL COMPLEMENTATION? 7
2.1. Complementsandobjects 7
2.2. FunctionandstructureI:the‘FunctionalDomainofComplementation’ 12
2.3. FunctionandstructureII:subordination,hypotaxis,parataxis,coordination 13
2.4. FunctionandstructureIII:structuralchangeandfunctionalreplacement 14
3. AKKADIAN 17
3.1. Historicalperiods 18
3.2. SumerianandAkkadian 20
3.3. Orthography 21
3.4. Thelanguageandstyleoftheletters 23
3.5. SomepointsofAkkadiangrammar 30
Part II Structural History: The Emergence of
Complementizers and Quotatives
4. THE EMERGENCE OF FINITE COMPLEMENTS 37
4.1. Theearlylifeof kı¯ma 37
4.2. Semanticbleachingofthecausaladverbialconjunction k¯ıma 41
4.3. Whendo‘adverbialclauses’become‘complements’? 46
4.4. Thedevelopmentoffinitecomplementswiththe‘provingverbs’ 54
4.5. Structuralparallelsforthedevelopmentofk¯ıma 60
4.6. Conclusion 64
5. THE GRAMMATICALIZATION OF THE QUOTATIVE
CONSTRUCTION 66
5.1. OldAkkadian 68
5.2. EarlyOldBabylonian 71
5.3. LaterOldBabylonian 75
viii Contents
5.4. MiddleBabylonian 79
5.5. Neo-Babylonian 82
5.6. Recapitulation:fromOldAkkadiantoNeo-Babylonian 84
5.7. Bracketingofreportedspeechinthedifferentperiods 85
5.8. Thedevelopmentof ummaincross-linguisticperspective 87
Part III Functional History: The Changes in the Functional
Domain of Complementation from 2500 bc to 500 bc
6. THE FUNCTIONAL DOMAIN OF COMPLEMENTATION
IN BABYLONIAN 95
6.1. TheverbsintheFDC 95
6.2. ThestructuresintheFDC 97
6.3. Thedifferencebetweenindependentandsubordinateclauses 99
6.4. Syntax–semanticscorrelations 100
7. VERBS OF KNOWLEDGE, PERCEPTION, AND OTHERS 102
7.1. Overview:themainchangesfromOldAkkadiantoNeo-Babylonian 102
7.2. Knowledgeverbs 104
7.3. Perception 111
7.4. Speech 115
7.5. Proving 118
7.6. Fearing,mentalstates 119
7.7. ‘WhathaveIdonethatyou(should)treatmelikethis?’ 121
7.8. Conclusion 122
8. MANIPULATION AND MODALITY 124
8.1. Manipulation:non-past 124
8.2. Manipulation:past 127
8.3. Onthedistributionofinfinitiveandcoordination 132
8.4. Modality 134
9. THE WH-FUNCTIONAL DOMAIN, DIRECT AND
INDIRECT QUESTIONS 137
9.1. Overview 137
9.2. OldBabylonian 139
9.3. MiddleBabylonian 145
9.4. Neo-Babylonian 146
Contents ix
Part IV The Development of Complementation
as an Adaptive Process
10. FUNCTIONAL PARALLELS FOR THE BABYLONIAN
DEVELOPMENT 151
10.1. Dyirbal 151
10.2. Tok-Pisin 153
10.3. Sumerian 153
10.4. BiblicalHebrew 158
10.5. Indo-European 160
11. THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPLEMENTATION AS
AN ADAPTIVE PROCESS 164
11.1. Whatinlanguagecanbeadaptive? 164
11.2. Complexityandsubordination 165
11.3. Anythingyoucando,Icandobetter 167
11.4. Differentstrategiesofcohesion:iconicityandsubordination 175
11.5. Theroleofwritingandliteracy 181
11.6. Conclusion 184
Glossary 187
References 188
Index of Subjects 197
Index of Quoted Texts 201