Stadium and Arena Design

277 Pages·2015·23.28 MB·English

by  Peter Culley

Stadium and Arena Design
Second edition
Edited by
Peter Culley and John Pascoe
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Contents
Preface vii
PeterCulley
Foreword ix
DanielFernandes
Award xi
JohnPascoe,PeterCulley,ICEPublishing
Introduction xiii
AlfOschatz
Part I. Past,presentand future 1
01 ................................ Evolutionofstadiumandarenaengineering 3
JohnPascoe
02 ................................ Sustainabledesignofmajorsportsstadiums:casestudyanalysisofstadiumsfor
theOlympicGames2000inSydney,2004inAthensand2008inBeijing 25
SvenSchmedes
03 ................................ Symbiosisandadvancedtechnologies 41
KishoKurokawa
ObituarybyJohnPascoe
Part II. Specialistskills 51
04 ................................ Stadiumsiteappraisal 53
TimChapman,ChrisBarrettandSarahGlover
05 ................................ Stadiumcirculation:transportplanningandcrowdcontrol 67
WillDurden
06 ................................ Engineeringsecurestadiums 73
AndrewSieradzkiandAndrewKelly
07 ................................ Blastengineeringinsportsstadiums 83
JurekTolloczko
08 ................................ Fireengineeringinsportsstadiums 87
JohnDowling,JustinGarman,JasonPritchardandFlorianBlock
09 ................................ Stadiumsignage 95
JohnPascoeandMarkSteinkamp
10 ................................ Stadiumacoustics 109
JimGriffiths
Part III. Elementsof construction 117
11 ................................ Computeriseddesignofstadiums 119
MartinSimpson
12 ................................ Concretetechnologyinstadiumdevelopment 133
RalphBelperio
13 ................................ Formworkforprecast/prestressedstadiumcomponents 143
MarianneMethven
v
14 ................................ Steelinstadiumengineering 149
PeterCulley
15 ................................ Naturalandartificialpitchesforstadiums 175
AndyColeandMarkeJennings-Temple
16 ................................ Retractableroofsolutionsforsportsstadiumsandarenas 187
KnutGo¨ppertandChristophPaech
Part IV. Case studies 201
17 ................................ HazzaBinZayedStadium 203
DipeshPatelandJon-ScottKohli
18 ................................ CentreCourt,Wimbledon 211
JohnWestmuckettandDaleJennins
19 ................................ NationalStadium(Bird’sNest),Beijing 221
MartinSimpson
Part V. Appendices 227
AppendixA......................... Pitchdimensions,boundariesandlayouts 229
PeterCulley
AppendixB......................... Medals 235
JohnPascoe
AppendixC......................... Stadiumprojects:selectedURLs 239
JohnPascoe
Index 241
vi
Preface Fewengineershavetheopportunitytobecomeinvolvedinthestadiumdevelopmentofan
entirecountry.Thisiswhathappenedtomeinthe1990s.Sadlyitwasnottheresultofa
countrybeingselectedtohostajoyouseventsuchastheOlympicGamesoraWorld
Championships.ItwastheresultoftheUKsportsindustryembracingtheneedfor
changefollowingtheHillsboroughStadiumdisasterinwhich96footballspectatorslost
theirlives.
Integraltothenationalspiritofchangewasatransformationfromamixtureofseated
andstandingspectatoraccommodationtowardstheall-seaterideal.Iwasaskedtobethe
linkbetweenthesteelindustryandtheowning,planning,designing,fabricating,
constructing,commissioning,operatingandmaintainingfunctionsmakingupthestadium
business.Ibecameintegraltothemassivegrowthinstadiumdevelopments,
redevelopmentsandrefurbishmentsthatbegantakingshapeintheUK.Myinvolvements
rangedfromwide-spanroofstructuresandcladdingdowntoseatframes,gantries,safety
fencing,gatesandturnstiles.
Bytheendofthe1990sIhadbecomewell-knownintheinternationalstadiumdesign
community.I’dbecomeinvolvedinstadiumdesignsformainlandEuropeandbeyond.
AndI’dbecomeinvolvedinadvisingonthetypesofclosing-roofdesignsthathadgained
popularityinNorthAmericafromthe1980s.Thisallledtomebeingencouraged–by
theInstitutionofCivilEngineersamongothers–towriteabookonthesubject.This
appealedtomebecausetherehadbeennoreferenceworkformewhenIstartedout.
Theresultingbook,StadiumEngineering,waspublishedbytheInstitutionofCivil
Engineersin2005.Itincludedspecialiststadiumengineeringcontributionsfromworld
expertsintheirfieldsaswellasalotofcontentcreationbymeandmyco-editor
JohnPascoe.ThisneweditionofStadiumandArenaDesignisbytheStadiumEngineering
team–anowexpandedteam–butisverydifferentfromitspredecessor.Agreater
proportionofthecontentisbyexpertsinthevariousfacetsofstadiumplanning,design
andconstruction–withlessinputfromJohnandme.
Aseditors,JohnandIhavetriedtoensurethebookcontentdeliversonthebigstadium
issuesandincorporatesalotofvaluableinformationthatisunavailableelsewhere.
WehavealsoincludedalotofreferencesandweblinkssothatStadiumandArenaDesign
isnotconstrainedbyitscovers.Ourwishisforthebooktohelpbringpeopletogetherin
thepursuitofexcellenceandbestpractice.Weliketothinkitwillbeusedworldwideby
professionalsinthestadiumbusiness,byacademicsandbystadiumenthusiasts.
WehavededicatedthisbooktoProfessorRonTaylor(1916–2002)andto
KishoKurokawa(1934–2007).Theyboththoughtbig–andbigger–whilepayingthe
utmostattentiontothedetailingintheirdesigns.RonTaylorinspiredusandhisinfluence
isimbuedinallourwriting.KishoKurokawawrotewithusandgaveStadium
Engineeringitsdirection.Theywouldhavebeenenthusiasticandauthoritativesupporters
ofthisnewbook.
PeterCulley
vii
Foreword TheMaracana(frontcover)isamagicalplace.Itglowsinthememoryofallwhoknow
it.Here,attheoriginalMaracana,199854spectatorssharedtheexperienceofthe1950
WorldCupFinalbetweenBrazilandUruguay.SouthAmericanteamscontinuedtowin
WorldCupsandtheMaracanacontinueditsreignastheworld’sbiggestandbest
stadium.Throughoutthe1950sitwasunrivalledforluxury,functionandsafety–withits
elegantellipticalframe,two-tieredseatingbowlandfastemergencyevacuationcapability
tosurroundingparkland.Theseattributesalsomadeitavenueofchoiceforconcerts–
forexample,FrankSinatraperformedherein1980beforeanaudienceof180000.The
MaracanademonstratesBrazil’sabilitytohostinternationalevents–ithasinrecentyears
accommodatedthe2007PanAmericanGamesandthe2013Fe´derationInternationalede
FootballAssociation(FIFA)ConfederationsCup.WeremodelledtheMaracanaforthe
BrazilWorldCup2014andtheRio2016SummerOlympics.Wekeptallthemagicand
addedsomeofourown.Theoriginaltwo-tierseatingbowlisreplacedwithasingle-tier
bowlandtheoriginalconcreteroofisreplacedwithabeautifullytranslucentlightweight
fibreglasstensionedmembrane.TheMaracanaistodayanall-seaterstadiumwitha
capacityof78838spectators.ItcontinuestobethebiggeststadiuminBrazilandthe
biggestinSouthAmerica.Itisabuildingthatdemonstrateswellthechangestostadium
andarenadesignwhichthisbookisallabout–theavailabilityofnewconstruction
materials,newcomputer-aideddesigncapabilities,playingsurfacesdesign,meeting
broadcastingrequirements,achievingspectatorcomfortandsafety,managingefficient
stadiumingressandegress,andbringingitalltogetherholistically.Magicisn’tsomething
thatjusthappens.
AmongBrazil’sothervenuesfirstusedtohost2014FIFAWorldCupTM matchesisthe
ItaipavaArenaPernambucoatRecife.Herewealsodidmanythingswhichfurther
demonstratetopicsofthisbook:integrationofthestadiumwiththenatural
environment;rainwaterdrainagedesignforwaterre-use;designandspecificationof
water-savingequipmentthroughout;useoftreesandshrubsforsurfacewatercontrol;
installationofrooftopsolarpanels;andnaturallightandventilation.AtRioandRecife
weconsideredLeadershipinEnergyandEnvironmentalDesign(LEED)certificationat
designconceptstage.TheUnitedStatesGreenBuildingCouncil(USGBC)granted
bothstadiumsLEEDcertificationforNewConstructionintheSilvercategory.
Ouruseofethylenetetrafluoroethylene(ETFE)atArenaPernambucowasthefirstuseof
thismaterialinconstructioninLatinAmerica.Thelateralfinishofthestadiumfacadesis
asystemofpneumaticcushionsmadeofETFEfilmwithedgesattachedtoametalframe
byaluminiumprofiles.Acombinationoftransparentandopaquefilmswasfeasible
throughtheapplicationofvarioustypesofscreenprintingonthesurface.Weusedthis
potentialtocreateaconstantdialoguebetweeninternalandexternalareasandto
facilitatediverselightcontrolinsidethestadium,dependingonstadiumusage.
Membranesmadewiththispolymerare100%recyclable,withlowcoefficientoffriction
andnon-stickpropertieswhichpreventdirtanddustaccumulation.
FormeitisimpossibletoseethebeautyoftheMaracanaonthefrontcoverandnot
wanttobedesigningstadiums.Thecontentofthisbookthenprovidesplentyofideasfor
practitionersintheindustrytothinkabout.Ihopetoothatthebookwillhelpinspirea
newgenerationofstadiumdesignerswhomayfirstpickthisbookofftheiruniversityor
collegelibraryshelf.
DanielFernandes
FernandesArquitetosAssociados
ix
Part I
Past, present and future
1
StadiumandArenaDesign
ISBN978-0-7277-5790-6
ICEPublishing:Allrightsreserved
http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/saad.57906.003
Chapter 1
Evolution of stadium and arena engineering
John Pascoe
Roll up, roll up for the mystery tour! Our tour through time heldthePythianGames,oneofthefourPanhellenicGamesof
takes in 40 centuries and five continents. We have 32 stops at AncientGreece,from582BC.Theathletessettheirfeetinthe
placeshostingeventsthatrangefromthefootraceoftheancient parallelgroovesinthestartinglinestonework,adjacenttowhich
worldtoFormula1motorracinginthe21stcentury.Wehope areroundholeswherethestartingpostswerelocated.Originally
youenjoytheride. only musical contests were held at the Pythian Games, at the
Theatre of Delphi, illustrating the amazing longevity of the
Panathenaic Stadium, Athens, Greece relationshipbetweenstadiumsandconcerts.
TheGreekwriterHomerprobablylivedinthe8thcenturyBC
butmayhavelivedasfarbackasthe12thcenturyBC.Hewrote Tailteann Games of Ancient Ireland, County
thatcompetitorsinthefootracerantoamarkinthedistance, Meath, Ireland
turnedarounditandranbacktothestartingpoint–theancient WhilethearchaeologicalremainsoftheGreekgamesareseduc-
Greeksracedupanddownastraighttrack,notaroundbends. tive,evidenceofsiteselectionandsiteclearanceforassemblies
The ancient Greek stadium gained its name from the fact that ofathletesgoesmuch,muchfurtherbackintime.Tailte´,daugh-
it hadasprinting trackonestade(180m,600ft) long, withall terofaSpanishking,wasmarriedtoIreland’sEochaidh,King
other races being multiples of that. However, the tracks at of the Firbolgs, who was slain at the Battle of Moytura in
Olympia (192.27m, 630.8ft), Epidaurus (181.3m, 594.8ft), 1897 BC. Sometime before her husband’s death, Queen Tailte´
Delphi (177.5m, 582.3ft) and Pergamon (210m, 689ft) all hadselectedherownburialplaceontheslopesofCaillCuain,
differ in length. The ancient Greek stadium is, therefore, non- a sunlit location covered in rolling forest. It took ‘a host of
standardinsize. It is, however, inthe common formof along stalwart men nearly a year to accomplish the task [of clearing
parallelogramsome30m(98.4ft)wide.Theenclosurecontain- thetimber]’.HereTailte´ wantedherLeath(tomb),Guba(public
ing the stadium would allow approximately 15m (49.2ft) at lamentations)andNosad(funeralandgames)totakeplace.The
either end of the track, and might be square, as at Epidaurus, funeral games included all types of equestrian, athletic and
orcurved,asatDelphiandatPanathinaea,Athens.Herethen gymnastic events, and incorporated three events unique to
wehavethederivationoftheshapeofthemodernstadium. Irelandatthetime:horseswimming,hurlingandthehighjump.
TheTailteannGamesinspiredthecontentandprotocolsofthe
The Panathenaic Stadium, Athens (Figure 1.1), was the venue OlympicGamesestablishedinAncientGreecein1222BC.They
for the first Olympic Games of the modern era, held in 1896. also outlasted the Greek Games, taking place annually, with
Itwasoriginallyanaturalhollowinthegroundbetweenthetwo veryfewinterruptions,until1169AD.
hills of Agra and Ardettos. Lykourgos the Logographer (396–
a
323 BC) created the stadium in 330–329 BC for the athletic Juego de Pelota, Monte Alb´n, Valleyof
competitionsoftheGreatPanathenaeafestivities.Between140 Oaxaca, Mexico
and144AD,HerodesAtticusrestoredthestadium,givingitthe And sowe come to the beginnings of team games played with
horseshoeformasexcavatedin1870,withatrack204m(669ft) spherical objects. The Oaxaca Valley in southern Mexico has
longand33.4m(110ft)wide(Figure1.2).Itisbelievedthatthe been populated since around 2000 BC, and between 800 and
stadiumhadanoriginalseatingcapacityof80000people. 500BCwassubjecttoaninfluxofZapotecpeople.Fromabout
500BCtheZapotecsbeganlevellingthetopofamountainon
Stadium of Delphi, Greece whichtheywouldestablishMonteAlba´n,withitscentralGran
Hereitbegins–onthestartingline(Figure1.3)oftheStadium Plazaofferingspectacularviewsoverthevalley.Ontheeastern
ofDelphi,atthesanctuaryofApollo.ThisiswheretheGreeks side of the Gran Plaza is an I-shaped ball court – Juego de
3
StadiumandArenaDesign
Figure1.1 ThePanathenaicStadium,Athens.(#Underwood& Figure1.3 StadiumofDelphi.(#DavidMonniaux,2004)
Underwood,1907)
Petola(Figure1.4).ThisdiffersfromotherMesoamericanball
courts (Mayan and Toltec) in that there are no goal rings and
thesidesofthecourtslope.Thegamewasplayedbycontrolling
theballusingthehips,shoulders,kneesandelbows.Thelosing
teamwasusuallyputtodeathasanofferingtothegods.
Figure1.2 ThetrackatthePanathenaicStadium.(#Mentor Figure1.4 JuegodePelota,MonteAlba´n.(#TjeerdWiersma)
AssociationInc,c.1914)
4
Evolutionofstadiumandarenaengineering
Figure1.5 ElDjem,Tunisia.(#OctopusatSlovenianWikipedia)(Thisfigureisreproducedinthecolour-platesectionasPlateI)
El Djem Amphitheatre, Tunisia Arena Gianni Brera, Milan, Italy
ThemightthatwasAncientRomewasmanifestedinitsstadium- Because of their size and functionality, stadiums are likely to
type structures erected in countries around the Mediterranean contrast with rather than complement their environments.
andthroughEurope.Thelargestsuchstructureswerethe189m Among the exceptions isthe Arena Civica (now known as the
(615ft)×156m (510ft),50000capacity FlavianAmphitheatre ArenaGianniBrera).Thisarena(Figure1.6)isaprincipalneo-
(Colosseum, Coliseum) in Rome, the ruined 170m (558ft)× classical architectural treasure of Milan along with buildings
140m(460ft)TheatreofCapuainsouthernItalyandtheCircus such as the Villa Reale (Villa del Belgiojoso), Palazzo Belgio-
MaximusinRome,theEmpire’sprincipalchariot-racingvenue, joso,Palazzo Tarsis,PortaVenezia and Arco della Pace (Arco
which measured 621m (2037ft)×118m (387ft) and could Sempione). The stadium opened on 18 August 1807, and has
accommodateapproximately150000spectators(itssiteisnow hostedallsortsofevents,includingnavalbattlereconstructions
apublicpark). andWilliam(BuffaloBill)Cody’sWildWestShow.Since2010
it has been the home ground of Amatori Rugby Milano, and
Thegrandiosebuildingthatbestexemplifiestheoutreachofthe is the host venue for an international athletics meeting, the
RomanEmpireis,however,the148m(485ft)×122m(400ft), Notturna di Milano. Its facilities include an eight-lane, 400m
35000capacityamphitheatreatElDjem(Figure1.5).ElDjem trackandasoccer/rugbypitch(100m×86m).
is the third-largest such building after the Colosseum and the
Theatre at Capua. It was built around 238 AD, and may have Polo Grounds, New York, USA
beenthefinalamphitheatrebuiltintheEmpire.Itsstructureis ThegeographicaloutreachofAncientRomewasadrivingforce
oflargestoneblockswithcarvedincisionstowhichclampswere in stadium construction. There would not be another such
fittedtofacilitatelifting.Someoftheseincisionsarestillvisible. drivingforce until AlexanderCartwright wrote downthe rules
The arena was big enough to host chariot racing as well as tobaseballin1846,leadingtowoodenfencesandtimbergrand-
gladiatorshows.Beneaththestructureruntwopassagewaysin stands being erected in ballpark developments throughout
whichanimals,prisonersandgladiatorswerehelduntilthetime North America. Polo and then baseball too (from 1880) were
cameforthemtobebroughtupintothesunlighttoperform– played on the Polo Grounds, where the ballpark’s original
usually,thefinalactsoftheirlives. timber grandstand was demolished in 1889. Polo Grounds II
5