Principles of Fire Behavior and Combustion

524 Pages·4·9.377 MB·English

by  Richard G. Gann, Raymond Friedman

Jones & Bartlett Learning
World Headquarters
5 Wall Street
Burlington, MA 01803
978-443-5000
[email protected]
www.jblearning.com
National Fire Protection Association
1 Batterymarch Park
Quincy, MA 02169-7471
www.NFPA.org
Jones & Bartlett Learning books and products are available through most bookstores and
online booksellers. To contact Jones & Bartlett Learning directly, call 800-832-0034, fax
978-443-8000, or visit our website, www.jblearning.com.
Substantial discounts on bulk quantities of Jones & Bartlett Learning publications are
available to corporations, professional associations, and other qualified organizations.
For details and specific discount information, contact the special sales department at
Jones & Bartlett Learning via the above contact information or send an email to
[email protected].
Copyright © 2015 by Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC, an Ascend Learning Company
All rights reserved. No part of the material protected by this copyright may be reproduced or
utilized in any form, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any
information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright
owner.
The content, statements, views, and opinions herein are the sole expression of the
respective authors and not that of Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC. Reference herein to any
specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer,
or otherwise does not constitute or imply its endorsement or recommendation by Jones &
Bartlett Learning, LLC and such reference shall not be used for advertising or product
endorsement purposes. All trademarks displayed are the trademarks of the parties noted
herein. Principles of Fire Behavior and Combustion, Fourth Edition is an independent
publication and has not been authorized, sponsored, or otherwise approved by the owners
of the trademarks or service marks referenced in this product.
There may be images in this book that feature models; these models do not necessarily
endorse, represent, or participate in the activities represented in the images. Any
screenshots in this product are for educational and instructive purposes only. Any
individuals and scenarios featured in the case studies throughout this product may be real
or fictitious, but are used for instructional purposes only.
The National Fire Protection Association and the publisher have made every effort to
ensure that contributors to Principles of Fire Behavior and Combustion, Fourth Edition
materials are knowledgeable authorities in their fields. Readers are nevertheless advised
that the statements and opinions are provided as guidelines and should not be construed as
official National Fire Protection Association policy. The recommendations in this publication
or the accompanying resource manual do not indicate an exclusive course of action.
Variations taking into account the individual circumstances, and local protocols may be
appropriate. The National Fire Protection Association and the publisher disclaim any liability
or responsibility for the consequences of any action taken in reliance on these statements
or opinions.
Production Credits
Chief Executive Officer: Ty Field
President: James Homer
Chief Product Officer: Eduardo Moura
Executive Publisher: Kimberly Brophy
Vice President of Sales, Public Safety Group: Matthew Maniscalco
Director of Sales, Public Safety Group: Patricia Einstein
Executive Acquisitions Editor: William Larkin
Associate Managing Editor: Janet Morris
Production Editor: Cindie Bryan
Senior Marketing Manager: Brian Rooney
Art Development Editor: Joanna Lundeen
VP, Manufacturing and Inventory Control: Therese Connell
Composition: diacriTech
Cover Design: Kristin E. Parker
Photo Research and Permissions Associate: Ashley Dos Santos
Cover and Title Page Image: Glen E. Ellman
Printing and Binding: Courier Companies
Cover Printing: Courier Companies
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Gann, Richard G., 1944–
Principles of fire behavior and combustion / Richard G. Gann, Raymond Friedman.—
Fourth edition.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-7637-5717-5 (pbk.)
ISBN-10: 0-7637-5717-9 (pbk.)
1. Fire. 2. Combustion. 3. Flammable materials. 4. Fire prevention. I. Friedman, Raymond.
II. Title.
TP265.G36 2015
363.37’7—dc23
2013033274
6048
Printed in the United States of America
17 16 15 14 13 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
BRIEF CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Fire Measurement and the SI System of Units
Chapter 2 Chemical Elements and Compounds: Atoms and
Molecules
Chapter 3 Physical and Chemical Change
Chapter 4 Flow of Fluids
Chapter 5 Heat Transfer
Chapter 6 Combustion, Fire, and Flammability
Chapter 7 Fire Characteristics: Gaseous Combustibles
Chapter 8 Fire Characteristics: Liquid Combustibles
Chapter 9 Fire Characteristics: Solid Combustibles
Chapter 10 Combustion Products
Chapter 11 Smoke and Heat Hazards
Chapter 12 Movement of Fire Gases
Chapter 13 Fire Fighting Chemicals
Chapter 14 Computational Modeling of Fires
Appendix A FESHE Correlation Guide
Appendix B Imperial and Metric Conversions
Glossary
Index
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter 1
Fire Measurement and the SI System of Units
About Measurement
Length, Area, and Volume Units
Mass and Density Units
Time Units
Force and Pressure Units
Energy and Enthalpy Units
Power Units
Temperature Units
Conversion Factors
Chapter 2
Chemical Elements and Compounds: Atoms and
Molecules
Atoms
Stability of Atoms
Atomic Mass and Dimension
Molecules and Compounds
Chemical Bonds and Valence
Organic Chemistry Nomenclature
Isomers
Ions
Free Radicals and Free Atoms
Chapter 3
Physical and Chemical Change
States of Matter
Characterization of Phases
Properties of Gases
Properties of Liquids
Properties of Solids
Physical and Chemical Change
Physical Changes
Chemical Changes
Principle of Combining Proportions
Energetics of Chemical Change
Chemical Equilibrium and Chemical Kinetics
Chapter 4
Flow of Fluids
Laws Governing Motions of a Rigid Body
Momentum and Acceleration of a Rigid Body
The Effect of Gravitation on a Rigid Body
Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy: Mechanical Work
Basic Elements of Fluid Behavior
Force and Pressure
Viscosity
Buoyancy
Chapter 5
Heat Transfer
Temperature and Heat
Modes of Heat Transfer
Conductive Heat Transfer
Convective Heat Transfer
Radiative Heat Transfer
Hazards from Heat Transfer
Life Safety
Endurance of Structures: Fire Resistance
Chapter 6
Combustion, Fire, and Flammability
Combustion
Flaming and Nonflaming Combustion
Fire Initiation
Fire Spread
Fire Ventilation
Fire Termination
Two Examples of Room Fires
Flammability
Fire Consequences, Hazard, Risk, and Flashover
Chapter 7
Fire Characteristics: Gaseous Combustibles
Categorization of Flames
Premixed versus Diffusion Flames
Laminar versus Turbulent Flames
Ignition of Gases
Flammability Limits and Propagation Rates of Premixed
Flames
Flammability Limits
Burning Velocity
Explosions, Deflagrations, and Detonations
Chemical Mechanisms of Combustion of Gases
Elementary Chemistry
Hydrogen Oxidation
Premixed Methane–Oxygen Flame Chemistry
Combustion of Larger Hydrocarbon Fuels
Specific Hazardous Gases
Hydrogen (H )
2
Acetylene (C H )
2 2
Methane (CH )
4
Ethylene (C H )
2 4
Ammonia (NH )
3
Chapter 8
Fire Characteristics: Liquid Combustibles
Ignition of Liquids: Flash Point, Fire Point, and Autoignition
Temperature
Burning Rates of Liquid Pools
Flame Spread Rates over Liquid Surfaces
Hazards of Liquid Fuel Fires
Chapter 9
Fire Characteristics: Solid Combustibles