Table Of ContentScience PolicieS and TwenTieTh-cenTury
dicTaTorShiPS
Science, Technology and Culture,
1700–1945
Series Editors
Robert M. Brain
The university of British columbia, canada
and
Ernst Hamm
york university, canada
Science, Technology and Culture, 1700–1945 focuses on the social, cultural,
industrial and economic contexts of science and technology from the ‘scientific
revolution’ up to the Second world war. Publishing lively, original, innovative
research across a broad spectrum of subjects and genres by an international list of
authors, the series has a global compass that concerns the development of modern
science in all regions of the world. Subjects may range from close studies of particular
sciences and problems to cultural and social histories of science, technology and
biomedicine; accounts of scientific travel and exploration; transnational histories
of scientific and technological change; monographs examining instruments, their
makers and users; the material and visual cultures of science; contextual studies of
institutions and of individual scientists, engineers and popularizers of science; and
well-edited volumes of essays on themes in the field.
also in the series
Acid Rain and the Rise of the Environmental Chemist
in Nineteenth-Century Britain
Peter reed
Matter and Method in the Long Chemical Revolution
Laws of Another Order
Victor d. Boantza
From Local Patriotism to a Planetary Perspective
Impact Crater Research in Germany, 1930s–1970s
Martina Kölbl-ebert
Science Policies and Twentieth-
century dictatorships
Spain, italy and argentina
edited by
aMParo GóMez
Universidad de La Laguna, Spain
anTonio Fco. canaleS
Universidad de La Laguna, Spain
Brian BalMer
University College London, UK
© amparo Gómez, antonio Fco. canales and Brian Balmer 2015
all rights reserved. no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher.
amparo Gómez, antonio Fco. canales and Brian Balmer have asserted their right under the
copyright, designs and Patents act, 1988, to be identified as the editors of this work.
Published by
ashgate Publishing limited ashgate Publishing company
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British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
a catalogue record for this book is available from the British library
The Library of Congress has cataloged the printed edition as follows:
Science Policies and Twentieth-century dictatorships: Spain, italy and argentina / edited
by amparo Gómez, antonio Fco. canales and Brian Balmer.
pages cm. – (Science, Technology and culture, 1700–1945)
includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Science and state – Spain – history – 20th century. 2. Science and state – italy –
history – 20th century. 3. Science and state – argentina – history – 20th century.
4. dictatorship – Spain – history – 20th century. 5. dictatorship – italy – history –
20th century. 6. dictatorship – argentina – history – 20th century. 7. Spain – Politics
and government – 1939-1975. 8. italy – Politics and government – 1922-1945. 9.
argentina – Politics and government – 1955-1983. i. Gómez rodríguez, amparo.
ii. canales Serrano, antonio Francisco, 1966- iii. Balmer, Brian, 1965-
Q127.S7S38 2015
338.9’26 – dc23 2014049925
iSBn: 9781472422323 (hbk)
iSBn: 9781472422330 (ebk – PdF)
iSBn: 9781472422347 (ebk – ePuB)
Printed in the united Kingdom by henry ling limited,
at the dorset Press, dorchester, dT1 1hd
Contents
List of Figure and Tables vii
Notes on Contributors ix
Preface xiii
Amparo Gómez, Antonio Fco. Canales and Brian Balmer
1 Science Policy under Democracy and Dictatorship: An
Introductory Essay 1
Amparo Gómez, Brian Balmer and Antonio Fco. Canales
2 The ‘Social Contract’ for Spanish Science before the
Civil War 27
Amparo Gómez
3 Spanish Science: from the Convergence with Europe
to Purge and Exile 59
Francisco A. González Redondo
4 The Reactionary Utopia: the CSIC and Spanish
Imperial Science 79
Antonio Fco. Canales
5 Broken Science, Scientists under Suspicion. Neuroscience
in Spain during the Early Years of the Franco Dictatorship 103
Rafael Huertas
6 Cultures of Research and the International Relations of
Physics Through Francoism: Spain at CERN 121
Xavier Roqué
7 The National Council for Research in the Context of
Fascist Autarky 141
Roberto Maiocchi
vi Science Policies and Twentieth-Century Dictatorships
8 Statistical Theory, Scientific Rivalry and War Politics in
Fascist Italy (1939–1943) 159
Jean-Guy Prévost
9 Science, Military Dictatorships and Constitutional
Governments in Argentina 179
Pablo Miguel Jacovkis
10 Science Policy in Argentina During the ‘Dirty War’ 199
Diana Maffía
Appendix: History of Science in Spain, Italy and Argentina 211
Index 215
List of Figure and Tables
Tables
6.1. Data concerning expenditure on basic research, applied
research, development and services (in million pesetas) 127
6.2. Estimate of research expenditure in public establishments
for some scientific and economic sectors 127
6.3. Spain’s contribution to CERN, 1961–71, in million pesetas 129
Figure
8.1 A three-level structural homology 174
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Notes on Contributors
Brian Balmer is Professor of Science Policy Studies in the Department of
Science and Technology Studies, University College London. His research
interests are in the history of science policy, scientific migration and the ‘brain
drain’, the geography of knowledge, and the relationship between science and
the military. He has published widely on these subjects and is author of Britain
and Biological Warfare: Expert Advice and Science Policy 1930–65 and Secrecy
and Science: A Historical Sociology of Biological and Chemical Warfare. He is
an editorial advisor for Social Studies of Science, and until recently was on the
editorial board of Notes and Records of the Royal Society.
Antonio Fco. Canales is Lecturer of History of Education at the Universidad
de La Laguna. He is a specialist in the history of the Franco regime. He is
the author of books as Las otras derechas (Madrid, 2006) and the editor with
A. Gómez of La larga noche de la educación española. El sistema educativo español
en la posguerra (Madrid, 2015); Estudios Políticos de la Ciencia (Madrid,, 2013)
and Ciencia y fascismo: la ciencia española de postguerra (Barcelona, 2009).
He has published articles in journals such as Gender and Education, History
of Education and Journal of War and Cultural Studies. He is a member of the
Executive Committee of the Spanish History of Education Society and the
secretary of its journal, Historia y Memoria de la Educación.
Amparo Gómez is Professor of Philosophy of Science in the Universidad de La
Laguna and Honorary Senior Research Fellow in the Department of Science
and Technology Studies, University College London. Her research interests
are in the history and philosophy of science and science policy studies. She
is the editor, with E. Agazzi and J. Echeverría, of Epistemology and the Social
(Amsterdam, 2008), and, with A.F. Canales, of La larga noche de la educación
española. El sistema educativo español en la posguerra (Madrid, 2014); Estudios
Políticos de la Ciencia (Madrid, 2011) and Ciencia y fascismo: la ciencia española
de postguerra (Barcelona, 2009). She is author of ‘The rebels and the new Spanish
scientific culture’ (Journal of War and Culture Studies, 2(3), 321–33, 2009) and
many other articles in national and international journals such as Epistemologia,
Teorema, Isegoría, Anthropos-Iatria and Dynamis, among others.
