Rethinking Education Empowering Individuals with the Appropriate Educational Tools, Skills, and ...

182 Pages·2015·2.1 MB·English

Rethinking Education
Empowering Individuals with the Appropriate
Educational Tools, Skills and Competencies, for
their Active Cultural, Political and Economic
Participation in Society in Europe and Beyond
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ISBN: 97987899009900282438748_3EN7C8ATC.pdf 1 1.12.2014 15:14
Rethinking Education
Empowering Individuals with the Appropriate
Educational Tools, Skills, and Competencies, for their
Active Cultural, Political and Economic Participation
in Society in Europe and Beyond
Editorial Board
Giannalia Cogliandro Beyens, ENCATC
Miguel Ángel Martín Ramos, European Academy of Yuste
Foundation
Henrik Zipsane, Coordinator of the Education & Learning Working
Group
Truus Ophuysen, ELIA
Scientific Committee
Blanka Chládková, Janacek Academy of Music and Performing Arts
in Brno, Czech Republic
Claire Giraud-Labalte, Catholic University of Angers, France
Gerald Lidstone, Goldsmiths University of London, United
Kingdom
Cristina Ortega Nuere, Institute of Leisure Studies, University of
Deusto, Spain
Siân Prime, Goldsmiths University of London, United Kingdom
Annick Schramme, University of Antwerp, Belgium
Pia Strandman, Metropolia University, Finland
Lluis Bonet, University of Barcelona, Spain
Jacques Bonniel, University of Lyon, France
“Rethinking Education: Empowering Individuals with the Table of contents
Appropriate Educational Tools, Skills and Competencies, for their
Active Cultural, Political and Economic Participation in Society in Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 6
Europe and Beyond”
The policy and practice of learning entrepreneurial skills, and future ‘qualities of mind’
Gerald Lidstone ............................................................................................................ 8
A compilation of essays published by the Access to Culture
Policy synergy: the contribution of culture to lifelong learning
Platform in the context of the structured dialogue with Member
Henrik Zipsane ........................................................................................................... 22
States and the European Commission.
The promotion of digital competence for participation and access to digital culture
Ana Viñals Blanco, Cristina Ortega Nuere & Fernando
Presented in the framework of A Cultural Coalition for a Citizens’
Bayón Martín ............................................................................................................. 35
Europe’s activities.
A consideration of listening as an active, ethical and aspirational archival practice
Dr. Iain D. Foreman .................................................................................................... 69
Not part of this book may be reproduced in any form by print,
photocopy, micro-film or any other means, without prior written Sustainable development through heritage and education: the new peterborough effect
Dr Abigail Hunt and Alice Kershaw ............................................................................ 98
permission from the publisher.
Musical development and positive identity change within criminal justice settings
© All rights reserved with the Access to Culture Platform Jennie Henley, Graça Mota & Mary L. Cohen .......................................................... 120
Internationally educated music teachers as culture-bearers: challenges, achievements
Published by the Access to the Culture Platform and implications for cultural policy
Leonid Sprikut .......................................................................................................... 150
December 2013
Cultural management education for community development in ukraine
Nataliya Volchenko, Nadiia Fomichova, Yanina Ginkinova ...................................... 169
European House for Culture
Art and economy - how professional organizations can learn from creative disciplines
Dirk Dobiéy, Vice President SAP AG with support from S. Kirsten Gay,
17 Sainctelette Square
Barbara Sokolow, Thomas Koeplin,Hendrik Achenbach and Lynne Meyer-Gay ....... 182
Academy of participation capacity building for a culturally inclusive europe
1000 Brussels
Lars Ebert ................................................................................................................. 213
[email protected] Shaping cultural identity: intangible cultural heritage in primary schools
Teodora Konach ....................................................................................................... 231
www.access-to-culture.eu Triggering creative thinking in entrepreneurial education
Sabine Mueller ......................................................................................................... 256
Cover Design:
Culture entrepreneurship and cultural startups: The case of Greece
Lida Tsene, PhD ........................................................................................................ 280
Zachery Bishop
Drama, creativity and aesthetic teaching and learning processes
Professor PhD Aud Berggraf Sæbø .......................................................................... 298
Printed in Slovakia.
Formulating mentoring programme goals to develop transversal competences in higher
ISBN: 9789090284378 education institutions
Jordi Colomer, Raquel Casado-Muñoz ..................................................................... 317
Creative collaborations and dialogue
Lara Frisch ............................................................................................................... 336
Access to Culture Platform ACP ........................................................................................ 355
Colophon ........................................................................................................................... 359
Introduction training institutions, on working collaboratively with all relevant
stakeholders and on putting all the efforts in developing transversal
skills.1
The Education & Learning Working Group of the Access to
Culture Platform has the aim to explore the benefits of a closer
synergy between education and culture within the context of the Moreover, in the European Commission Analysis of the Green
developments initiated by the EU Communication “A European paper 2 the civil society asks education to change and thus to “offer
Agenda for Culture within a Globalised World”. In this process, the students time to learn and to experiment, to think out of the box and to
Working Group, consisting of representatives of a range of cultural develop their own identity as an artist and creator. European, national
networks and organisations working at the European level, has and regional policymakers should acknowledge the independent and
explored the various dimensions of the l inks between education different functions of (higher arts) education and the CCI sector is also
and culture. stressed. Otherwise, Europe will lose out on innovative potential and
critical thinking, which is essential for an innovative creative sector.
Educators and the CCI sector should share responsibility, invest in
With the aim to contribute to the debate on the future of the
joint cooperation and overcome mutual prejudices”.
Cultural and Education programmes, on December 2011, the
Education & Learning Working Group of the Access to Culture
The aim of this Publication is to foster critical debate, stimulate
Platform has organized a seminar in Brussels aimed to discuss
innovative thinking and publish contributions written by academics,
about the so called “mismatch” between the cultural market and
research experts as well as a broader set of practitioners,
education. This event resulted in a list of 8th recommendations
organizations, artist and people working in the cultural and
and on the recognition that the reform of study programmes in
education policy field.
higher arts and culture education institutions should be based on
a different philosophy of training: from teacher-led approaches
with a narrow understanding of the profession to student based
approaches taking into account the actual reality of the profession,
in which professionals are increasingly asked to engage in different
professional tasks (“portfolio career”), often in a self-employed
context.
In 2013, the members of the Education & Learning Working Group
of the Access to Culture Cultural Sector Platform expressed the
wish to actively contribute to the debate on the communication
from the Commission “Rethinking the education: investing in skills
for better socio-economic outcomes” published in November 2012
calling for creating new capabilities:
1 Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Eco-
In this new European policy for the educational sector emphasis nomic and Social Committee and the Committee of Regions : Rethinking the education: investing in skills
is being placed on delivering the right skills for employment, for better socio-economic outcomes”, November 2012 + Report of the European Parliament by Katarina
Nevedalová, voted on 22.10.2013
increasing the efficiency and inclusiveness of our education and
2 http://ec.europa.eu/culure/our-policy-development/consulation-on-green-paper_en.htm
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The policy and practice of learning (please note that this should not be confused with ‘enterprise’ -
entrepreneurial skills, business thinking).
and future ‘qualities of mind’
To return to Gardner, he now suggests five overarching qualities of
mind for the 21st century. An expertise in a disciplineV, an ability
Gerald Lidstone
to synthesize information and communicate it, a creative mind,
an engagement with and a respect for diversity and finally to be
Goldsmiths University of London
able to act ethically. If these qualities or capacities (which sound
very reasonable) are to be learnt effectively then they will need to
The groundbreaking work of Sir Ken Robinson in All Our FuturesI
be developed through a cultural lensVI. The ‘culture’ referred to is
made significant reference to the work of Howard Gardner
increasingly global in nature, as it is often engaged with through
with his classification of diverse intelligences. All our Futures is
digital means. The digital expert Jaron Lanier points out a key
just over thirteen years old however it is only now beginning to
concern with culture in this form
have significant impact, it is essentially concerned with creative
education – both learning and teaching creatively but also,
crucially, recognising how to develop creative talent in students The difference between real culture and fake culture is whether
of all ages. On one level this has provoked a necessary debate you internalise the thing before you mashVII it. Does it become
(in a number of countries) on curriculum content and teaching part of you? Is there some way your meaning, your spirit, your
methodology; on one side there is still an emphasis focusing on understanding has touched this thing? Or is it just a touch of
traditional mathematical and literacy skills on the other on creative novelty for a moment to get some attention? Culture involves
abilities developed around the Gardner intelligences: linguistic, some work, some risk, some exploration, some surpriseVIII.
mathematical, spatial, kinaesthetic, musical, interpersonal and
intrapersonal. Robinson, with considerable evidence, argued to Starting with higher education it might be useful to review some
put creative subjects at the heart of the curriculum; this was based recent views on how students engage with learning, as that is
on the demonstrable results that both mathematical and literacy where there is now considerable interest in entrepreneurial
skills improved but, more importantly, current syllabuses were attitudes as part of the learning process. Governments are keen to
not educating students for the post industrial economyII. It is now develop the perceived economic potential of creative industries,
necessary to move on from this debate (although many countries innovation and creative thinking and hence support this with
have yet to fully understand or adopt the principals) to consider grants and increased investment – although in many cases this is
how the space in which creativityIII can flourish and be respected in only made available for STEMIX subjects as it is thought that these
all educational disciplines, can itself be created. are the areas where creativity and innovation will supply new
products – there are enlightened exceptions. Higher education
This is essentially the teaching of entrepreneurial thinking is seen as the level where this potential can be nurtured and/or
‘entrepreneurship education is a process which develops ‘harvested’. Most universities have business ‘start up’ support
individuals’ mindsets, behaviours, skills and capabilities and can be either physical or mentored to develop student [and staff] ideas
applied to create value’IV in a range of contexts and environments to bring them ‘to market’. There has been some success with this
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type of initiative but it has not really reached its potential as it has challenges facing …… the world today – global security, ethical
tended to concentrate on the economic outcomes. standards, economic innovation, ethnic relations, health,
There are two key problems with this approach. Firstly it is far ageing, the digital economy and the way people behave in
too late to start to develop this type of thinking in students the face of climate change – none of these challenges can be
at HE level as in most cases they have spent the last ten years addressed without the arts and humanities..
of their education in an environment that does not reward Imagine a society which had little understanding of its own
creativity or innovation – there are of course exceptions. literature, its own history, its own language, its own culture,
Secondly, by concentrating on the economic they are missing its own faiths, its own ways of thinking. And even less
major elements in the creation of value. understanding of those of the rest of the world.”
A working definition for entrepreneurial thinking as an overarching
Science needs the Arts and Humanities to shape the debates about
idea for all disciplines would be that ‘entrepreneurship is the
its use and discoveries. Suggesting that the future of creative
creation of value, this value could be social, aesthetic or financial,
education is likely be trans-disciplinary it will go beyond traditional
and that when entrepreneurial activity is strong the three strands
interdisciplinary frameworks to develop new ways of not just
are interwoven’X.
creating new ways of thinking but new ways to communicate that
There is also a false dichotomy in relation to the STEM11 subjects
thinking.
and those referred to as the ‘Arts and Humanities’, they are both
inextricably linked , I think the quote that sums this up clearly is
Howard Gardner, in the preface to the paperback edition of 5 Minds
from an unpublished speech by Geoffrey Crossick a former Vice
for the FutureXI, has a section on ‘new thoughts’ updated from the
Chancellor of the University of London in 2011
first publication in 2005. He acknowledges that the positive view
and emphasis on STEM subjects needs to be reconsidered as the
“Without the arts and humanities we would not have the
risks ‘of meltdowns in health, climate, resources and economy are
creative industries that are one of the most successful parts of
more evident’. He suggests that there is no way to stop globalisation
the UK [and European] economy today. Without the arts and
[something he had championed in 2005] but that there needed
humanities, we wouldn’t understand cultural and religious
to be a balance to ‘make sure that the other fields of human
difference, with all the impact on policy, relationships and,
knowledge and practice are not ignored.’ His concern is that the
indeed, on security in our communities and in the world
demand for humanities topics once part of a ‘liberal education’ are
beyond.
not seen as viable by both students and parents as they are not
Without them we would not have the vibrant cultural and
considered to lead to careers that make money- create individual
artistic life that makes our cities so alive and helps shape
wealth. Educational policy makers and governments have generally
a thoughtful body of citizens.
been short sighted enough to go along with this market -led [and
Without them we wouldn’t understand the digital
created] approach. Without humanities education being central
transformation of communications and the media, the
to a rounded education through the disciplines of art, literature,
way they’re used and the way they’re misused. The major
history, music, sociology, philosophy etc many of the key tools of
‘thinking’ are not being used.
1 Science, Technology Engineering, Mathematics
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A considerable amount of work has been done in relation to paper. One USA definition of engagement ‘is the quality of effort
understanding student engagement with their learning in Higher students themselves devote to educational purposeful activities
Education in the last twenty years the focus now is on how it that contribute directly to desired outcomes’XVII. Hardy and Bryson
relates directly to developing students with an independent and examine the two systems used in the USA and Australia for
critical learning mindset. The Art and Design Media Centre [UK] recording and benchmarking engagement.
has recently published a feature by Christy Hardy and Colin Bryson The USA uses five and Australia seven categories. The USA National
that brings some of this work together. As evidenced by Hardy Survey of Student EngagementXVIII benchmarks – Level of academic
and BrysonXII there has been a greater emphasis on understanding challenge, the degree of challenge through expectations on learning
the nature of the type of engagement in the USA and Australia, and assessment that encourages engagement: ‘coursework that
the UK along no doubt with a number of others in Europe is to emphasises analysis, synthesis…applying theories and concepts
a large extent still at the stage of understanding that engagement to practical problems and new situations’ (Hardy Bryson 2009).
as having a ‘student voice’ feeding into education planning and This concern with synthesis and application of thinking directly
practice from the level of individual courses within a programme relates to Gardner’s second of the 5 Minds as synthesisers. In the
of study, to policy within a universityXIII and at national level via preface to the paperback edition he also updates the reference to
student surveys.XIV However as they point out (Hardy & Bryson) this synthesis, having initially thought of it as an academic performance
is to miss the point, this is in many ways just a further mechanism skill – ‘somewhere between disciplinary mastery and creating’XIX
of ‘evaluation’ or quality assurance ‘giving students representation he now recognises the importance of syntheses that go beyond
and a collective voice’ rather than the paradigm shift implied by the mechanical and provides a sense of meaning, significance and
their title. They recommend a shift in thinking [primarily in the UK] connectedness, recognising that this is something that ‘many seek’.
to understand that students need to be in a context in which they However he also adds that solutions that emerge from putting
undertake ongoing serious reflection on their learning to move together disparate information also need to be communicated to
from the notion of ‘voice and customer satisfaction’ to ‘a concept others if they are to have impact. This in turn relates to the third
which encompasses the perceptions, expectations and experiences USA benchmark – Active and collaborative learning, ‘student’s
of being a student in higher education’XV. They suggest that even in efforts to actively construct their knowledge’ including joint
those countries where there has been advanced work on student project work, making presentations, discussing ideas outside
engagement they tended to use too narrow an understanding of those directly presented in courses and potentially teaching other
the nature of engagement, defining it as ‘active behaviours’ rather students. All of these require good communication skills and ability.
than their approach, which encompasses ‘the sense of being and The fourth Mind from Gardner, that of the respect for diversity,
becoming and also feeling - with the social and cultural as important again relates directly to another of the USA benchmarks, that of
as the academic’.XVI Starting by defining the theoretical work behind Enriching educational experiences – engaging with students from
studying and measuring engagement, Hardy and Bryson narrow a diversity of backgrounds including cultural, political and religious.
down the key motivation to understanding that ‘engagement is Also working in communities, learning a foreign language, or
positively related to objective and subjective measures of gains studying abroad. This idea of diversity has a number of levels,
in general abilities and critical thinking’. It is this latter quality or to a certain degree it has become a political mantra in the sense
ability, the ‘critical thinking’, that will be returned to later in this that engagement with diversity and ‘the other’ leads to political
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and social harmony. However, in more entrepreneurial terms, cities and education becomes more global there is likely to be more
diversity developed from the diverse approaches to thinking/ learning contexts where individuals from diverse backgrounds
problem solving is seen to be more effective than a mono cultural are going to engage with each other. Although it should be noted
approach. A further skill associated with both the Gardner ‘respect that this is only likely to apply to those, mainly in cities, where
for diversity’ and the USA benchmark is the ability to understand a diversity of cultures exist in any numbers in close proximity. It is
a problem or a context from another perspective. The reference to often assumed that this is the norm as it is frequently where the
learning another languageXX is of crucial importance as beyond the most creative education and creative thinking occurs. Although on
learnt skill the effect ‘through language’ is to encounter another a global scale this is far from the norm, most cultures/ countries
system of thought. This ability to approach a problem from another are still effectively monocultures. It is interestingly only in contexts
perspective may well contribute to a greater understanding of of high immigration or with an educational elite [who are able to
‘difference and the other’, however it is in itself a powerful thinking travel] that this diversity in an educational context exists.
tool. Neither of these categories in the NSSE [and the equivalent
This has been argued in another context. Australian ones] explicitly consider another form of diversity. In
the 5 minds Gardner puts it very simply that ‘we must respect
Working across cultures can in itself develop new thinking those who differ from us as well as those with whom we have
skills. In his book, The Difference: How the Power of Diversity similarities’XXIII. This simplicity implies other forms of difference
Creates Better Groups, Firms, Schools, and Societies Scott than those expressed above, with particular reference to his earlier
E. PageXXI tries to move the arguments about diversity in work on diverse intelligences. See p1. If these differences are
groups away from rather dated notions of difference based overlaid onto the other differences - cultural, political and religious
around race, culture and class and on to understanding how - outlined above, what appeared to be simple might in reality be
different individuals think. Their background will play some very complex. However entrepreneurial thinking provides a way to
part in this but what he emphasises is the ability of groups of negotiate and understand complexity.
divergent thinkers to be able to create more sophisticated and It is also important to pick up on the word ‘respect’ used by
relevant solutions to problems than ‘clever’ ‘individuals’.’ He GardnerXXIV as it implies an engagement leading to an understanding
demonstrates through a great range of examples how ‘groups of the ‘other’ that goes beyond just acknowledgement of difference
that display a range of perspectives outperform groups of like- - implying some form of dialogue. However dialogue in itself does
minded experts. Diversity yields superior outcomes’. There not imply advance or change [unless there was none before] it
is no reason why this should not work across the cultures….. is the quality of dialogue that counts and the effective change
however we would have to agree to teach communication and brought about to those engaged in it, rather than just the activity.
problem solving rather than just country specific versions of
traditional competencies.XXII He provides a short answer in the preface as to how the 5 Minds
relates to the earlier work on intelligences in that ‘the disciplined and
This USA benchmark categories of Enriching educational creating minds can draw on any and all intelligences, depending on
experiences and Active and collaborative learning are clearly the area of work. Thus whether disciplined or creative, a poet depends
related, as certain societies become more diverse particularly in on linguistic intelligence, or an architect spatial intelligence…’XXV
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It should also be noted that to develop the networks of the greater value of the international connection will be in being
communication that can utilise a diversity of thinking the last able to use a network of diverse thinkers to solve problems.
two of the intelligences come into their own – interpersonal and The second additional Australian area is Transition Engagement
intrapersonal often more difficult to define than the others, they Scale – this really applies to the experience of starting learning at
become essential to developing the potential of diverse input into a university, concerned with orientation expectations and student
problem solving. Creating networks whether in the classroom or identity. In this form it appears fairly functional. However as with
on a greater scale will become an essential part of learning. It will IT engagement it could be crucial depending on the secondary
matter who you know, not in the nepotistic sense of advancement education experience.
but who can help you solve problems – your thinking network. In many cultures, as mentioned before, secondary education
success is based on assessment that highlights repetition of
The last two benchmark categories for the USA system are knowledge and ‘thinking’ that within a narrow field leads to the
concerned with a Supportive campus environment which includes ‘right’ answer. As suggested above after ten years of this approach
a key concern of ‘legitimation within the community’ a sense of the transition into HE where the expectations are different is going
inclusion and the quality of student-student and student-staff to be problematic. Robinson highlighted the need across all of the
relationships in relation to learning. This latter relationship is ‘intelligences’ for creative thinking, to come to this for the first
broadened out to be the last category which is Student-Faculty time at HE is clearly too late.
interaction. The mechanisms of discussing ideas, receiving To return to the original proposition in relation to entrepreneurship
feedback and assessment and considering career plans. To a large education and gain reinforce that this does not only mean
extent these latter two categories have less relevance to Gardner’s business/commerceXXVII. In a recent UK study 30% of graduates
5 Minds. associated enterprise with business, but many also associated it
with Innovation, Creativity, Personal Enterprise and Initiative and
The seven Australian categories for engagement, although with understood that it was a set of abilities that could be applied in
different titles and overlap cover roughly the same territory. a range of contexts in education as well as externally in public,
However there are two additional areas of emphasised engagement. community and voluntary sectors in addition to the obvious
The US model includes online engagement in Enriching the corporate sector. If you Google entrepreneur qualities you get
educational experience, the Australian model gives this area its 54,000 hits or more, however they are mostly in essence the
own category, Online Engagement Scale where not just the use of same six. Dreamer: A big idea of how something can be better
the web and software is fore-grounded but also the idea of building and different. Innovator: Demonstrate how the idea applied
an online learning community – to some degree self initiated. This outperforms current practice. Passionate: Expressive so the idea
IT engagement maybe very important in future learning – not creates energy and resonance with others. Risk taker: Pursues the
just in knowledge research [which is what it is commonly used dream without all the resources lined up at the start and distributes
for at present] but in both synthesis and problem solving. Global the risk over a network of capabilities. Dogged Committer: Stays
connectedness [albeit at present for a minority – but an influential with executing the innovation through the peaks and valleys
one] is expanding swiftlyXXVI. The impact for entrepreneurial to make it work. Continuous Learner: Constantly exploring and
thinking will be immense, as rather than just knowledge acquisition evolving to do best practiceXXVIII. All of these relate directly to
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