RFID Design Principles (Artech House Microwave Library)

311 Pages·2008·2.53 MB·English

by  Harvey Lehpamer

RFID Design Principles
For a complete listing of titles in the
Artech House Microwave Library,
turn to the back of this book.
RFID Design Principles
Harvey Lehpamer
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A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress.
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Cover design byYekaterinaRatner
ISBN 13: 978-1-59693-194-7
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To my lovely and very patient wife, Monica

Contents
11 Introduction 1
22 Comparison of Short-Range Communications Systems 3
2.1 Radio-Frequency Spectrum and Propagation 3
2.1.1 Radio-FrequencyPropagationandInterference 3
2.1.2 BasicAntennaParameters 7
2.1.3 TheoryofElectromagnetismandMaxwell’sEquations 14
2.1.4 RangeofaRadioCommunicationsSystem 16
2.2 Overview of Short-Range Communications Systems 18
2.2.1 Frequency-HoppingSpread-SpectrumSystems 20
2.2.2 Direct-SequenceSpread-SpectrumSystems 20
2.3 Wireless LANs 21
2.3.1 BasicsofWLANs 21
2.3.2 WLANComponents 22
2.4 Wireless Personal Area Network 23
2.4.1 Bluetooth 24
2.4.2 ZigBee 27
2.5 Wireless Body Area Networks 28
2.5.1 AboutWBANs 28
2.5.2 InductiveCouplingTheory 30
vii
viii RFID Design Principles
2.5.3 MedicalImplantCommunicationServiceandWireless
MedicalTelemetryServiceBands 36
2.5.4 WirelessBodyImplantNetworks 40
2.5.5 PassiveWearableElectrostaticTags 41
2.6 Ultrawideband (UWB) Technology 42
2.6.1 AboutUWB 42
2.6.2 OrthogonalFrequency-DivisionMultiplexing 46
2.7 Review Questions and Problems 47
References 49
33 Automatic Identification Systems 51
3.1 Barcodes 51
3.2 Card Technologies 52
3.2.1 MagneticCards 52
3.2.2 SmartCards 53
3.2.3 OpticalCards 54
3.3 Radio-Frequency Identification 54
3.3.1 RFIDHistoricalBackground 54
3.3.2 RFIDSystemOverview 55
3.3.3 PrinciplesofRFIDOperation 59
3.3.4 TheElectronicProductCodeSystem 65
3.3.5 UWBandRFID 67
3.3.6 RFIDandBiometrics 67
3.3.7 ChallengesofRFIDImplementation 69
3.4 Wireless Sensor Networks 72
3.4.1 AboutWirelessSensorNetworks 72
3.4.2 ApplicationsofWirelessSensorNetworks 73
3.4.3 SensorNetworkDesignConsiderations 75
3.4.4 TheFutureofRFIDSensing 78
3.5 RFID Applications 79
3.5.1 SupplyChainLogistics 80
3.5.2 ProductAuthentication 81
3.5.3 AgricultureandAnimals 83
Contents ix
3.5.4 IntelligentTransportationSystems 84
3.5.5 DocumentManagement 86
3.5.6 PharmaceuticalandHealthCareIndustry 87
3.5.7 IndoorLocalizationforFirstResponders 89
3.5.8 PassiveKeylessEntry 90
3.5.9 MilitaryApplications 91
3.5.10 OtherRFIDApplications 93
3.6 Review Questions and Problems 98
References 100
44 RFID Standards Development Challenges 103
4.1 Regional Regulations and Spectrum Allocations 103
4.2 Key Players in RFID Standardization 105
4.3 ISO and EPC Approaches 107
4.4 RFID Systems and Frequencies 109
4.4.1 PowerEmissionsConversion 109
4.4.2 NorthAmericanandInternationalFrequencyBands 110
4.4.3 RFIDInteroperabilityandHarmonization 112
4.4.4 AdvantagesandDisadvantagesofUsingthe13.56-MHz
Frequency 115
4.4.5 Operationinthe900-MHzBand 117
4.4.6 Operationinthe2.45-and5.8-GHzBands 119
4.5 ISO/IEC 18000 RFID Air Interface Standards 121
4.6 UHF and EPCglobal Gen 2 124
4.6.1 TheEPCClassStructure 124
4.6.2 UHFGen2 126
4.6.3 UHFRFIDTagExample 128
4.7 Review Questions and Problems 130
References 132
55 Components of the RFID System 133
5.1 Engineering Challenges 133
5.2 Near- and Far-Field Propagation 134