Studyguide for inorganic chemistry by house, james, isbn 9780123851109

848 Pages·2013·8.39 MB·English

by  Cram101 Textbook Reviews

Inorganic Chemistry
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Inorganic Chemistry
Second Edition
James E. House
Illinois Wesleyan University
and Illinois State University
AMSTERDAM(cid:1)BOSTON(cid:1)HEIDELBERG(cid:1)LONDON(cid:1)NEWYORK(cid:1)OXFORD
PARIS(cid:1)SANDIEGO(cid:1)SANFRANCISCO(cid:1)SINGAPORE(cid:1)SYDNEY(cid:1)TOKYO
AcademicPressisImprintofElsevier
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Secondedition2013
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House,J.E.
Inorganicchemistry/JamesHouse.e2nded.
p.cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
1.Chemistry,InorganiceTextbooks.I.Title.
QD151.5.H682013
546–dc23
2012017867
ISBN:978-0-12-385110-9
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Contents
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION............................................................................................xi
PREFACE TO THE FIRSTEDITION................................................................................................xii
PART 1 Structure of Atoms and Molecules.......................................................1
CHAPTER 1 Light,Electrons, andNuclei......................................................................................3
1.1 SomeEarlyExperimentsinAtomicPhysics...................................................................3
1.2 TheNatureofLight...........................................................................................................7
1.3 TheBohrModel................................................................................................................11
1.4 ParticleeWaveDuality.....................................................................................................14
1.5 ElectronicPropertiesofAtoms.......................................................................................16
1.6 NuclearBindingEnergy..................................................................................................21
1.7 NuclearStability...............................................................................................................23
1.8 TypesofNuclearDecay..................................................................................................25
1.9 PredictingDecayModes.................................................................................................28
CHAPTER 2 Basic Quantum Mechanicsand Atomic Structure................................................33
2.1 ThePostulates..................................................................................................................33
2.2 TheHydrogenAtom........................................................................................................40
2.3 TheHeliumAtom.............................................................................................................45
2.4 SlaterWaveFunctions.....................................................................................................47
2.5 ElectronConfigurations..................................................................................................49
2.6 SpectroscopicStates........................................................................................................54
CHAPTER 3 Covalent BondinginDiatomic Molecules..............................................................61
3.1 TheBasicIdeasofMolecularOrbitalMethods............................................................61
3.2 TheHþ andH Molecules...............................................................................................69
2 2
3.3 DiatomicMoleculesofSecond-RowElements..............................................................71
3.4 PhotoelectronSpectroscopy............................................................................................77
3.5 HeteronuclearDiatomicMolecules................................................................................79
3.6 Electronegativity..............................................................................................................82
3.7 SpectroscopicStatesforMolecules................................................................................85
v
vi Contents
CHAPTER 4 ASurvey ofInorganic Structures andBonding.....................................................89
4.1 StructuresofMoleculesHavingSingleBonds..............................................................89
4.2 ResonanceandFormalCharge......................................................................................99
4.3 ComplexStructures:APreviewofComingAttractions...........................................111
4.4 Electron-DeficientMolecules........................................................................................119
4.5 StructuresHavingUnsaturatedRings.........................................................................121
4.6 BondEnergies................................................................................................................123
CHAPTER 5 Symmetry and Molecular Orbitals........................................................................129
5.1 SymmetryElements.......................................................................................................129
5.2 OrbitalSymmetry...........................................................................................................137
5.3 ABriefLookatGroupTheory......................................................................................139
5.4 ConstructionofMolecularOrbitals..............................................................................144
5.5 OrbitalsandAngles.......................................................................................................150
5.6 SimpleCalculationsUsingtheHückelMethod..........................................................152
PART 2 Condensed Phases...............................................................................167
CHAPTER 6 Dipole Momentsand Intermolecular Interactions...............................................169
6.1 DipoleMoments.............................................................................................................169
6.2 DipoleeDipoleForces....................................................................................................174
6.3 Dipole-InducedDipoleForces.......................................................................................176
6.4 London(Dispersion)Forces..........................................................................................177
6.5 ThevanderWaalsEquation........................................................................................181
6.6 HydrogenBonding.........................................................................................................183
6.7 CohesionEnergyandSolubilityParameters..............................................................192
6.8 Solvatochromism............................................................................................................196
CHAPTER 7 Ionic Bondingand Structures of Solids................................................................201
7.1 EnergeticsofCrystalFormation................................................................................201
7.2 MadelungConstants...................................................................................................205
7.3 TheKapustinskiiEquation.........................................................................................209
7.4 IonicSizesandCrystalEnvironments.......................................................................210
7.5 CrystalStructures........................................................................................................213
7.6 SolubilityofIonicCompounds....................................................................................219
7.7 ProtonandElectronAffinities....................................................................................224
7.8 StructuresofMetals.....................................................................................................227
7.9 DefectsinCrystals.......................................................................................................230
7.10 PhaseTransitionsinSolids.........................................................................................233
7.11 HeatCapacity...............................................................................................................234
7.12 HardnessofSolids.......................................................................................................237
Contents vii
CHAPTER 8 Dynamic Processesin InorganicSolids................................................................243
8.1 CharacteristicsofSolid-StateReactions....................................................................243
8.2 KineticModelsforReactionsinSolids......................................................................245
8.3 ThermalMethodsofAnalysis....................................................................................253
8.4 EffectsofPressure.......................................................................................................254
8.5 ReactionsinSomeSolidInorganicCompounds.......................................................256
8.6 PhaseTransitions........................................................................................................258
8.7 ReactionsatInterfaces................................................................................................262
8.8 DiffusioninSolids........................................................................................................263
8.9 Sintering........................................................................................................................265
8.10 DriftandConductivity.................................................................................................267
PART 3 Acids, Bases, and Solvents ................................................................271
CHAPTER 9 AcideBase Chemistry............................................................................................273
9.1 ArrheniusTheory.........................................................................................................273
9.2 BrønstedeLowryTheory.............................................................................................276
9.3 FactorsAffectingtheStrengthofAcidsandBases.................................................279
9.4 AcideBaseCharacterofOxides.................................................................................284
9.5 ProtonAffinities...........................................................................................................286
9.6 LewisTheory................................................................................................................288
9.7 CatalyticBehaviorofAcidsandBases......................................................................292
9.8 TheHardeSoftInteractionPrinciple(HSIP)..............................................................296
9.9 ElectronicPolarizabilities............................................................................................305
9.10 TheDragoFour-ParameterEquation.........................................................................306
CHAPTER 10 Chemistry inNonaqueous Solvents....................................................................313
10.1 SomeCommonNonaqueousSolvents.....................................................................313
10.2 TheSolventConcept.................................................................................................314
10.3 AmphotericBehavior.................................................................................................316
10.4 TheCoordinationModel...........................................................................................317
10.5 ChemistryinLiquidAmmonia.................................................................................318
10.6 LiquidHydrogenFluoride.........................................................................................324
10.7 LiquidSulfurDioxide.................................................................................................326
10.8 Superacids..................................................................................................................330
PART 4 Chemistry of the Elements................................................................335
CHAPTER 11 Chemistry of Metallic Elements..........................................................................337
11.1 TheMetallicElements............................................................................................337
11.2 BandTheory.............................................................................................................338
viii Contents
11.3 GroupsIAandIIAMetals.......................................................................................341
11.4 ZintlPhases..............................................................................................................349
11.5 AluminumandBeryllium........................................................................................351
11.6 TheFirst-RowTransitionMetals...........................................................................353
11.7 Second-andThird-RowTransitionMetals...........................................................355
11.8 Alloys.........................................................................................................................357
11.9 ChemistryofTransitionMetals.............................................................................360
11.10 TheLanthanides......................................................................................................367
CHAPTER 12 Organometallic Compounds ofthe Main Group Elements..............................375
12.1 PreparationofOrganometallicCompounds...........................................................376
12.2 OrganometallicCompoundsofGroupIAMetals...................................................378
12.3 OrganometallicCompoundsofGroupIIAMetals..................................................380
12.4 OrganometallicCompoundsofGroupIIIAMetals................................................383
12.5 OrganometallicCompoundsofGroupIVAMetals................................................387
12.6 OrganometallicCompoundsofGroupVAElements.............................................388
12.7 OrganometallicCompoundsofZn,Cd,andHg.....................................................389
CHAPTER 13 Chemistry of Nonmetallic Elements I.Hydrogen, Boron, Oxygen, and
Carbon....................................................................................................................393
13.1 Hydrogen....................................................................................................................393
13.2 Boron...........................................................................................................................400
13.3 Oxygen........................................................................................................................411
13.4 Carbon.........................................................................................................................420
CHAPTER 14 Chemistry of Nonmetallic Elements II. Groups IVAand VA...........................439
14.1 TheGroupIVAElements..........................................................................................439
14.2 Nitrogen......................................................................................................................456
14.3 Phosphorus,Arsenic,Antimony,andBismuth......................................................471
CHAPTER 15 Chemistry of Nonmetallic Elements III. Groups VIAeVIIIA............................499
15.1 Sulfur,Selenium,andTellurium...............................................................................499
15.2 TheHalogens.............................................................................................................520
15.3 TheNobleGases........................................................................................................538
PART 5 Chemistry of Coordination Compounds..........................................551
CHAPTER 16 Introduction to Coordination Chemistry............................................................553
16.1 StructuresofCoordinationCompounds................................................................553
16.2 MetaleLigandBonds...............................................................................................557
16.3 NamingCoordinationCompounds........................................................................559
16.4 Isomerism.................................................................................................................561
16.5 ASimpleValenceBondDescriptionofCoordinateBonds.................................568