Release of draft import risk analysis report for for fresh apple fruit from the USA

493 Pages·2009·2.76 MB·English

Draft Import Risk Analysis Report for
Fresh Apple Fruit from the United States
of America Pacific Northwest States

October 2009
© Commonwealth of Australia 2009
This work is copyright. You may download, display, print and reproduce this material in unaltered
form only (retaining this notice) for your personal, non-commercial use or use within your
organisation. Apart from any use as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, all other rights are
reserved. Inquiries concerning reproduction and rights should be addressed to Communications
Manager, Biosecurity Services Group, or e-mailed to [email protected].

Cite this report as:
Biosecurity Australia (2009). Draft import risk analysis report for fresh apple fruit from the United
States of America Pacific Northwest states. Biosecurity Australia, Canberra.

www.biosecurityaustralia.gov.au

Disclaimer:
The Australian Government acting through Biosecurity Australia has exercised due care and skill in
preparing and compiling the information in this publication. Notwithstanding, Biosecurity Australia,
its employees and advisers disclaim all liability to the maximum extent permitted by law, including
liability for negligence, for any loss, damage, injury, expense or cost incurred by any person as a result
of accessing, using or relying upon any of the information in this publication.

Cover image: Apple in US orchard, photo by Biosecurity Australia
Submissions
This draft import risk analysis (IRA) report has been issued to give all interested parties an
opportunity to comment and draw attention to any scientific, technical, or other gaps in the
data, misinterpretations and errors. Any comments should be submitted to Biosecurity
Australia within the comment period stated in the related Biosecurity Australia Advice on the
Biosecurity Australia website. The draft IRA report will then be revised as necessary to take
account of the comments received and a provisional final IRA report will be released at a later
date.
Comments on the draft IRA report should be submitted to:
Office of the Chief Executive
Biosecurity Australia
GPO Box 858
CANBERRA ACT 2601
AUSTRALIA
Telephone: [phone]
Facsimile: [phone]
Email: [email protected]
Internet: www.biosecurityaustralia.gov.au

Draft IRA Report: Fresh Apple Fruit from the US Pacific Northwest States Contents
Contents
Acronyms and abbreviations ..................................................................................x
Abbreviations of units.............................................................................................xi
Summary................................................................................................................xiii
1 Introduction....................................................................................................1
1.1 Australia’s biosecurity policy framework........................................................................1
1.2 This import risk analysis................................................................................................2
2 Method for pest risk analysis........................................................................5
2.1 Stage 1: Initiation...........................................................................................................5
2.2 Stage 2: Pest risk assessment......................................................................................6
2.3 Stage 3: Pest risk management..................................................................................13
3 The United States of America’s commercial production practices
for apples......................................................................................................15
3.1 Assumptions used in estimating unrestricted risk.......................................................15
3.2 Climate in production areas.........................................................................................15
3.3 Pre-harvest..................................................................................................................15
3.4 Harvesting and handling procedures...........................................................................24
3.5 Post-harvest.................................................................................................................24
3.6 Export capability..........................................................................................................26
4 Pest risk assessments for quarantine pests.............................................29
Assessments for quarantine pests recorded in the PNW........................................................35
4.1 Fire blight.....................................................................................................................35
4.2 Flat scarlet mite...........................................................................................................38
4.3 Spider mites.................................................................................................................43
4.4 Apple curculio..............................................................................................................50
4.5 Apple leafcurling midge...............................................................................................56
4.6 Apple maggot...............................................................................................................58
4.7 Plant bugs....................................................................................................................65
4.8 Chaff scale...................................................................................................................73
4.9 Mealybugs...................................................................................................................77
4.10 Dock sawfly..................................................................................................................80
4.11 Leafroller moths...........................................................................................................86
4.12 Apple fruit moth...........................................................................................................94
4.13 Codling moth..............................................................................................................100
4.14 Grapholita moths.......................................................................................................103
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Draft IRA Report: Fresh Apple Fruit from the US Pacific Northwest States Contents
4.15 Lacanobia fruitworm..................................................................................................107
4.16 Thrips.........................................................................................................................114
4.17 Coprinus rot...............................................................................................................122
4.18 Apple blotch...............................................................................................................129
4.19 Sphaeropsis rot.........................................................................................................134
4.20 Hawthorn powdery mildew........................................................................................140
4.21 Bull’s eye rot..............................................................................................................145
4.22 Phacidiopycnis rot and speck rot...............................................................................151
4.23 European canker.......................................................................................................159
4.24 Mucor rot....................................................................................................................161
4.25 Black pox...................................................................................................................169
4.26 Apple scab.................................................................................................................174
4.27 Thread blight..............................................................................................................176
4.28 Gymnosporangium rust.............................................................................................181
4.29 Truncatella leaf spot..................................................................................................188
4.30 Tobacco necrosis viruses..........................................................................................192
4.31 Apple scar skin or dapple apple................................................................................200
Assessments for quarantine pests not recorded in the PNW................................................207
4.32 Blister spot.................................................................................................................207
4.33 Armoured scales........................................................................................................215
4.34 Mealybugs.................................................................................................................216
4.35 Leafroller moths.........................................................................................................217
4.36 European corn borer..................................................................................................218
4.37 Sooty blotch and flyspeck..........................................................................................226
4.38 Gymnosporangium rust.............................................................................................233
4.39 Pest risk assessment conclusions.............................................................................234
5 Pest risk management...............................................................................243
5.1 Pest risk management measures and phytosanitary procedures.............................243
5.2 Responsibility of competent authority........................................................................266
5.3 Review of processes.................................................................................................267
5.4 Uncategorised pests..................................................................................................267
6 Conclusion.................................................................................................268
Appendix A Initiation and categorisation for phytosanitary pests for
mature fresh apple fruit from US.................................................270
Appendix B Additional quarantine pest data ..................................................379
Appendix C Biosecurity framework.................................................................399
Appendix D Responses to stakeholder submissions.....................................404
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Draft IRA Report: Fresh Apple Fruit from the US Pacific Northwest States Contents
Appendix E List of States of the United States of America ...........................408
Glossary................................................................................................................409
References............................................................................................................411
vii
Draft IRA Report: Fresh Apple Fruit from the US Pacific Northwest States Tables and figures
Tables
Table 2.1 Nomenclature for qualitative likelihoods 9
Table 2.2 Matrix of rules for combining qualitative likelihoods 9
Table 2.3 Decision rules for determining the consequence impact score based on the
magnitude of consequences at four geographic scales 11
Table 2.4 Decision rules for determining the overall consequence rating for each pest 12
Table 2.5 Risk estimation matrix 12
Table 3.1 Pest control program for apples recommended by Washington State University
(Washington State University Extension 2009) 19
Table 3.2 Apple production in 2007 from the top fifteen US states 27
Table 4.1a Quarantine pests for apple fruit from the US Pacific Northwest states
(Washington, Oregon and Idaho) 30
Table 4.1b Quarantine pests for apple fruit from the US, currently not recorded in the Pacific
Northwest states (Washington, Oregon and Idaho)* 33
Table 4.2a Summary of unrestricted risk estimates for quarantine pests associated with
mature fresh apple fruit from the US Pacific Northwest states 235
Table 4.2b Summary of unrestricted risk estimates for quarantine pests associated with
mature fresh apple fruit from the US, currently not recorded in the Pacific
Northwest states 240
Table 5.1 Phytosanitary measures proposed for quarantine pests, for mature fresh apple
fruit from the US Pacific Northwest states 244

Figures
Figure 1 Map of Australia ix
Figure 2 A guide to Australia’s bio-climate zones ix
Figure 3.1 Map showing the major apple production regions of the Pacific Northwest, the
Yakima Valley, Wenatchee and the Columbia Basin of Washington State 17
Figure 3.2 Mean maximum and minimum temperatures and mean precipitation in major
apple producing regions of the Pacific Northwest, based on average monthly data,
sourced from the US Western Regional Climate Centre, recorded at A.
Conconully (1948-2005), B. Wenatchee (1931-2005), C. Yakima (1946-2005) and
D. Lind (1931-2005). Approximate locations for these weather stations are shown
in Figure 3.1. 17
Figure 3.3 Map of the United States showing the major apple production states: Washington
State, New York, Michigan, California, Pennsylvania and Virginia 27

viii
Draft IRA Report: Fresh Apple Fruit from the US Pacific Northwest States Maps of Australia
Figure 1 Map of Australia

Figure 2 A guide to Australia’s bio-climate zones

ix
Draft IRA Report: Fresh Apple Fruit from the US Pacific Northwest States Acronyms and abbreviations
Acronyms and abbreviations
Term or abbreviation Definition
ABS Australian Bureau of Statistics
ACERA Australian Centre of Excellence for Risk Analysis
ACT Australian Capital Territory
ALOP Appropriate level of protection
APAL Apple and Pear Australia Limited
APHIS Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
APPD Australian Plant Pest Database (Plant Health Australia)
AQIS Australian Quarantine and Inspection Service
BA Biosecurity Australia
BAA Biosecurity Australia Advice
BSG Biosecurity Service Group
CABI CAB International, Wallingford, UK
CMI Commonwealth Mycological Institute
CSIRO Commonwealth Science and Industry Research Organisation
CT Concentration time
DAFF Australian Government Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry
DAFWA Department of Agriculture and Food, Western Australia (formerly DAWA: Department of
Agriculture, Western Australia)
DPIW Department of Primary Industries and Water, Tasmania
EP Existing policy
EPPO European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
FAS The Foreign Agriculture Service in the United States Department of Agriculture
IDM Integrated Disease Management
IPC International Phytosanitary Certificate
IPM Integrated Pest Management
IPPC International Plant Protection Convention
IRA Import Risk Analysis
IRAAP Import Risk Analysis Appeals Panel
ISPM International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures
MOU Memorandum of Understanding
NASS The National Agricultural Statistics Service in the United States Department of Agriculture
NPPO National Plant Protection Organization
NSW New South Wales
NT Northern Territory
OEPP Organisation européenne et méditerranéenne pour la protection des plantes
PIAPH Product Integrity, Animal and Plant Health Division
PIMC Primary Industries Ministerial Council
PNW Pacific Northwest. Only the US Pacific Northwest states, i.e. Washington, Oregon and Idaho,
are included in the scope of this IRA
x