Table Of ContentRetrofitting Cities for Tomorrow’s World
Retrofitting Cities for Tomorrow’s World
Edited by
Malcolm Eames
Cardiff University
Cardiff, UK
Tim Dixon
University of Reading
Reading, UK
Miriam Hunt and Simon Lannon
Cardiff University
Cardiff, UK
This edition first published 2018
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10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
v
Contents
List of Contributors xi
Biographies xv
Foreword xxi
Preface xxiii
Reviews xxv
1 Introduction 1
Tim Dixon, Malcolm Eames, Miriam Hunt and Simon Lannon
1.1 The Future (or ‘Tomorrow’s World’) of Cities 4
1.2 T he Structure of the Book 7
1.2.1 Part One: Governance and Dynamics of Urban Retrofit 7
1.2.2 Part Two: Modelling Urban Transitions and Pathways 10
1.2.3 Part Three: Steering and Navigating Sustainable Urban Transitions 11
1.2.4 Part Four: Overview of Key Themes from the Book 14
References 14
Part I Governance and Dynamics of Urban Retrofit 17
2 Community Housing Retrofit in the UK and the Civics of Energy
Consumption 19
Andrew Karvonen
2.1 Challenges to Systemic Housing Retrofit 20
2.2 Community and Low‐Carbon Futures 21
2.3 Community Housing Retrofit 22
2.3.1 Community as Local Governance Strategy 23
2.3.2 Community as Identity 23
2.3.3 Community as Learning Network 24
2.3.4 Community as Ethical Commitment 25
2.4 Community Housing Retrofit and the Civics of Low‐carbon Transitions 26
2.5 Conclusions 27
References 28
vi Contents
3 ‘City‐wide or City‐blind’? An Analysis of Retrofit Practices
in the UK Commercial Property Sector 33
Tim Dixon
3.1 Introduction 34
3.2 UK Commercial Property: Nature and Characteristics
of Commercial Property 36
3.3 What Conceptual Frameworks Can We Use to Understand Commercial
Property Retrofitting? 37
3.4 Research Findings 40
3.4.1 ‘Who’? – The Main Stakeholders in the Commercial Property
Retrofit Regime and the Nature of the Regime 40
3.4.2 ‘What’? – Retrofit Defined and the Key Technologies Being Used 41
3.4.3 ‘Why’? – The Key Drivers and Barriers 42
3.4.4 ‘How’? – Institutional Frameworks, Legislation and Monitoring/Standards 45
3.5 Conclusions and Discussion 46
Acknowledgements 48
References 48
4 Performance Gap in ‘Deep’ Retrofit of Housing: Issues at the Design
and Construction Interface 53
Will Swan, Niloufar Bayat and Graeme Sheriff
4.1 Introduction 53
4.2 Defining the Performance Gap 55
4.3 M ethodology – Expert Interviews 56
4.4 F indings 58
4.4.1 Theme 1 – Understanding and Skills 58
4.4.2 Theme 2 – Working Practices 60
4.4.3 Theme 3 – Hard to Treat 62
4.5 C onclusions 63
References 64
5 Transforming the Commercial Property Market in Australians Cities:
Contemporary Practices and the Future Potential in Green Roof Retrofit 69
Sara J. Wilkinson, Paul van der Kallen, Allan Teale and Hera Antoniades
5.1 Introduction 69
5.2 Green Roofs Defined 70
5.3 Retrofit Issues in Commercial Stock in Australian Cities 72
5.4 D rivers for Green Roofs 73
5.5 Transformation of the Commercial Property Stock 75
5.6 Valuation Issues 76
5.7 R etrofitting Investment to Date 78
5.8 Taxation Considerations 79
5.9 C ontemporary Practices 80
5.9.1 Green Roof Retrofit in Commercial Stock – Case Studies
from Melbourne and Sydney 80
5.10 Future Potential in Green Roof Retrofit 85
5.11 C onclusions 86
A cknowledgements 87
References 87
Contents vii
Part II Modelling Urban Transitions and Pathways 91
6 Modelling Residential Retrofit: Insights on the Effect
of Regional Characteristics for the Cardiff City Region 93
Malcolm Eames, Simon Lannon, Miriam Hunt
and Aliki Georgakaki
6.1 Introduction 93
6.2 Context 94
6.2.1 Role of Local Government 94
6.2.2 Cardiff Domestic Stock: History and Legacy 95
6.3 Methodology 96
6.4 Results 101
6.4.1 Wall Insulation 104
6.4.2 Loft Insulation 104
6.4.3 Glazing 105
6.5 Conclusions 106
Acknowledgements 106
References 106
7 Weatherproofing Urban Social Housing for a Changing Climate Through
Retrofitting: A Holistic Approach 109
Anna Mavrogianni, Jonathon Taylor, Michael Davies
and John Kolm‐Murray
7.1 Scope 109
7.2 T he UK Housing Retrofit Challenge and Potential
Unintended Consequences 110
7.3 Challenges and Opportunities for Social Housing
Retrofit 110
7.4 The Building Envelope as a Climate Modifier 111
7.5 The Role of Seasonal Health Policy 112
7.6 South Islington: A Case Study 113
7.6.1 Climate Risk Awareness and Behaviour 113
7.6.2 Indoor Summer Thermal Comfort and Environmental
Quality 114
7.7 Conclusions 120
Acknowledgements 120
References 121
8 What is Hindering Adaptation to Climate Change in English Suburbs,
and What Would Help Facilitate Action? 125
Ian Smith, Katie Williams and Rajat Gupta
8.1 Introduction 125
8.2 What is the Suburban Retrofitting Problem? 126
8.3 Hot in the Suburbs? 127
8.4 How Does the Current Literature Explain Why Retrofitting
Might Happen? 130
8.5 Conclusions 136
References 137
viii Contents
9 The Value of Foresight and Scenarios in Engineering
Liveable Future Cities 139
Chris Rogers
9.1 Introduction 139
9.2 R etrofitting the Underworld 141
9.3 T he Foresight Future of Cities Project 142
9.4 Scenarios 146
9.5 Conclusions 149
Acknowledgements 149
References 150
Part III Steering and Navigating Sustainable Urban Transitions 153
10 Urban Sustainability Transition: Retrofitting the City 155
Derk Loorbach
10.1 Introduction 156
10.2 Transitions as the Analytical Starting Point for Addressing
Urban Transitions 157
10.3 Sustainability Transitions in Urban Areas 159
10.4 A Transition in the Urban Built Environment? 162
10.5 Transition Project ‘Energiesprong’ 163
10.6 Transition Management and the Built Environment 165
10.7 Outlook: Transitioning the City? 168
References 169
11 Presenting Futures: London 2062 171
Sarah Bell
11.1 Introduction 171
11.2 UCL’s Grand Challenges 173
11.3 L ondon 2062 173
11.3.1 Connections 175
11.3.2 Things 175
11.3.3 Power 176
11.3.4 Dreams 177
11.3.5 Imagining the Future City 177
11.4 C onclusions 178
References 179
12 Framing New Retrofit Models for Regenerating
Australia’s Fast Growing Cities 183
Peter W. Newton
12.1 Introduction 183
12.2 Current State, Future Trajectories and Retrofitting Challenges
for Australia’s Largest Cities 184
12.3 The Challenge of Regenerative Urban Transition 186
Contents ix
12.3.1 Scale of Built Environment Innovation 187
12.3.2 Urban Form and Fabric 187
12.3.3 Urban Development Arenas 187
12.4 Greyfield Infill Redevelopment 194
12.5 Towards a New Model for Residential Precinct Regeneration 196
12.5.1 Public Housing as a Catalyst for Neighbourhood Regeneration 197
12.5.2 Precinct Regeneration in Greyfields Private Property Market: Municipal
Housing Strategies as a Catalyst for Neighbourhood Regeneration 198
12.6 Conclusion 201
Acknowledgements 202
References 203
13 City‐regional Futures in Context: Insights from the Retrofit 2050 Project 207
Carla De Laurentis, Malcolm Eames, Miriam Hunt
and Tim Dixon
13.1 Introduction 207
13.2 City Futures as Guiding Visions 210
13.3 How Can We Use City Visions to Understand City Futures
of Tomorrow? 212
13.4 Exploring Visions of Cities in Context: Cardiff 2050 217
13.5 C oncluding Remarks 222
References 223
14 National Policies for Local Urban Sustainability:
A New Governance Approach? 227
Simon Joss and Robert Cowley
14.1 Introduction 227
14.2 Four National Sustainable City Programmes in Profile 229
14.2.1 Eco Cities (India) 229
14.2.2 EcoQuartier (France) 231
14.2.3 Eco‐Model City (Japan) 234
14.2.4 Future Cities (UK) 237
14.3 Comparative Observations 238
14.3.1 Shaping the Content of Local Agendas 239
14.3.2 Governance Innovation 240
14.3.3 Factors Co‐determining Policy Implementation Success/Failure 241
14.4 Conclusions 242
References 243
Part IV Overview of Key Themes from the Book 247
15 Conclusions and Reflections: Retrofitting Cities for Tomorrow’s World 249
Malcolm Eames, Tim Dixon, Miriam Hunt
and Simon Lannon
15.1 Introduction 249
15.2 Critical Factors for Successful Urban Retrofit Transition 250
x Contents
15.2.1 Emerging Themes from the Book 250
15.2.2 EPSRC Retrofit 2050: Main Findings 252
15.3 Summary: Foresight for a Tomorrow’s World of Cities 260
References 262
Index 267
xi
List of Contributors
Hera Antoniades Carla De Laurentis
Faculty of Design Architecture and Welsh School of Architecture
Building Cardiff University
University of Technology Sydney Bute Building, Cathays Park
Ultimo Cardiff, UK
Australia
Tim Dixon
Niloufar Bayat
School of the Built Environment
School of Built Environment University of Reading, Reading
University of Salford UK
Salford
UK Malcolm Eames (retired)
Welsh School of Architecture
Sarah Bell
Cardiff University
Professor of Environmental Engineering Bute Building, Cathays Park
Institute for Environmental Design and Cardiff, UK
Engineering
University College London Aliki Georgakaki
Gower St Welsh School of Architecture
London Cardiff University
Bute Building
Robert Cowley
Cathays Park
Lecturer in Sustainable Cities Cardiff, UK
Department of Geography
King’s College London Rajat Gupta
London Director of the Oxford Institute for
Sustainable Development (OISD)
Michael Davies Low Carbon Building Group.
Professor of Building Physics and the School of Architecture
Environment Faculty of Technology
The Bartlett, UCL Faculty of the Built Design and Environment
Environment Oxford Brookes University
Central House Headington Campus
London Gipsy Lane, Oxford
