Refrigeration And Air-Conditioning Technology

285 Pages·2000·3.05 MB·English

by  Ahlers Heinel Werbeagentur

Solkane-
Pocket Manual
Refrigeration and
Air-Conditioning
Technology
Solvay
Fluor und Derivate
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2 Solvay Fluor und Derivate
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Solvay Fluor und Derivate 3
Solkane-Pocket Manual
Refrigeration and
Air-Conditioning Technology
Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH
Postfach 220
D-30002 Hannover
Telephone [phone]
Telefax [phone]
4 Solvay Fluor und Derivate
Copyright: Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH, Hannover
Reproduction, wholly or in part, permitted only with our consent and with a
clear reference to the source.
Disclaimer:
All statements, information and data given herein are believed to be accurate
and reliable but are presented without guarantee, warranty or responsibility of
any kind, express or implied. Statements or suggestions concerning possible use
of our products are made without representation or warranty that any such use
is free of patent infringement, and are not recommendations to infringe any
patent. The user should not assume that all safety measures are indicated, or
that other measures may not be required.
The product R404A is sold by Solvay under license of European Patents EP 545
942 and EP 399 817. The sale conveys to the purchaser a sublicense to use or
resell such product in Europe, the Middle East and Africa. Further, the right to
export such product to territories other than Europe, the Middle East, and Africa
is also granted provided such products is contained in refrigeration or air con-
ditioning equipment. No other right or license, express or implied, is granted.
Solkane, KALTRONand NOCOLOKare registered trademarks of Solvay Fluor
und Derivate GmbH, Hannover.
Authors: Dr. H. Buchwald, F. Flohr, J. Hellmann, H. König, C. Meurer
Design: Ahlers Heinel Werbeagentur GmbH, Hannover
3rd edition 02.02 as PDF
35/108/02.02/007/pdf
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Foreword
This Solkane-Pocket Manual covers the principal areas of refrigeration. The text
is supported by abundant physical, chemical and technical data, as well as ther-
modynamic equations for thermophysical properties calculation of Solkane
refrigerants, which serve to help in the planning and design of refrigerating
plants. The data and information contained in the Solkane-Pocket Manual also
cover other areas of application where Solkane has proved itself, e.g. as blow-
ing agents for plastic foams (PU, XPS) and propellants in the pharmaceutical
field.
This manual is intended for the person who uses refrigeration equipment, to
assist in day-to-day tasks. If you have particular problems outside the scope of
this manual, please do not hesitate to get in touch with us for further informa-
tion and advice.
Solvay Fluor und Derivate GmbH
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Contents
1 The Solvay-Group – an Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
2 History of refrigerants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18
3 The new generation of Solkane refrigerants
3.1 Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
3.1.1 HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons)
and HCFCs (hydrochlorofluorocarbons)
as refrigerants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21
3.1.2 Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22
3.1.3 Development status of HFC and HCFC
refrigerant substitutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
3.1.3.1 Refrigerant substitutes for R11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
3.1.3.2 Refrigerant substitutes for R12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23
3.1.3.3 Refrigerant substitutes for R13 and R13B1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
3.1.3.4 Refrigerant substitutes for R22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24
3.1.3.5 Refrigerant substitutes for R502 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
3.1.4 Fluorine-containing methane derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
3.1.5 Fluorine-containing ethane derivatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28
3.1.6 Refrigerant blends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30
3.2 Solkane refrigerants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
3.2.1 The refrigerants: Solkane 22, 23, 123, 134a, 227, 404A,
407C, 410, 507 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
3.2.2 Components for refrigerant blends:
Solkane 32, 125, 143a, 152a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43
3.2.3 Packaging and storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .47
3.3 Other refrigerants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
3.4 Other possibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60
4 Basics of refrigeration calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
4.1 Equations for thermophysical data calculation
of Solkane refrigerants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
4.1.1 Vapor pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .68
4.1.2 Density of saturated liquid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
4.1.3 Specific heat capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
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4.1.4 pvT behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .69
4.1.5 Specific enthalpy and specific entropy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
4.1.6 Specific exergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
4.1.7 Transport properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
4.1.7.1 Dynamic viscosity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
4.1.7.2 Thermal conductivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
4.1.7.3 Surface tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
4.1.7.4 Specific heat capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .75
4.2 Physical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
4.2.1 Physical data of Solkane refrigerants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .80
4.2.2 Physical data of refrigerant blend components . . . . . . . . . . .82
4.3 Pipe Sizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
4.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
4.3.2 Tables of line capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
4.3.3 Suction Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
4.3.4 Hot-Gas Discharge Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
4.3.5 Liquid Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .85
4.3.6 Suction Risers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
4.3.7 Hot-Gas Risers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
4.3.8 Tube materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
4.3.9 Dimension Example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87
4.3.9.1 Pipe Sizing for Solkane22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .88
4.3.9.2 Pipe Sizing for Solkane134a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96
4.3.9.3 Pipe Sizing for Solkane404A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .104
4.3.9.4 Pipe Sizing for Solkane407C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
4.3.9.5 Pipe Sizing for Solkane410 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120
4.3.9.6 Pipe Sizing for Solkane507 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
5 General properties
5.1 Stability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136
5.2 Effect on refrigerated goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136
5.3 Compatibility with metallic materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
5.4 Compatibility with nonmetallic materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
5.5 Lubricants aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138
5.6 Refrigerants and water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141
5.7 Electrical properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144
5.8 Environmental properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147
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6 Handling of refrigerants
6.1 General information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151
6.2 Flammability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .152
6.3 Handling of refrigerant blends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .154
6.4 Removal of water from refrigerating installations . . . . . . . .155
6.5 Leak detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .156
6.6 Recycling and disposal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
6.6.1 Recycling logistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .158
6.6.2 Duties of the refrigeration and
air-conditioning contractors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160
6.6.3 Duties of the authorised distributor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161
6.6.4 Recycling methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162
6.6.4.1 Primary recycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162
6.6.4.2 Secondary recycling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
6.6.5 A future free of CFCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163
7 Retrofit/Drop-In: Conversion of CFC refrigerating
plants to replacement refrigerants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164
7.1 The Retrofit method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164
7.2 The Drop-In method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .167
8 Contamination and its consequences
8.1 Water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .170
8.2 Other contaminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171
8.2.1 Hydrofluoric and hydrochloric acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171
8.2.2 Organic acids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171
8.2.3 Oil sludge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172
8.2.4 Metallic contaminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .172
8.2.5 Noncondensable gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .173
8.3 Burnouts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174
9 Regulations and refrigeration associations . . . . . . . . .175
10 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .200
11 Conversion tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218
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12 Vapor tables
12.1.1 Solkane 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226
12.1.2 Solkane 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .230
12.1.3 Solkane 123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .233
12.1.4 Solkane 134a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237
12.1.5 Solkane 227 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241
12.1.6 Solkane 404A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245
12.1.7 Solkane 407C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .248
12.1.8 Solkane 410 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .251
12.1.9 Solkane 507 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .254
12.2.1 Solkane 32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .257
12.2.2 Solkane 125 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261
12.2.3 Solkane 143a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264
12.2.4 Solkane 152a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267
13 Vapor pressure diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272
14 Mollier(-lg p, h-)diagrams
14.1.1 Solkane 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .274
14.1.2 Solkane 23 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .275
14.1.3 Solkane 123 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .276
14.1.4 Solkane 125 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277
14.1.5 Solkane 134a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .278
14.1.6 Solkane 404A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279
14.1.7 Solkane 407C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .280
14.1.8 Solkane 410 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .281
14.1.9 Solkane 507 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .282
14.2.1 Solkane 32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283
14.2.2 Solkane 143a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .284
14.2.3 Solkane 152a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .285
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