Storia universale. La seconda guerra mondiale

700 Pages·2004·11.653 MB·Italian

by  John Keegan

UNIVERSALE
"
CORRIERE DELLA'SERA
"
CORRIERED ELLAS ERA
STORIA
UNIVERSALE
VOLUM2E4
LAS ECONDAG UERRAM ONDIALE
•
CORRIERED ELLAS ERA
STORIUAN IVERSALE
Volu2m4e
© 200R4C,SQ uotidSipaaMn,i il ano
Edizisopneecp ieairlCl eo rrdieelrSleea r a
pubbliscula itcaed nezlRalC aSL ibSr.ip M.iAl.a,n o
JohKne egan
La secongdau errmao ndia-l1e9 39/1-9U4n5as tormiai litare
Titdoellol 'eodriizgiioThnneaSe le ec oWnodr lWda r
© JohKne egan
© 198R9C,SR izzLoilbSir. ip M.iAl.a,n o
© 200R0C,SL ibSr.ip M.iAl.a,n o
Ediziiotnaela ic aunrdaaiM auripzaigol iano
Progegttroa fOicou:ot fN owhesrrel
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LeG ranOdpie dreeCl o rrdieelrSleea r a
Diretrteosrpeo nsPaaobMliiole el:i
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ViSao lfe2r8-i 2n0o1 21 Milano
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ISS1N8 24-4580
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Tutitd ritiit id ic opyrsiognhroti servati
LAS ECONDAG UERRAM ONDIALE
JOHKNE EGAN
LAS ECONDGAU ERRMAO NDIALE
PRESENTAZIONE
di ERNESGTAOL LDIE LLAL OGGIA
dat emcphoae g olcic dheigs ltio lrasi eccio gunerdraam ondiale
È
hap erduqtuoec la radtitev ereen ctoom pattuanmietnadtribei l oo,c co
dif atftereira mecnotnec atcehneeas tisina,v aencceo croan saergvlai
occdhigri a np ardtepelu bblaicccoa.d iuntsoo,mc moams,ele ' aspetto
È
milidtealgurlerear ao,v viamseengmteeni tnau tnoav arideift rào nti
dic ombattciomlelentgtraloato, irc oer,tm oa, psuerm pnroet evolmente
indipeln'duednnao'tl aill (tsroe cqounadnogt lsoit omriilciiht aanr­i
nos empsraep uetb oa,sa td ai mostimrlaa grnlifiolc iobd rofi o hKne e­
gacnh ielel t tsotirr eo tvraleam ansifi)o srsiev erbaernactshoue l l'a­
spePtitpùor oprisatmoernitceo m1Joodlifiictaincldoapo, ern ceez ione
unittarraidai zioancaclrmeednittea ta.
Talep ercezi-ocnhere i,p aentcoo,or gaègif ormsaeg gioriptraersi­a
soigr la ndpeu bb-lhiacc oorri sp(oecs otror isapu onnavd ael)u tazio­
nee minentiedmeeonldtoeegil gucleraar a, scnaectlou rrssitoted ase s­o
glevie ntSie.c olnaqd uoa ilecl o nflsiatrtesobt ba(etes o a redbacb oen ­
sideriansr oes)t uannsozc ao nttriroaBl e neie Ml a le- srii cloarf dai­
mosdaef iniczroicoindaeen lasl eac ogunerdraam ondicaolem« egu er­
rad ir eligi-ounneso»c onttrlraaco i veil labt aàr badrififei.sc oi­le
È
stecnherieenr eanlotsnàsi i tar attatdoiq uaensCcthhpoieo. t rneeb­be
garien,f acthtseie,a, v evsisnelt aGo er manniaaz ionalpsao­cialista
dronian contdreaslsu tcoaa tmaps ois, a resbtbaeb nielcliu todare el ­
l'Eurolp'ae gedmiuo nnasi tar utstoucriao -fsertoacteuamaneletn itlei ­
beraelr ea zziimsptrae,g dniua ntasa p ieitdaetoald oidgi oam inio?
E,d ic onseguceonmzceah ,i ugdleroiec cchoimn,eo tne nceroen dteol,­
las pimnotraa dlee,l l'ifmipnaeolcg onnos apsevafioccleri idois éc he
animatroannot ip rcohvee,dn ailePlenivt ùai r eisep eribeinozgrea fiche,
sollecdiaPtiia dùti iv ermsoit iidveiaa clcio,nr eslerfloide lee gelsier citi
regoold aemrioi v imdeiRn etsii satc eonmzbaac totnerletep ro o tednezle­
l'Asse?
VIII Pretsaeznione
Tutqtuoe csotnoct eròtm oo ltiesh sali amsoc uinma atroc ihnidoe le­
bisleu 'levle nsteoc ogunerdraam ondiUanlem .a rcchhipeoer òc,o len
motivaszoigogneditia t lilcvoherne aeh ancnoos tlitapu rietmoec sosna ,
lee mozei opnleai s sdiiqo uneitl e mpèvo a,ls poer l untgeom apn oa ­
sconidt erread tift oin ddeocl o nflgiltoitb oi,ee t tpleio vsiitngi e o cdoe i
suoait tmoarsis (icmidioe ègS ltiae dt eili o croa piin)s,o mlmava er,a
natusrtao ricod-piqo ulainattciocc aatd rdiael ei l nonché
1939 19 45
is uoefife tdtili u nPgeori odo.
fourd id ubbcihloeas ecogunerdrama o ndisaislate au tnagua er ­
È
rad aflo rctoen tenuto aindcseheoec l ivoòagi leac m oi,ao v vissoo­
pratpterul taGt erom anhiiat leriaNneal.sl coa tendaemloelesn ttiol ità,
nemlo ddoic ondudricle o,n tiln'uaatrateo a rcicecono tnleta Rro u s­
siaan,c dhoepl oav ittsourilPalo al onneimlae ,n terraae n coarpaer to
lsoc onaot crcoi cdoennltt'Ireno g erhrai,nl etll'idmiuP niae gbor utalità
inaudciotnleatp roop olacziivpoiernln iio ,nd idreel plrao grammata
elimindaez'lielob nreae iusrmoiopn te uot,ct ièoòi mposnsoivnbe idlee­
rea ltrectotnasnetgudeee 'nlizlde e onlaozgiiads etlasl,uav a i sidoenle
mondEon.t rasmtbree ttianmterneptcerecòa i lta etmesa t orivceoc,c hio
dis ecdoelllileo, tp terle ' egeimnEo unriopana e,lq leu allaGi e rmania
sier ai mpegfniadnta aga lninN io vandteal l'Otctocnoo cnevnitnot a
volodnipt riàm aatvoe,n advou utnoap ardteec inseidlva faru oaclo­
lep olvgieànri e 'lels dtealt e
1914.
Las ecogunerdrama ondifauple,er l 'applu'nutloat,ti dtmiqoo u e­
staan tviiccae enudroap seual,sl foo npderoòd iu np anoriadmeao lo­
gictou tntuoo vcoo',mer qau edleltioo talinteaqlru iaislnlmea i z,i smo
immiusneav iruleinnzaau dDiiftfai.cc rieled iernef,ac thitefli a ,s ci­
smiot aloii aclno om unirsumssossi oa rembabperioo t uti iimnb arcare
unagu errag enersaulecl o ntilnoef neltc' eeh: i tlerismo,p ercihnév ece,
espsoot fevaacr o rcpooun n as piengteam onnaizciao nal-imperialisti­
caq,u etleldae cshcaeav ,evd ai edtisro éu nal unsgtao ria.
Mai flr oopnptoes qtuoe,dl elgoal viv er.sdaerlGiler am annioasn,i
pudòi crhese i sat astoos teenp uerct oods,iì mr oed eldlaau tn'o a,n a­
logsap iindteao ldoisgi ecgacn oon trSaeur niaco o.sc ao lpiinsfcaet,t i,
delcloan didzeiloln'Eeu irnco upsiac oppliagua er ra,n esle ttembre
èp roplr'iaos sdeiun nzaqa u alumnoqbuiel iitdaezoiloeon giec a
1939,
ideasleeg dndeoim ocrGaltaiin cnVoie. ne tT ir endteals lcoos rescoo lo,
lsoa ppisaomnaoon, n diis conefd iict ritspeir ofopnerld ada e mocra­
ziqau anloenn o liai ntendciiapomerèlo ad, e moclriabzerieaap l ere ,
Pretsaeznione IX
ir egipmoil icthaiee c siss ira i chiacuitFourèna un,ecG iraaB nr eta­
gnaS.i ccqhuéa,ni dnoi lzosi cao n(tear nvc oprerqa u altcehmedp oo­
poi)ne ntraqmuPbeaiie esn ie,pi o cahlitc rhaiev evaannoc olriab ere
istitnuozni èoav nliic ,um noab ilictoanzitiTlruerz ono Re e incohsn,i
crneeas sculnid miea n tusidaivs umloud,nil t oàtn toavn,iè n essuna
mesasf au odceolgr lea ndria gioenuic u-poclhisett iacndhnaeuo n a
pardteceio ntenNduelnoltb aie P.nU tiucl:a mpanot agosneimsbtraa
(eèd)m otiveasctlou sidvara agzumneins tter ateed giipc ohlei itni­ca
ternaziloagn aarlea:nd ziipal omatil-a oufnfgaerlltoPla-oa fl roa­ncese
nipao cmheisp iri mgiao cuanr uodLeuà sTiuvtost.dio e cniedlcelea n­
cellerAiP ea.ri cgoim aLe o ndlr'ao pzpuulbUblaltsiesc riaas stsee gnata
ei ns ilenLze'isoe.m mpaisos diim o latitdae'nlizlda e odlio gia,
qUt::sla
quevsutoodt io remaozriaeoile nd ee daìfk r oangtevleei n tsihi, ai n
queclhlfieon oa da lleroars at ait[lou ndtep'lual n tifamsicliistmaon te,
sosteendeu gteom ondiazlzlaì'tUUo'Sn nuev ieLtafi rceard.ad giao dni
Stacthope o ritla a goaslpt aot Rtiob bentroph-alM 'oeflfodetito tvo
23
disintegraarnend i'a ilmlp'eeid gsimnt ouab nitlei tCaozunin vo onle­.
tafasctcuipae ftaucteltneoet r eg,a ntzc:aolmzuinosiniasi lt lei neano
coMno sccae,s soagnndaiot taaclclo'Ae !1a !1n'zceio, m incaim aentd­o
terseo tatcoc ul«s'ia m perialismo»L e'fafnnegotLnptuo o-ft rraenbc­ese.
bee ssPeriecù a tasttrrocafo ilccoohros e c orgocnhoi acrloezosnz p ae ttro
incomsbuelnlt'Eeu ropa.
Hitiler,n r eailvlter àao, r tefdiecLgreLa an dAel leanaznat inazista
È
chsee gnlerasà o rdteelgu lerar aei dle stdienlGoler am aniian.f atti
È
las udae cidsiia otntea lc'caUrnSeiu ovnieae ltli'cdiaen lilz'ideoes lt ate
choeb blMiogsaecL ao nder a,W ashinagc toomnb,ad tatler­e
1941
PUl
las tepsasraSt een.lz 'aa thtiatcLceoL, alrUghaupm,rie vndotim e o tiva­
ziocnhine o fno ssqeruoed litle i 'pUu2. 2.iule-èdi advevoderlifoof giic­o,
ciilem magicnhsaesir a er embabpieu tulUu n[f rroenatree c aonm­une
glo-sovieticPoi tùac roadm'tU;zph rgeel Snitd aUetnniit Steoi ll.oa e le­
mentnaercee dsisd iifteàn diperlroe p rtieur rei/tdooisri coo ngiuirla re
diseeggneom opnainceou rodpeelGole ar maonbibale ii ngsòi peerm­e
misaes oggsettotrii coc-poeostlìei ttuidgcisei tn aiernies isePmien,g en­
doallit rdeastiìocl, l iomram aaSiJ 'duanltguluera ra ,a e laboarna­re
c'he usnsaic omumnoet ivaizdieounleMu agc noasp.ao ttevean ierne­
sieimnpe o sirteigivpmooi l ictodisicìvi e Q;u!1a oleb ieptottipevvraoo ­
i �
porsliagu errad iu nac oaliczuidsozìns ep aLraar tias?p coosmtseai ,
capinsocnpe o,t evdaa vveersos Uflerte' anteal l'iddeemoolcorgiaat ica
x Presentazione
puresa e mpdlaitclae' ,i nsormontadbiai rrlueo lidanqifr ufeei sctool tà
camlpU'oR SdSiS talLa'innt.if asicnivsenmcooepn,,r eseanlctuanv a
probleefm uac ,oc shìee s dsiov eanm noeq',u adsisi u cceddealndleeao­
mocralzai aP,i atitdaefooldroemgilcacla aau a slale aStua'l.al n tifasci­
smoi,n faptottiev,aa ngoev olmceonntveert gaernelt peou lsciloansis i­
stere i voluzdiecolon maurniiseso mvoiq eutaincletao os pircalzaiso­ni
sicamleinbteredea e lmio crdaetlGilrcaahB ner etaedg engSalt iaU tnii ­
tsio pratIqt uuatfltuioro .nd oif atgtluoin icchite r ial e iv is­
'41 '45
sereop ropagandlaadro inmoe nisdieoonled oegildcleaam occroamzei a
unar eliogpipoonesne te am idciqa u edlele'Al slse de e Gli appiomnpee ­
riaglluein, i vceriip aladdiiq nuie« lgulerar dae mocrcahtaeiv crae»b ­
bed ovuetsose erc eh,se o ilnop aritnev,ef cue.,
Nessmuernaav igdluinaqc,uh ece,e, s leso asttei llsoic thài eramento
alleaatnod aisnfs rea ntelu 'muin ainttàif ascceidseitsplasa esas lole
divisdieol«nlguiaer rfar ed.Sd ita r»attò sedmeprlli itcornieonm ente
priPmioa dneol rleaad letlsàlc aes ntao ridcifa ro natq eu esliltau azio­
ned ie mergecnhzereaa s taitmap oisnvt iasa o tlroa nsiect oolnra i a,
forzdaa,l l'agtgreedsesNsioconaanc .ea sdoer,le sltaro e,a dlift oàn do
ripries sueod ii riptrotPir qiuoa nadvov,i cinlaafn iddnoeesl guiler a­
rad,i venevnierdoei nf tidini iv ertsail,oo prpao cshtoegi n,u dnevoii n­
citsoiar sis egsnualvblaaa sd ee lplrao pdriiav ernsaat ulraRa u:s sia
comunailsriltcaaer cdaiu nae spanpsuiroeans ee mPelc ioconeg ni
meziznbo a rabo ag ni dem(oveco rrrdaeiziari neac ihnbe a rabo ag ni
antifasrceitstmaoim netneltsaeo )GB;rr aent asgondad ipserfa avtert a
impeiddlii tsoe eggneom otneidceeoas nccood rias ponsiipbaui rpleeer,
brevissimaoc utlelnmaeprpiosro ,ip ri anticihmip esrgpilleainl dio;ri
USAi nfinea,s odsetcleiancs eraieu sa dedmeollcarl iabzeriaaai le n,­
staurdaorvluanp qouses Fiebdiaeleq l.ui e isstpai raanzcinhoeennl oe n
rifiutadrsivi e derienn, o mdee ll'antlifara esapcleoi rstmaaont,t ai de­
mocradtepilroc gae ptotsot bseolvliiectoi co.
Guardainlldu onP geor isoipd uodò i rec ocmhuen lqasu eec onda
guerram ondiaablebr ieaa liiznnz oattevomo iles ulr'aa mbiizdieoon­e
logdiecmao crcahateli mceafn oor malgumiedngòtlA eil leaMtaic .iè ò
accadsuotpor aptertl uast mtios uproatteacn hzlea' edseiltguloera r a
dischiinpu rossep eatltli'Avmaee pr eril casa c oncfhiqetu teal ls'ie­sito
gnificpòert utcticoòh a ev repbobteou ptpoo arl'slei g emaomneriicaa na.
Naturalpmerec nictòhe re,i guarld'Eau ropcaol,na d ifferednicz ian ­
quanatnant irl aas upaa rotcec ideeq nuteaollerl iae nqtuaalenc:te i
Presteanzione XI
nev olplereroc ghléSi t aUtnii dtoipa,ov erv initnos iael'mlnUe i oSnoe­
vieitnlia czai nsemlogul erar a gueerggiratvai,n ceasp sreropor ia volta
iclo muniisnq muoe flrlead da.
Mal agu erras cotsrospeip nop rofolnacd oistcàie eunrozptaer aop,­
pol unegi an tefnuls asa e rideio rroerid il utcthcieo liPclìo ntinente.
Bombardaaermeedinit t eirri ficdainstter urtatppirveistfaàag,mal esi,­e ,
senpzrao ludniog ganctioa m oddiiv ti(àtd aas la poanime e dicailn­ali,
l'eletttriuctcititnoòào )nèr: i massetnoez ffae thtaro a,d incealtlo' in­
consdceciloo n tiunner nifitupetr oe sassoscohdléeu lvtlioao lendzeal,l a
moretd ee ll'ipmoPliidetegilocl oe'd uenlal 'Daallt rla'E.u rèop a
1945
pacifisntoapn,u c òh ees serNloonn. es le nbsaon almpeonltiet ico-movi­
menticshtietil ec rmoi hnaoe rm afii npierta oc quimsati anur neaa, c ­
cezioansesP aiiiù n tiepm rae ngt neNa.e s le ndserolifi udteol dliam en­
siodnecelo nfleid teritlco o arlsflooa rz dae,'l ildc ehnaee mlo ndiod eale
l'uenl o' aolctcruaPu inpn oosd tifof iciellmiemnitnLeaa sb eicleo.n da
guerram ondihaadle u nqsueeg nsaìit,vlo er ,io n idzeildole am ocrazia
inE uroppar,ev alentpeermef efentdtteeol v liat tdoerigSalt iaU tniim tai ,
propriop erq uessutaoot dtino a sceisthsaaaa cquuinsc iatroa otrit­ere
ginarcihose e mbdreas tiinnpa errmlaan eanr zaapp resuennp toalroe
significatdiivaalemtretinistcpeaoe l tdlteaom ocrazia americana.