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fiLma T-vOtoGa 43(1):Z3-34,pt{arch199Z
Observations on the period of active fiigh tin males of fuvonius (Lycaenidae)
in Primor'e,the RussianFederation"
southern
AtuhiroSIBATANI
Faculty of Humanities ,K},ot oSeika Universit y1,37 Kinotya ,Iwakura, Saky6-ku, Ky6to 606 ,Japan
Abstract During a collecting trip in Primor'e (Primory eI )m,ade obseivations on the daily
flying period of males, mostly exhibiting territoria lactivities, in sevcral species of the genus
FZivonitt s.Thc rcsults largely coincided with what is known of the genus Fkevonius in Japan,
eonfirming the species-specific nature of the flying period in thls genus. Males tentatively
identifi aesd E korshunovi, endemic to Primor'e ,actively fiew in the afternoon between 16- 19
h local time, which corresponded to 14-17h Japanes teime in the same longitude zone, There
was an indication that a putativ eFinvonius species flew actively in the earl}, morning (e7-0 8h
in Japanes teime). I noticcd no overlapping uf the territorially active flying period$ betwcen
differe nFtkevoniti sspccics at any localitie se,xcept, as in Japan ,for R ultmman'nus and F.
smphi7inus which flew near their host plants of (?uerc usdental ain the evening, but which
showed only a weak territorialit yi,f any. Overlap in active time between differe nstpecies
may occur with species which are not found at the same locality .I also analyse the back-
ground ceunts ef all the othcr butterflie sat the observation spot selected for R:vonius, in the
context of biodiversi tiny Primor'e in comparison with the diminishing biodiversi tiyn Japan,
Key werds Biodiversit cyo,-rotating fligh tc,lai lfylyin agctivity, Ftivonip tPsr,imor'e t,erritor-
iality.
Introduction
In Japan it has now been well established (se eFukuda et at., 1984) that males of many
species belongin gte the thecline genus Fkevoniz ransd allied genera activ･ely fl yduring
certain limited periods of the day. These fligh tasre usually associated with territoriality
of the male butterfiy ,in the sense that a single male individua lcomes back to the same or
a nearby perching spot after chasing off approaching flying objects, usually other
butterfli esL.ess frequentl ythe fligh talsQ represents a kind of "searching patrols" rnostly
around larva lhost trees , Such flight asre not associated with foragin gactivities of the
adult, but generally held to be involve din mating activities, although very seldom one
witnesses courtships during these flights .Significa nitn this connection is the fact that the
dail yrhythm of such fiying activities is characteristic of each species (Shir6 z&u Saigusa,
1980 ; Tanaka, 1980 ; Fukuda et al., 1984) . Within each genus, active perieds of individual
species do not usually overlap at a given localit y,However, for species of different
genera, especially Ch73nso2opdy ratndts FZzvoniz tdsa,il yactive periods may freely overlap at
the same localit (yFukud eat al., 1984 ; Sibatani 1,989) , Also, if the male of a given species
are mainly engaged in the "searching patrol"-type fligh atround host trees ,then different
species may share the same flying period, This shared active time is crepuscular andlor
at dawn though the latte ris les swell observed (Fukud aet al., 1984) . An overview of the
finding isn Japan is presented in Table 1, Curiousl yenough, few data are available frem
Hokkaid6, and so far no systematic comparison has been made between Hokkaid6 and
*Japan-USSR Cooperative East Palaearctic Entomological Program Paper No. 6.
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Table 1.Period of active fiigh tobserved with males of Fkevoni uasndallied genera in Japan
Period(h)
Taxon
Peak 1 Peak 2
Fkevonius yuasai Shir6zu, 1947 4T511-2h after sunrise T 16(17-18)l8.5
E taxil a<Bramer ,1861) {=auro- Before sunrise T7(8- 9)le!ll
n'nus auct., nec Oberthtir)
E orienlalis (Murray 1,875) T8(9-10)13. EveningTl2(15-17.5)
E latij2rsciSahtiurs6zu,1959 T9{10-11)
E iegoens(iMsatsumura1,915) 8-8.3Early TIO/12(14-17)19115-17
F. utt?zxmarinbls <Fixse n18,87) rnorning t16(17-18)19
F. smphin'nzts (Stauding e18r8,7) t16-17f17(18)-19
SibataniozePh.vrus fuiisanus t8(9-10)161I6-18
(Matsumura1,910)
Chr.vsozePhyrusbriUantinzas T5.5(6 8)10
(Staudinge18r8,1>
C. smmagdinzas {Bremer 1,861} T8,5(9110<10-12)-16/19 T15-17**
C. hisamatsusantts(Nagami& 10-11 TIO(12-f14(15.5-16.5)18
Ishiga,1935)
C. ataxus (Westwood, 1851) Tlt9{12-14}17
IVbo2opitJ'ntismponieusCMurray, T15(16f17-18)19.5
1875) (=taxila auct., nec
Bremer)
Data are based on Shir6zu & Saigusa (1980 )Ta,naka {198 0a)nd Fukuda et ag. (1984),
ALternative or confiicting data are shown as separated by i'. Bold figures mean the most
active period$. T: strong territorialit yt;: weak territoriality, sometimes going in transi-
tion into "searching patrol" fiigh tor simply chasing each other with few seclentary periods,
*Activity commences later when the species share the saine flying spaces as of the sympatric
E taxit koer C. bn'llanti nwuhsich also fl yactively in the early morning, their flight sthus
becoming well partitioned in time (Fukuda et al., l984).
"My own observations durin g1936-1946 indicated that this species was territorial lyactive
only during the afternoon, hence never overlapping with the syrnpatric E taxil ain its flight
activity.
Honsyfi,
Comparisons between various localiti eisn the mainland Japan suggest that the active
period of individua lspecies may vary at differen ltocaliti esT.here are also indications
that the presence of one species at a given localit tyends to delay the onset of the active
fligh otf the second species which would soon follow (Fukud aet al., 1984) . In Australia,
I have observed a sirnilar situation between two species of C{gyr i: sO. ianthi sWaterhouse,
1900 and O. genoveva Hewitson, 1854 (Lycaenid Tahee,clini s, lato) ,which were both
pathway-patrollers rather than territory-keepers (Sibata n1i9,87).
Many thvonizts species, including those not occurring in Japan, are known from
Primor'e or the Maritime Province of the Russian Federation .Some of them may be
subspecifically distinguishab flreom the Japanes peopulations (Dubatol o&v Sergeev 1,982).
It would therefore be of interest ,if we could assemble data of their daily flying patterns,
as well as could ascertain whether sympatric species of Flavoniu sin Primor'e are also
partitioned with respect to their flying time during their territoria lactivitv.
I had a chance to travel ,during JulyfAugu s1t990, through southern Primor'e and
visited several localitie swhere flyin gactivities of Flavonius were observed, The fiying
time of males of Ftzvoniz t¢sould be recognized by careful identificat ioofn individual
captures, Beside this ,I conducted, on two consecutive days, sighting--count surverys of all
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Period of Active Flight in Fkevonizt sin S. Primor'e, USSR 25
the flyin bgutterfli ienscludin gthvonius at a favourable site, but I did this only on an ad hoc
basis during the trip in an unfamiliar country, so that the results were incomplete and need
confirmation by more systematic approaches, In fact, the tall stand of ]Fkevonizts' almost
only host tree in most parts of Primor'e ,Querc zmtonsgolica, made it difficu ltot catch
putative males of Fkevonitt sthat were flyin garound these trees , Nevertheles sa, certain
pattern has emerged from the counting of such sightings, so that I give the results here,
because of the extreme scarcity of information about the behaviour of Fkevoniu sspecies in
Primor'e ,Furthermore, the results may serve as one of the early material for comparison
of biodiversit ybetween Primor'e and Japan.
Materials and Methods
The followin gare the localiti ewhsere, and dates when, my colleagues and I observed
Fkevoniz tisn Primor'e ,either through capture of specimens or sightings of putativ eindivid-
uals.(1)
Near Kamenushka, ca, 10km northwest of the eastern entrance of the Ussurijsk
Nature Reserve, below 140 m altitude ; secondary fores tof Q. maongolica on a small hil lin
an agricultural area; 15, vii, 1990, 18:30, drizzle.
(2 )Near Gornotayozhnaya ,ca. 2 km south of the Montane Forestry Station of the Far
Eastern Branch of the Academy of Science sof the USSR, ca, 20 km north of the Ussurijsk
Reserve and ca. 170 m alt. ; secondary fores tof O. mongogica and an adjacent clearing ; 16,
10:30-11:30,fine,
vii.,
(3 )The same as (2);1 9v,ii., 9:05-12:OO, 17:02-20:05, fine and warm,
<4 )The same as <2) ;20. vii., 9:02-10:35, 11:38-13:OO, 18:OO-19:11, cloudy and cool,
(5 )West of the entrance to the Ussurijs kReserve ,below 140m alt, ; roadside in wood-
land;27. 13:15-13:30,fine,
vii.,
(6 )Hill spot 3km west of Krounovka, ca. 20 km southwest of Ussurijsk, ca. 140m a]t.,
roadside cutting through a secondary forest of Q. mongolica; 29. vii., 9:30-10:40, rnisty
then fine,
(7 )Slopes along River Puk-Sibichan, ca, 30 km from the Chinese border and 17 km SW of
Krounevka, ca. 180-200m, near the cliff below the ridge of hill scovered by secondary
forests of (? ,mongelica;29. vii. 1990, 16:OO-17:2e, fin e(S,Yamane).
(8 )The same as <6 )1,0:20-11:OO, fin eand warm.
(9 )Andreevka, Garnov Peninsula ,85 km SW of Vladivostok ,ca. 140m alt., patchy forest
of Q, mongoiica and Q. dentata 3,1. vii,, 15 : 30-17 : OO, Mist and drizzl weith littl seunshine.
(10)The (9);1. 10:30-12:30,16:00-18:30,fine,
same as viii.,
(11 )The same as (9 )but at lower alt., woody areas surrounding residential quarters, with
growths of Q. deniald; i .viii,, 18:30-19:OO; 20:00-21:OO (T,Saigusa).
Of these, localitiesfda t(e6s) (,8 )and (9 )did not yield any male specimens or sighting of
territoria lflight sof Flzvonim s.Only at (3 )and (4 )did I conduct the sightinglcounting
survey on the active period of Fkevoniu smales, putative as well as identifi ebdy capture.
The site for these observations was on a small fla tridge (ca .170 m alt.) , Its southern side
was open and shrubby owing to the previous fellir oifg the fores tcover, and its northern
slope, beginnin gimmediately from the ridge, was covered by a thick pyrogenic secondary
fores tof Q, mongolica, At the top of this ridge,I stood against the edge of the forest,
where I could observe the tops of 10 trees of Q, mongolica (Fig.1 )O.wing to various
limitation Is ,could make observations olnly during certain periods of the day, leaving the
area unattended during the time when, from the experience in Japan ,the ]Fkevonizts
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Fig .1. A stand of 10 Quercz amosngolica at the site of observation of the putative IJZivoniz tspsp.
(se eFigs .2-6 )near Gornotayozhnay aMontane Forestr yStation.
butterfli weesre expected to be mostly inactive (se eTable 1) . I recorded all the sightings
and sorne other points of note includin goccasional captures and identificatio onf butterfiies
in an audio-tape for late rtranscription . I did not make any attempt to suppress multiple
counting of the same insec t; any discontinui tofy its sight marked the end of one sighting,
and the same insect 'lsikel vreturn into the visible fiel dwas counted as a new one, The
results serve as data of activity {bu ntot presence) not only of "IJ)zvonius'' but also of other
loca lspecies of butterfiie s(Fig s2,-6),
A few words may be needed as to the identifyin gbutterflie sby sighting only. For
sighting counts in unfamiliar lands such as those, many species offered dificulti eisn
determinin gthe specific or even generic identity ,for example, with AJePt ispsecies, Fritillar-
ies ,BIues and Skippers ,in such a relatively high biodiversi tayrea as Primor'e, without
collecting which was not always feasibl e,Compared with these, the generic identit yof
Fkevonius could be determined with a relative ease : males oi the Green Zt?Pdyrz tHsair-
streak of this and alied genera flew rather briskly ; they looked usually dark from below,
occasionally displayin cgo--rotating flight scharacteristic of this group of lycaenid s(Fukuda
et al,, 1984;Sibatani, 1989) . In Primor'e as well as in Japan ,the fairl ylarge size as a
lycaenid t,he absence of positivel yligh tcoloration, and occasional alighting permitted me
to presume their identity as F?ivonius ,Ch7:vso2ePh)ir uosr IVbozophynt s.Under favourable
conditions, such tentative identificatio nosf flying insects were almost invariabl vyerified by
the actual capture of the butterfli esO.n the particular occasion brought forward above,
the loca labsence of Ch7:ys£oeph))r uansd IVeo2ophyrus ,separately taken notice of, made such
an "intuitive" (o rexpert!) identificatio nof the Fizvoniz tmsales rather reliable. The
specific identificatio nof Fkevonius males, only sighted, is usually impossible (se eK6da,
1982) ,However, there is a rule, generaliy valid in Japan (se eIntroduction) ,that at a given
site one species of liizvoni mzatless fi yat the exclusion of males of other sympatric species,
because their territoria lactivities are usually partitioned temporally, Thus one can guess
the species of uncaught Ftivonitt sfrom the identit yof other Fizvonius males captured at the
same place and time (allowi na gperiod of a few days) ,a practice usually not contradicted
empirically, Thus, before collecting territoria lfuvonizt smales in the fiel dI ,knew what I
was going to catch and alse was aware of what species I should expect, In this sense, the
putative identificat iofo nuncaptured males of thvonius is certainly more pTacticable than
that of those other groups of butterfli meesntioned above.
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Period of Active FIight in Ftivoniu isn S. PrimorTe, USSR 27
Unless noted otherwise, the time given is the loca lone. Primor'e and Japan fal lin the
same longitudin azlone, but the local daylight-savi nsgcheme of Primor'e during summer
months was ahead of the loca ltime in Japan by 2hours. Hence 19h in Primor'e corre-
sponded to 17h in Japan,
Results
The overall results based on capturelidentification in Primor'e are shown in Table2,
Detaile ddata of sightingsfcollection at Gornotayozhnaya are given in Figs ,2-6.
Comparison of Tables 1 and 2 indicates that between Japan and Primor'e there is no
significant differen cien the daily active period observed with three species : F, orientalis,
ugtvamarinus and saphirinus. With ttzxil may, observation at the Ussurijsk Reserve rocord-
ed a time slightly late rthan the closing time of territoria lfligh otf this species in Japan,
where usually F, ]'ezoensis may start flying soon after the closing of activity of imila at the
same site (Fukud aet ag., 1984} . I have not had a chance to see whether there could be any
other Iikevoniz tsspecies fi11in gthe gap between taxil aand ho7shunovi ,because of the
interruption owing to lunch away from the site.
Of interes tare the reproducible results with E feorshuno vait three localiti esT.he
identificatie onf this species is tentative, because the taxonomy is still confused with three
taxa described from the Continen tbut not occurring in Japan : E korshunov iDubatolov &
Sergeev (1982 )E, macrocerczts Wakabayashi & Fukuda (1985 )and E aquaman'nus
{Dubatol o&v Sergeev ,1986) . From the active period the observed species seems to be a
vicariant of ]Fl 1'eaoensis endemic to the Japane sAerchipelago ,As in Japan ,nowhere have
I encountered males of any two territori Faklevoniz srpsecies flyin tgogether at the same site,
Upon this background ,the count of sightings of putative Fkevoniz tmasles at Gornota-
yozhnaya (locali t3i eansd 4) (Fig s2.-6) may be tentativel yinterpreted . As for Fkevonius,
general patterns of the two days agreed well, although the frequenc} Jof sightings were
widely differen ton these two days. Relying on the model of temporal partitioning of
territorial fiight sin FZxvonius ,we could postulate presence of three species active at
differe nttimes of the day : an unidentified species flyin gin the early morning between 9-
10 h C7- 8h in Japanes teime), when other butterflie wsere still largel yinactiv e; the putative
Table 2. Period of territoria lflight sin lhvoniu sspecies in some localitie sof southern
Primor'e.
Localityl Activeperiod(h-min)
Reference
Species date {index
on p. 4-5) to Flgs.
F, orientagis 102537111010fll1 1 11L5-1300 8
E texila IIOO-1110
(=auron'nz tasuct. nec OberthUr) 1320-1330
E korshunovi' <1836-1920 2, 7
1600-1720**
<1700<**
F. ultraman'nvss <2000->2100ii
E smphirintts 1800->1850
<2000->2100**
>means C`o rlater, "and <'`or earlier.T'
'Tentative jdentificatio n(see text for reasons).
'*Data provided by T. Saigus aand S. Yamane.
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Period of Active Flight in F?zvoit iiuns S. Primor'e ,USSR 29
ttzxi lian sporadic flight sstarting from around 11h, and korshunov iduring 1830-l920h,
which was verified by captures on 19th July .This las tpeak was observed in the form of
blue-gree nbutterfli felsyin gat the eye-level or lower in shady spaces in the Quert' ufsorest
on the warm and sunny 19th, but only in silhouette around the tall canopy (to hoigh to be
collected) on the cool and cloudy day of 20th July ,A similar fiigh taround the canopy was
observed at localit y(1 )w,hich may be interpreted to represent the same species.
Males of these fuvonius species appeared to choose optimum brightness fer their
flight s.Thus, the unidentified species (by sighting only) tended to fly in the morning around
the top of the western half of the row of Qtterc utsrees facing eastward and well visible
from the observation point. On the other hand on a very warm afternoon the late-flying
Fl korshzano vfiiew only in the shade among trees ,but in a cool afternoon presumably the
same species, because there were no other possible candidates at this time for a Rzvonizrs
active and displayin gco-rotatiting flight f,lew around the top of Q mongolica trees at the
eastern end of the row facing northwest. Around sunny middays, ]Fl taxil a(Tabl 2e) was
active, sometimes descending onto lower shrubs and co-rotating in the sun.
The same trend was also observed with Fkevonit tast Andreevka (Tabl e2) . In the
morning F. erienlalis flew and alighted at around two-thirds of the tree heigh tin the
eastern end of one of the patchy thick stands of Quercu sspecies (Fi g8,) . In the afternoon,
no thvonius butterfli ewesre found here . Instea dthey fiew in the western aspect of a
similar patch, However, late ron, in the evening shade where there was no sunshine,
]Fkevonizts tended to fly and alight anywhere which was open to the sky,
Discussion
On the whole, the dail yactive pattern of Rzvonius species in Primor'e is similar to the
one observed in Japan .Thus, males of individu aslpecies exhibit territori fallight osnly at
specific periods of the day, and at adequate places. According to K6da (1982 )th,e active
fiigh tosf Fizvoniu sorientalis, Chi:yso2ePdy rzbersillantin uansd C, smaTzrgdintts in central
Japan depended ,if not solely, on the ligh tintensit y(optimum :15000-25/3500e lux); they
also seemed to be driven by their own circadian rhythm, My observations in Primor'e
qualitativel yconfirm his results but also suggest that butterfli aecstively chose where to fly
according to the incidenta lligh tintensit oyf the day and time,
The species-specific periods of activity of thvonizas males in Primor'e generally agreed
with those of their conspecifics in Japan .My observation in Primor'e has so far not
Figs. 2'6. Number of sightings of "Fket,oniits spp." and other butterflie sat the spot shown in Fig.
1, on a ridge near Gernotayozhnaya ,South Primor'e ,Number of sightings are presented at
the ends of consecutive 10Jmin periods.
Fig.2 .In the morning of 19 July 1990, a fine warm day. e Putative males of Flrvoni ttspsp.
without capture ; O AII the apparent males of Fkevonim sspp. includin tghose whose identity
was not without doubt ; O a co-rotating fiigh tef "thvonius" sp. ; A AII the other butterflies
which included, besides those named in Fig.3: Hlate7optera smo7Phetts, Ochlode ssp.,
TIaymeticus sylvaticus, Leptidea sp., Colias emte, Cetdstn'n aargiolzas, Ladc}g adoem'esi,
A5,mPhati ?s sp., Aiuschni alevana ,Aig],ronom e? sp., and a few other unidentified hesper-
iids p,ierids ,lycaenids and nymphalids. Arrows at the top indicates weatherconditions. i
sun came out from behind cloucl ; - sun behind cloud. A: gettin gwarm.
Fig, 3. Number of sightings of some butterf ltyaxa net speeified in Fig. 2 : delanargi aePimede, e
identifi ewidth certainty; O identit ynot without doubt; A APhantopus h)Petantus; m
APatum spp. and Miinathyma schrenckii together. For other symbols see Fig ,2
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Period ActiveFlightinFltvonzuisnS,Primor'e.USSR 31
of
'mon-
Fig.7. A view into the pyrogenic forest of Fig.8, Patchy woedland of Quercz{ s
Qzterc tmtonsgoti(zi. the margin of gogicamixedwith Qtterc tdetnslata,ata
whichisshowninFig.1,atthepeakef hil lnear Andreevka, The stand at
the flyin gactivity of J;>zvon itktosr - the top right corner was thc spot
shrtnovi insid ethis wood]and around where P'avonitt sorientalis niale$ came
19h. The phutograph was taken at to alight during ll-13hlocal time,
the foot of the imposing tree to be seen
at the centre of Fig. !.
contradicted the well established rule of temporal partitioning of the territoria lflight,
Everywhere including Japan ,Korea (Wakabayash &i Fukuda, 1985) and Primor'e ,excep-
tions to this rule involved E smphirimrs and F. ultramarimrs, but these two species are not
strongly territoria lin Hight ; they rather exhibit the "searching patrol" fligh t(Fukud aet
al,, 1984) . The species-specific time of active fligh mtay vary to some extent from locality
to localit yin Japan ,Also the times of sunrise and sunset vary at various localiti weisthin
the same longitudin azolne : north and south, east and west, but no systematic comparison
in Japan has yet been reported in this respect. Probably the noise in the measurement is
Fig .4. In the afternoon of 19 Jul y1990 ; getting w･armer. Symbols as in Fig .Z. In A, observa-
tiens were conducted, as in Figs. 2, 3,5 and 6, from the side of a stand of 10 tall Qztexcus
mongolica CFig 1,) forming the edge of a forest of the sarne species covering downhill slope.
In B, mainly looking into the shady space, in the forest (Fig .7) , Imade ubservations at the
edge of the forest :the count include d5 males identifi easd F. hoisJut:w vbiy capture {see
Table 2) . "Other butterflies "included, besicl etshose in (3 ): Tlr)'melicz styslvatiet {Lso,ptidea
sp., Everes argiades, Celastii "aaigiolus, L),caeide ssitbsola;wts, Ladoga doerrie sIin,achis io,
Aizp,ronon zspep, ? ,and a fcw other hespcrii dl,ycaenids and nymphalids.
Fig. 5. In the morning of LO Jul y199e;a ceol cloucly day; symbols as in (2) .At the top, A,
cloudy; B, observation interrupted because of poor weather condition; C, observation
resumed with a slight impruvement of the weather; D, windy but xKiith feebl esunshine.
Other butterfii iensclude d/ beside sthose in (3 )A,rtogei anapir, Evete sargiades. Celastri7ia
argiokts, Lycaeide ssubsolamts, Nepti ssp,, Ilobgoni ac-agbtt;･n ,Aigr,rovaom es?p., ptringuta
schn?nckii, and a few unidentiiied l},eaenid $b,ut not ttlphantopzts liJpe7unt" sL,l'mantri daispar
started flying,
Fig.6. In the afternoon of 20 July 1990. Symbols as in (2 ).At the top: A, cool, windy, no
sunshine; B, getting windier; C, strong winds; D, strong winds again; E, strong winds
overturning leaves of Quexct tmosngoli.ea. Other buttertl iiensclude d[ Cetastn' naa7giogzts,
APatztn szpp., Miinathyma scltTwtckii, Ladcrg adoerrie sLio,pingu achine, and a few unidentified
lycaenic lsL,.vmantri daisl) afrlying around treetops was a confusing factor, but its light
brown colour was useful for distinguishin git from Fkevonius,
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32 AtuhiroSIBATANI
too large for such relatively small difference s,In any event, we do not at present seem to
be aware of possible differenc eisn the activity pattern betwee nHokkaid6 and centra]
Honsya. Fukuda et al. (1984 d)id not mention any observations on ]Fkevonias adu]ts in
Hokkaid6! Hence we are not yet in a position to examine whether Iikevoniu sspecies in
southern Primor'e in the north and central Japan in the south would tend to show certain
systematically significant differences.
F. korshunov ifrom Primor'e and F. macroce7Tzts from Korea may represent different
species. According to Wakabayashi & Fukuda (1985 )m,acrocercars was active in the
morning during 8-9h, but according to them whether it is again active in the evening
remains to be ascertained, Recently Saigus a(i nlitt .ob)served this species at some higher
altitudes in south Korea and found that its male was active in the late afternoon like
korshunov iin Primor'e .We need extensive data to confirm the frame of pattern and the
effect of interspeci fiincteractio nisn these and allied species in the Continent.
From my counts of sighting I would dare to predict that in Primor'e at leas ta species
of the Green Zephyrus Hairstreak should active]y fl yin the early morning, Probably it is
not Chasozepdyrt tbsrillantin uacst,ive in the early morning in Japan (Tabl 1e) ,because this
species seems to be quite rare in Primor'e. Another possibilit ymay be the firs pteak of F.
leoxshttno vori ,even of F, macrocerczts so far unrecorded from Primor'e or the still enig-
E
matic aqturmarinus,
Apart from 1;lavonius, counts of other butterflie sare also given in Figs ,2-4 and 6 as a
background , A mean value of 12.7 individua lpser 10 min is obtained from 12 consecutive
countings during the activity peak, i.e .10-12h on a sunny day (se eFigs.2 and 3) ,Counts
of this level is by no means low in comparison with available data, stil lquite scanty, in
Japan ,The almost only knewn instanc eof butterfli ceosunts by sighting in Japan in the
lates tyears is that of Yata el al. (1990 c)onducted from May to September, along selected
paths of 1 km during 1-1.5 h on 11 selacted mosdy szanny days in a "natural" green area near
Hukuoka. This need by no means represent an ave7zuge or mpica lpattern in Japan ,but can
serve as the basis for further comparison in coming years. I have recalculated their
results and obtained a mean of 6.63 individua lpser le min, about half of the above figure
of mine. Note that thi srepresents an average of various spots along 1 km tracks, possibly
differe nitn abundance of butterflie sw,hereas my observation spot represented a relatively
"quiet" place on a ridge which is unfavourably compared with paths along meadows and
streams with plenty of flower sand paddles along the track. Further ,my method permit-
ted recounting of the same individuals ,whereas the data of Yata et ai. (199 0re)present the
count of separate individual s.They counted sightings while moving to encounter new
individuals ,whereas I remained at the same place to let butterflie seither pass by or return
to duplicat etheir counting, This difference would be insignifican tb,ecause both methods
deal with the relative movement between the observer and the butterflie sg,iven the covered
areas are quite uniform. Keeping in mind that the data of Yata et ai, (199 0a)re an average
of differen tsites along the selected paths (i. ep.otentiall yyielding a significant number of
counts throughout the good butterf isyeasons), whereas my data are slanted to the poorer
side in butterfl yabundance, jus etxcept havonizt so,n a good day of the good season, one
could obtain some idea about the biodiversi tofy Primor'e in comparison with Japan,
To quote a few other examples from Primor'e ,the number of individual sof a single
species sighted along a track of 1km (presumab leyquivalent to counts during 75min)
averaged 13, 1for LuehdoTL1 7pazt2il o(iErscho f18,72) or 26-50 for A4imatJayma schiencfeii
(M6netri e1s8,58) ,and ranged between 12-113 for thPili omaacfeii Menetries, 1859 (Belyaev
et al,, 1989) . In the case of Yata et al. (1990 )th,e equivalent figure in Japan would fall f,or
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