Social and Environmental Impacts in the North: Methods in Evaluation of Socio-Economic and Environmental Consequences of Mining and Energy Production in the Arctic and Sub-Arctic

522 Pages·2003·14.3 MB·English

by  Christian Nellemann

Social and Environmental Impacts in the North:
Methods in Evaluation of Socio-Economic and
Environmental Consequences of Mining and
Energy Production in the Arctic and Sub-Arctic
NATO Science Series
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seriesIV:Earth andEnvironmentalSciences- Vol.31
Social and Environmentallmpacts
in the North: Methods in
Evaluation of Socio-Economic and
Environmental Consequences of
Mining and Energy Production in
the Arctic and Sub-Arctic
editedby
Rasmus Ole Rasmussen
NORS - North Atlantic Regional Studies,
Roskilde University, Denmark
and
Natalia E. Koroleva
Polar-Alpine Botanical Garden,
Institute of Kola Science Center RAS, Russia
SPRINGER-SCIENCE+BUSINESS MEDIA, B.V.
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
Methodologies in Evaluation of Socio-Economic and Environmental Consequences of
Mining and Energy Production in the Arctic and Sub-Arctic
Apatity, Russia
8-12 May 2002
A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 978-1-4020-1669-1 ISBN 978-94-007-1054-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-1054-2
Printed on acid-free paper
AII Rights Reserved
© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media Oordrecht
Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2003
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2003
No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or
otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any
material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a compu
ter system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface IX
Introduction: Assessing Consequences ofIndustrialization;
R.o. Rasmussen, N. Koroleva XI
SECTION I:LargeScale EnvironmentalDynamics 1
Large Scale Environmental Dynamics;
Chr. Nellemann,I. Vistnes 3
CO from Permafrost Soils in Relation to
2-Release
Temperature Changes;
s.usu«.
M Bolter, W.Mii/ler-Lupp 7
The Kara-Barents Sea Shelfand ItsProvinces
A.A.Predovsky, V.V. Lyubtsov 25
Industrial Developmentand Wildlife in Arctic Ecosystems;
D.R.Klein, M Magomedova 35
IntegratedApproach for AssessmentofPolluted Areas
E.Ruth, M Kharytonov 57
Methodologies for Remote Sensing ofthe Environmental
Impacts ofIndustrial Activity inthe Arctic and Sub-Arctic;
W.G.Rees. 0. Rigina 67
Oil and Gas Development intheNorth Sea;
ML. Tasker 89
Forest Management and Biodiversity;
A.-I. Sippola 101
Radioecological AssessmentofForest Ecosystems
After NuclearAccidents;
ADvornik 117
v
VI TABLE OF CONTENTS
Environmentand Security;
CNellemann, I. Vistnes, H. Ahlenius, B.P.Kaltenborn,
M Magomedova, 0. Udovyk 129
SECTION II:LocalEnvironmental Dynamics 149
Local Environmental Dynamics;
B.C Forbes 151
Long-Term TundraDisturbances:Successful Colonizers;
G.P. Kershaw 159
Long-term Evaluation ofMethods for Rehabilitation ofLands
Disturbed by Industrial Development inthe Arctic;
M T.Jorgenson, J.G. Kidd, T.C Carter, S.Bishop, CH. Racine 173
Ecological Approach to Rehabilitation ofLands Subjected to
Air Pollution inthe Kola Peninsula;
N. Lukina, V. Nikonov 191
Vegetation Responses to Anthropogenic Disturbance;
0.1. Sumina, B.C Forbes 207
Restoration and Recultivation;
I.B.Archegova 225
Succession on Disturbed Habitats;
N.E. Koroleva 235
Vegetation Cover Monitoring;
V. Yu.Neshataeva 243
Response ofPlant Cover ofTundra Ecosystems to
Oil-and-Gas Extraction Development;
0. V. Lavrinenko, I.A.Lavrinenko, B.I. Gruzdev 257
SECTION III:LargeScaleSocio-Economic Dynamics 273
Large-Scale Economic and Social Dynamics;
R.O.Rasmussen 275
Planning for the Impacts ofMegaprojects;
K. Storey, L.C Hamilton 281
Labor Market Perspectives on Resource Development;
R.O.Rasmussen 303
TABLEOFCONTENTS Vll
Macroeconomic Analysis ofthe Open Trade Economy
and the Greenland Economy;
G. Winther 319
Mining Activities: The Human Working Environment;
W Ruth 337
Abandoned Mining Exploration Equipment inNunavik;
G.Duhaime,R. Comtois 353
Regional Climate Change and Adaptation Capacity;
0. Udovyk 369
NuclearRisk and Vulnerability;
A.A.Baklanov 385
SECTIONIV:LocalCommunitySocio-EconomicDynamics 407
Local Social and Cultural Dynamics;
L. Riabova 409
Tourism Impacts;
D. Tommasini 415
Impacts on Indigenous Populations;
.LRobert-Lamblin 425
Social Capital and Community Capacity Building;
L. Riabova, U.D.Skaptadottir 437
Surviving inthe Oil Age;
T. Tuisku 449
Methods forNative Land Use and Occupancy (Luo) Research;
P. Charest 463
Methodology ofSocial Impact Follow-up Modeling;
Ch~ Gagnon 479
Community Involvement;
L. Riabova,H. Myers,D.Dreyer 491
List ofcontributors 515
SubjectIndex 519
PREFACE
Future development in the Arctic and Subarctic region requires careful
attention to possible consequences of the activities, both in relation to the
environmental, the socio-economic, and cultural impacts such development
mayhave. Inorder, however, todevelopamore thorough understandingofthe
impactoffutureactivities,itisnecessarytobeabletodisseminateandconfront
results from different regions and different scientific traditions. It requires
scientificcooperation,not onlyacrossdisciplines,butalsoacrossborders.And
first and foremost: it requires both consensus and innovations in relation to
methods.
This book is the result of a four day workshop held in Apatity on Kola
Peninsula,Russia.The purposeofthe workshopwastoconfrontdifferencesin
approaches and methods in relation to the analysis of socioeconomic and
environmental consequences oflarge scale mineral and energy development
activities in the Arctic and Subarctic, in order to establish a broader level of
commonground inconnection with future research activities.
The 48 participants, coming from 19 different countries, represented a
substantialvariety inscientificdisciplinesinaswellnatural andsocial sciences
as humanities, provided a very good basis for this endeavor. The workshop
includedatotal of42contributionsinfivemajorcategories: II paperson large
scale environmental dynamics, 9 papers focusing on local environmental
dynamics, 7 on large scale socio-economicdynamics, 8on local communities
socio-economic dynamics, and 7 papers with a specific regional focus on the
situation on the Kola peninsula. And in addition to the presentations of the
papersinthematicallyorganizedsession, theworkshopincludeddiscussionsin
crossdisciplinaryworkinggroups, aswellassocialandculturalevents,creating
an excellent setting for fulfilling the goals of the workshop.
The discussionsduringthe workshop resulted inmany valuablecomments
toeach ofthecontributions,and inadditiontothe inclusionofthese comments
IX
x PREFACE
in the papers, all contributions have been going through a review process
regardingstructure,size, andscientificcontentbeforetheyhavebeen accepted
forpublishing.Forafewofthecontributionssomeminor languagecorrections
havebeenmade,butgenerallythepapers havebeenkeptintheauthor'soriginal
language.
Due to the generous funding from NATO (NATO Advanced Workshop)
andNARP(Nordic ArcticResearch Program)andaveryprofessionalapproach
by Kola Science Center, the meeting was running very smoothly, and the
combination of excellent scientific contributions with genuine Russian
hospitality gave all participants a memorable experience.
We would like to thank the participants for the excellentcontributions, as
well as the participation in the very good and open discussions. At the same
time wewouldliketothank ourtwoinstitutionsfor supportinconnectionwith
theplanningandpracticalarrangementoftheworkshop.Andlast,butnotleast,
wewould like tothank NATO ScienceCommitteeand the steeringcommittee
of NARP for the financial support, and the publisher to make the results
accessiblefor a much wider audience!
Roskildeand Apatity
September2002
Rasmus Ole Rasmussen Natalia Koroleva
NORS, Roskilde University Kola Science Center, Apatity
INTRODUCTION: ASSESSING CONSEQUENCES
OF INDUSTRIALIZATION
Assessing socio-economic and environmental impacts in the
Arctic and Subarctic
Rasmus Ole Rasmussen' and Natalia Koroleva'
INORS -NorthAtlanticRegionalStudies,Roskilde University,Denmark
2Polar-Alpine BotanicalGarden-InstituteofKolaScience CenterRAS, Russia
INTRODUCTION
From a perception of the Arctic environment as unspoiled and
inexhaustible,theconsequences oftrans boundary contaminants and resource
exploitation has become of increasingconcern.And from an image of Arctic
communities relying on a traditional interdependency with the environment
through herding, hunting and trapping, a conception of modernized societies
has emerged.
Since WWII the mineral and energy industries in Arctic regions have
boomed andhavehaddrastic impacts insubstantialpartsoftheArctic.Inother
Arctic regions mineral and energy industries are not yet in operation, but
certainly on the agenda, sofurther consequences can beforeseen [1, 3].
Parallel to this the development,the Arctic has been through anumber of
veryimportantphases, whereespeciallyindependencyandhomeruleshouldbe
highlighted, just as local empowerment among indigenous people has been
given high priority [5]. And economic and industrial development are key
factors concerningindependency in the region,both for national development
and in the process of globalization. So the need of domestic production of
surplus valuehas turned attention toward new sources for income earning[4].
Xl