Oxidative Stress: Its Mechanisms, Impacts on Human Health and Disease Onset

502 Pages·2022·6.665 MB·English

by  Harold Zeliger

OXIDATIVE STRESS
This page intentionally left blank
OXIDATIVE
STRESS
ITS MECHANISMS AND IMPACTS
ON HUMAN HEALTH AND
DISEASE ONSET
H I. Z
AROLD ELIGER
ZeligerResearch, LLCCapeElizabeth,ME,United States
AcademicPress isanimprintofElsevier
125London Wall,London EC2Y5AS,UnitedKingdom
525BStreet,Suite1650,SanDiego,CA92101,UnitedStates
50HampshireStreet,5thFloor, Cambridge,MA02139,UnitedStates
TheBoulevard,Langford Lane,Kidlington,OxfordOX5 1GB,UnitedKingdom
Copyright©2023ElsevierInc.Allrightsreserved.
Nopart ofthispublicationmay bereproduced ortransmittedinanyformor byanymeans, electronicor
mechanical, includingphotocopying, recording,oranyinformation storageandretrieval system,without
permissioninwritingfrom thepublisher.Details onhowtoseekpermission, further informationaboutthe
Publisher’spermissions policies andourarrangements withorganizations suchastheCopyrightClearance
CenterandtheCopyrightLicensingAgency,canbefoundatourwebsite:www.elsevier.com/permissions.
Thisbookandtheindividualcontributionscontained initareprotected undercopyrightbythePublisher
(otherthanasmaybenotedherein).
Notices
Knowledgeandbestpracticeinthisfieldareconstantlychanging. Asnewresearch andexperiencebroaden
ourunderstanding, changesinresearchmethods,professional practices,ormedicaltreatment maybecome
necessary.
Practitionersandresearchers mustalwaysrelyontheir ownexperienceandknowledgeinevaluating and
usingany information,methods,compounds,orexperiments describedherein. Inusingsuchinformation or
methodstheyshouldbemindfuloftheirown safetyandthesafetyofothers,includingpartiesforwhom
theyhave aprofessionalresponsibility.
Tothefullestextentofthelaw,neitherthePublishernortheauthors,contributors, oreditors,assume any
liabilityforany injuryand/ordamagetopersonsor propertyasamatterofproductsliability,negligence or
otherwise,orfrom anyuseoroperation ofany methods,products,instructions, orideascontainedinthe
materialherein.
ISBN:978-0-323-91890-9
Forinformation onallAcademic Presspublications visitour
website athttps://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals
Publisher:StacyMasucci
Acquisitions Editor: KattieWashington
EditorialProjectManager:MariaElaine D.Desamero
ProductionProjectManager:Niranjan Bhaskaran
CoverDesigner: VictoriaPearson
TypesetbyTNQTechnologies
Dedication
To my wife Gail. Thank you for your questions whose answers made this book
encouragement and for asking the difficult possible.
v
This page intentionally left blank
Contents
Preface xiii 3.2 Particleandfibersourcesand
content 29
3.3 Oxidativestress (OS) 29
I 3.4 Dust 33
References 34
Oxidative stress and disease
4. Air pollution and oxidative stress
1. Introduction
4.1 Introduction 37
1.1 Oxidativestress 3 4.2 Ambientairpollutants 37
1.2 Oxidativestress measuremnt 5 4.3 Confinedair pollutants 44
1.3 Majorbooktopics 5 4.4 Airpollutionandoxidativestress 44
References 5 References 46
2. Chemicals and chemical mixtures
5. Water and soil pollution
2.1 Historical perspective 7
5.1 Introduction 47
2.2 Chemicalcharacteristicseoctanol: water
5.2 Waterpolluting chemicals 47
partition coefficients 10
5.3 Chemicalreactionsingroundwater 56
2.3 Lipophilicorganicchemicals 11
5.4 Disinfectionbye-products 64
2.4 Hydrophilicorganiccompounds 11
5.5 Soilpollution 65
2.5 Metals 13
5.6 Plantabsorptionofsoiltoxins and
2.6 Nonmetallicinorganicchemicals 14
bioacculation 65
2.7 Chemicalmixtures 15
5.7 Effectsofmixtures 66
2.8 Traditional toxicology 16
5.8 Oxidativestress frompollutedwaterand
2.9 Chemicalmixtures 17
soil 67
2.10 Unanticipatedeffects of
References 68
mixtures 19
2.11 Lipophileehydrophilemixtures 21 6. Alcohol
2.12 Lipophileelipophilemixtures 21
2.13 Sequentialabsorption 21
6.1 Introduction 71
2.14 Diseasescausedbychemicals 24
6.2 Effectofalcoholonnutrients and
2.15 Chemicallycauseddisease andoxidative
pharmaceuticals 72
stress 26
6.3 Effectofalcoholontoxicities ofother
References 26
chemicals 72
6.4 Alcoholmetabolism 73
3. Particles and fibers
6.5 Alcoholandoxidativestress 74
References 75
3.1 Introduction 29
vii
viii
CONTENTS
7. Tobacco 10.12 Volatileorganiccompounds(VOCs) in
food 121
7.1 Tobaccotoxicity:introduction 77 10.13 Chemicalsinfoodpackaging 121
7.2 Tobaccoandcancer 78 10.14 Irradiated food 127
7.3 Tobaccosmokeanddisease rate synergism 78 10.15 Chemicalpreservatives infood 128
7.4 Tobaccoandoxidativestress 84 10.16 Foodchemicals andoxidative
7.5 Electroniccigarettes 84 stress 128
References 85 10.17 Dietarychoicesandoxidativestress 128
References 131
8. Electromagnetic radiation
11. Sleep deprivation
8.1 Introduction 87
8.2 Theelectromagneticspectrum 87 11.1 Introduction 137
8.3 Ionizingradiation 88 11.2 Temperatureextremes 137
8.4 Ionizingradiation andchemical 11.3 Sleepapnea 138
mixtures 89 11.4 Circadiancycleinterruption 139
8.5 Ultraviolet radiation 89 11.5 Prevalenthealthconditionsandlifestyle
8.6 Ultraviolet radiation andtoxic chemical choices 139
mixtures 90 11.6 Sleepdeprivationandoxidativestress 139
8.7 Nonionizingradiation 92 References 140
8.8 Visiblelight radiation 95
12. Pharmaceuticals
8.9 Radiationandoxidative stress 95
References 96
12.1 Introduction 143
9. Inflammation 12.2 Pharmaceuticaluse 143
12.3 Pharmaceuticaladversedrugreactions 144
9.1 Introduction 101 12.4 Excipientsinpharmaceuticals 146
9.2 Acuteinflammation 101 12.5 Pharmaceuticalsandoxidativestress 150
9.3 Chronicinflammation 102 References 150
9.4 Inflammation andoxidative stress 106
13. Psychological stress
References 107
10. Food 13.1 Introduction 153
13.2 Chronicstress anddisease 154
10.1 Introduction 111 13.3 Psychologicalstress andoxidative stress 157
10.2 Uptakefromsoilandplantsurfaces 111 References 157
10.3 Animalingestion 112
14. Genetics and epigenetics
10.4 Persistentorganicpollutants (POPs) 112
10.5 Mercuryinfood 113
10.6 Foodpreparation. Deliberate incorporationof 14.1 Introduction 159
additivechemicals into food 114 14.2 Genetics 159
10.7 Chemicalimpurities in food-allowable 14.3 Epigenetics 161
xenobiotics 115 14.4 Chemicalenvironmentalandotherfactorsin
10.8 Allowablechemical impurities in food 115 epigeneticeffects 162
10.9 Artificialcolors 116 14.5 Roleofoxidative stressin geneticand
10.10 Flavorenhancers 120 epigeneticeffects 163
10.11 Estheticandstorageadditives 121 References 164
ix
CONTENTS
15. Aging 18.8 Diseasesassociatedwithfree radicals 220
18.9 Antioxidants 220
15.1 Introduction 167 18.10 Immunesystem andfreeradicals 220
15.2 Clinical conditionsassociated withaging 167 18.11 Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)
15.3 Loweringageofdisease onset 168 axis 223
15.4 Age-related disease andoxidative stress 168 18.12 Summary 225
15.5 Hallmarksofaging 170 References 225
15.6 Summary 173
References 173
II
16. Diseases and comorbidities
Mechanisms of oxidative stress
16.1 Introduction 177 driven disease
16.2 Systems,organs, oxidativestress and
disease 184 19. Aging mechanism
16.3 Diseasesassociatedwithoxidativestress 184
16.4 Multimorbidity 188
19.1 Introduction 229
16.5 Conclusion 190
19.2 Hallmarksofaging 229
References 190
19.3 Summary 234
References 235
17. Total oxidative stress and disease
20. Obesity
17.1 Introduction 195
17.2 Diseasesandoxidative stress 195
20.1 Introduction 239
17.3 Malondialdehydeas anindicatorofoxidative
20.2 Statistics 239
stress 195
20.3 Causesofobesity 240
17.4 Oxidativestress additivity- infectious
20.4 Biomarkersofobesity 240
disease 202
20.5 Comorbidities 240
17.5 Multimorbidity 202
20.6 Obesity,adiposetissue andchemical
17.6 Diseaseprevention strategies 203
toxicity 241
17.7 Obesity 205
20.7 Obesityandoxidativestress 244
17.8 Limitstooxidative stress-mediated disease
20.8 Psychologicalimpactofobesity 245
prevention 205
20.9 Summary 245
17.9 Diseaseonsetprediction 206
References 245
17.10 Conclusions 206
References 207
21. Cancer
18. Free radicals
21.1 Introduction 249
18.1 Introduction 211 21.2 HallmarksofcancerdHanahan and
18.2 Freeradical stability 212 Weinberg 252
18.3 TheFentonreaction 215 21.3 Otherhallmarks 254
18.4 Freeradical reactionswithDNA 217 21.4 Cancerinitiation promotionand
18.5 Freeradical reactionswith progression 256
proteins 217 21.5 Exogenouscarcinogens 258
18.6 Freeradical reactionswithlipids 219 21.6 Metals,metalloidsandcancer 260
18.7 Freeradical signaling 220 21.7 Foodandcancer 260